4~6岁幼儿相似性判断与类别判断的知识效应

心理与行为研究 ›› 2009, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (4): 274-279.

4~6岁幼儿相似性判断与类别判断的知识效应

武海英^1,2,阴国恩¹

1 天津师范大学心理与行为研究院,天津 300074;
2 河北北方学院法政学院,张家口 075000

收稿日期:2009-05-01 出版日期:2009-12-20 发布日期:2015-01-21
通讯作者: 阴国恩,男,天津师范大学心理与行为研究院教授、博士生导师。Email: yinguoen@gmail.com。
作者简介:武海英,女,河北北方学院法政学院副教授。
基金资助:
本研究得到教育部人文社会科学重点基地06JJDXLX003重大研究项目和天津市教育科学“十一五”规划重点课题ZZG193项目的资助

THE KNOWLEDGE EFFECT OF SIMILARITY JUDGMENT AND CATEGORIZATION JUDGMENT OF 4-6 YEAR OLD CHILDREN

Wu Haiying^1,2,Yin Guo′en¹

1 Tanjin Normal Vniversity, Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin 300074;
2 Hebei North Vniversity, Institute of Law and Politics, Zhangjiakou 075000

Received:2009-05-01 Online:2009-12-20 Published:2015-01-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 采用类别知识的分类学习模式,选取72名4~6岁幼儿作为被试,对相似性判断和类别判断的知识效应进行实验研究。结果表明：（1）相似性判断和类别判断存在知识效应。（2）相似性判断的知识效应存在显著的年龄差异,类别判断的知识效应不存在显著的年龄差异;5岁是知识学习对幼儿相似性判断产生影响的关键时期。（3）相似性判断知识效应的性别差异不显著,类别判断知识效应的性别差异极其显著,男孩更倾向于依据学习概念所强调的属性进行类别判断。

关键词: 4~6岁幼儿, 相似性判断, 类别判断, 知识效应

Abstract: Using the categorizing learning pattern of sort knowledge,72 children from 4 years old to 6 years old were selected randomly as subjects. The experiment is designed to research on the knowledge effect of the similarity judgment and the categorization judgment by using between-group design. The results are as follow, for 4 years old to 6 years old children:(1)The category learning can influence the similarity judgment and the categorization judgment.(2)Results showed there is significant difference for the knowledge effect of similarity judgment between the different age children from 4 years old to 6 years old. There is no significant difference for the knowledge effect of categorization judgment between the different age children from 4 years old to 6 years old. 5-year-old is the best time for children to learn similarity judgment.(3)There is no significant difference for the knowledge effect of similarity judgment between the different sex, There is significant difference for the knowledge effect of categorization judgment between the different sex, the boys can receive the concept of mimicry much better than girls, and they can also make categorization operation depending more on the superficial features emphasized by the concept of mimicry.

Key words: 4-6 year old children, similarity judgment, categorization judgment, knowledge effect

中图分类号:

B842.1

武海英,阴国恩. 4~6岁幼儿相似性判断与类别判断的知识效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2009, 7(4): 274-279.

Wu Haiying,Yin Guo′en. THE KNOWLEDGE EFFECT OF SIMILARITY JUDGMENT AND CATEGORIZATION JUDGMENT OF 4-6 YEAR OLD CHILDREN[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2009, 7(4): 274-279.

参考文献

[1] Collins A M, Quillian M R. Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 1969, 8: 240-248
[2] 朱智贤, 林崇德. 思维发展心理学. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社, 1986
[3] French R M, Mareschal D, Mermillod M, et al. The role of bottom-up processing in perceptual categorization by 3- to 4-month-old infants: simulations and data. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2004, (133)3: 382-397
[4] 李文馥, 樊艾梅. 各种分类标准在儿童分类中的竞争. 心理学报, 1994, 26(4): 362-369
[5] 阴国恩, 张阔, 王敬欣, 等. 基于理论的类别观和类别形成中的知识效应. 心理科学, 2003, 26(4): 731-732
[6] 张阔, 阴国恩, 王敬欣, 等. 儿童类别学习中知识效应的年龄差异. 心理发展与教育, 2005, 21(2): 75-80
[7] 张阔, 阴国恩, 王敬欣, 等. 先前知识对初中学生学习家族相似性类别的影响研究. 心理学探新, 2006, 26(1): 56-61
[8] 刘果元, 阴国恩. 基本认知训练对3~4岁儿童分类能力发展的影响. 心理科学, 2006, 29(1): 120-123
[9] Sloutsky V M, Fisher A V. Induction and categorization in young children: a similarity-based model. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2004, (133)2: 166-188
[10] 曹瑞, 阴国恩. 3~7岁儿童分类方式对分类结果影响的研究. 心理发展与教育, 2001, 17(2): 7-12
[11] 陈友庆, 阴国恩. 儿童分类发展的特点及影响因素的实验研究. 天津师范大学学报（社会科学版）, 2002(6): 67-72
[12] 丁新萌, 阴国恩. 背景知识对4~8岁儿童和大学生分类活动的影响. 心理与行为研究, 2003, 1(2): 128-132
[13] Medin D, Lynch E, Coley J, et al. Categorization and reasoning among tree experts: Do all roads lead to Rome? Cognitive Psychology, 1997, 32: 49-96
[14] Goldstone R L. The role of similarity in categorization: providing a groundwork. 1994, Cognition, 52: 125-157
[15] Medin L K, Goldstone R L, Gentne D, et al. Similarity involving attributes and relations: Judgment of similarity and difference and not inverses. Psychological Science, 1990, 1: 64-69
[16] Best J B. 认知心理学. 黄希庭译. 北京: 中国轻工业出版社, 2000
[17] Boster J S, Johnson J C. Form or function: A comparison of expert and novice judgments of similarity among fish. American Anthropologist. 1989, 91: 866-899
[18] Kunda Z. Concepts: Representing Social Knowledge, Social cognition. London: The MIT Press, 1998
[19] 戴斌荣. 刺激材料的呈现方式对儿童青少年分类活动影响的研究. 天津: 天津师范大学硕士研究生学位论文. 2001
[20] 李丹. 儿童心理学. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社, 1987
[21] 林崇德. 发展心理学. 北京: 人民教育出版社, 1995
[22] 彭贤, 马素红, 李秀明, 等. 大学生认知风格的性别差异. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2006, 14(3): 299-301