“对不起”有用吗：道歉对群际宽恕的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 宽恕的前提是人与人之间的侵犯，然而侵犯并不总是发生于个体之间，群体之间也可能发生侵犯，因此宽恕也可能发生于群体之间。在众多影响群际宽恕的因素中，道歉常常被提及。但近期的研究却显示，道歉对于群际宽恕的作用并不一致：有研究显示，道歉能够促进群际宽恕的产生；但也有研究发现，道歉并不能提升群际宽恕的水平。这种差异可能源自于一些因素的调节作用，例如群体身份认同、道歉所蕴含的情绪、人际信任等。在此基础上，还有一些相关的问题值得后续研究深入探讨，包括从侵犯群体层面进行研究、细分道歉类型对于群际宽恕的影响、探寻其他调节因素的作用、关注政治因素对于群际宽恕的影响等。

关键词: 群际宽恕, 道歉, 调节因素

Abstract: Transgressions are the premise of forgiveness. As transgression not only occurs on interpersonal levels but also exists on intergroup levels, the research on intergroup forgiveness is of great importance. Among the factors attributing to inter-group forgiveness, apologies are mentioned frequently. However, recent studies show that there are different influences of apologies to inter-group forgiveness. Some studies reveal that apologies could promote inter-group forgiveness, while some other studies show no such effects. The reason for such discrepancy may lies in the lack of consideration of possible moderating factors such as group identification, the emotion with apologies, and interpersonal trust, between apologies and inter-group forgiveness. As psychological research between apologies and inter-group forgiveness is still very young, several questions remain, and the future studies could further explore the feelings of the transgressor groups toward apologies, the effects of different types of apologies, the influence of political factors, and the possible existence of other moderator variables.

Key words: inter-group forgiveness, apologies, moderator variables

中图分类号:

B849

张田, 傅宏. “对不起”有用吗：道歉对群际宽恕的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2019, 17(1): 119-125.

ZHANG Tian, FU Hong. Is Sorry Effective: The Influences of Apologies to Inter-group Forgiveness[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2019, 17(1): 119-125.

参考文献

艾娟. (2014). 群际宽恕的影响因素. 心理科学进展, 22(3), 522-529
张连红. (2000). 南京大屠杀对南京市民社会心理的影响. 江苏社会科学, (6), 109-113
张连红. (2003). 南京大屠杀与南京市民的创伤记忆. 江海学刊, (1), 147-152, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-856X.2003.01.021
张田, 傅宏, 薛艳. (2016). “得寸进尺”还是“适可而止”: 冒犯者得到宽恕以后的行为. 心理科学, 39(1), 116-123
张田, 傅宏, 朱婷婷. (2017). “善待宽恕者”还是“报复非宽恕者”: 基于博弈范式对冒犯者得到宽恕以后行为动机的研究. 心理与行为研究, 15(3), 323-328, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-0628.2017.03.006
Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2013). Expectations among aboriginal peoples in Canada regarding the potential impacts of a government apology. Political Psychology, 34(3), 443-460, doi: 10.1111/pops.2013.34.issue-3.
Brown, R. P., Wohl, M. J. A., & Exline, J. J. (2008). Taking up offenses: Secondhand forgiveness and group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(10), 1406-1419, doi: 10.1177/0146167208321538.
Chapman, A. R. (2007). Truth commissions and intergroup forgiveness: The case of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 13(1), 51-69, doi: 10.1037/h0094024.
Enright, R. D., Gassin, E. A., & Wu, C. R. (1992). Forgiveness: A developmental view. Journal of Moral Education, 21(2), 99-114, doi: 10.1080/0305724920210202.
Gebhard, A. M. (2017). Reconciliation or racialization? Contemporary discourses about residential schools in the Canadian prairies. Canadian Journal of Education, 40(1), 1-30.
Giner-Sorolla, R., Castano, E., Espinosa, P., & Brown, R. (2008). Shame expressions reduce the recipient's insult from outgroup reparations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 519-526, doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.08.003.
Hamber, B. (2007). Forgiveness and reconciliation: Paradise lost or pragmatism? Peace & Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 13(1), 115-125.
Hayes, N. (2013). Why forgiveness is not always forthcoming: intergroup apologies, forgiveness, and the malleability of groups. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Queensland.
Hornsey, M. J. (2005). Overcoming the intergroup sensitivity effect: It's a matter of trust. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 88.
Hornsey, M. J., & Imani, A. (2004). Criticizing groups from the inside and the outside: An identity perspective on the intergroup sensitivity effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(3), 365-383, doi: 10.1177/0146167203261295.
Hornsey, M. J., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2013). We are sorry: Intergroup apologies and their tenuous link with intergroup forgiveness. European Review of Social Psychology, 24(1), 1-31, doi: 10.1080/10463283.2013.822206.
Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (2004). Intergroup distinctiveness and differentiation: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(6), 862-879, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.6.862.
Leonard, D. J., Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2011). Emotional responses to intergroup apology mediate intergroup forgiveness and retribution. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1198-1206, doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.002.
Leyens, J. P., Demoulin, S., Vaes, J., Gaunt, R., & Paladino, M. P. (2007). Infra-humanization: The wall of group differences. Social Issues and Policy Review, 1(1), 139-172, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2007.00006.x.
Montiel, C. J. (2002). Sociopolitical forgiveness. Peace Review, 14(3), 271-277, doi: 10.1080/1367886022000016811.
Mullet, E., & Neto, F. (2009). Lay people's views on intergroup forgiveness. Peace Review, 21(4), 457-463, doi: 10.1080/10402650903323470.
Noor, M., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Nadler, A. (2012). When suffering begets suffering: The psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 351-374, doi: 10.1177/1088868312440048.
Paladino, M. P., Vaes, J., Castano, E., Demoulin, S., & Leyens, J. P. (2004). Emotional infra-humanization in intergroup relations: The role of national identification in the attribution of primary and secondary emotions to Italians and Germans. Current Psychology of Cognition, 22(4), 519-536.
Philpot, C. R., & Hornsey, M. J. (2008). What happens when groups say sorry: The effect of intergroup apologies on their recipients. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(4), 474-487, doi: 10.1177/0146167207311283.
Philpot, C. R., & Hornsey, M. J. (2011). Memory for intergroup apologies and its relationship with forgiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 96-106, doi: 10.1002/ejsp.v41.1.
Pratto, F., & Glasford, D. E. (2008). Ethnocentrism and the value of a human life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1411-1428, doi: 10.1037/a0012636.
Staub, E. (2006). Reconciliation after genocide, mass killing, or intractable conflict: Understanding the roots of violence, psychological recovery, and steps toward a general theory. Political Psychology, 27(6), 867-894, doi: 10.1111/pops.2006.27.issue-6.
Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., Branscombe, N. R., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2012). Competitive victimhood as a response to accusations of ingroup harm doing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 778-795, doi: 10.1037/a0026573.
Swart, H., & Hewstone, M. (2011). Forgiveness, intergroup. In: D. J. Christie (Eds.), The encyclopedia of peace psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65-93, doi: 10.1177/053901847401300204.
Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., Tausch, N., Maio, G., & Kenworthy, J. (2007). The impact of intergroup emotions on forgiveness in Northern Ireland. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(1), 119-136.
Wallace, H. M., Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Interpersonal consequences of forgiveness: Does forgiveness deter or encourage repeat offenses? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(2), 453-460, doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.02.012.
Wohl, M. J. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Klar, Y. (2006). Collective guilt: Emotional reactions when one's group has done wrong or been wronged. European Review of Social Psychology, 17(1), 1-37, doi: 10.1080/10463280600574815.
Wohl, M. J. A., Hornsey, M. J., & Bennett, S. H. (2012). Why group apologies succeed and fail: Intergroup forgiveness and the role of primary and secondary emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 306-322, doi: 10.1037/a0024838.
Young, B. (2015). "Killing the Indian in the child": Death, cruelty, and subject-formation in the Canadian Indian residential school system. Mosaic, 48(4), 63-76, doi: 10.1353/mos.2015.0054.
Zaiser, E., & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2013). Saying sorry: Shifting obligation after conciliatory acts satisfies perpetrator group members. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 105(4), 585-604.

[1]	游旭群, 李倩钦, 张桢堉, 黄浦江, 刘志远. N-back任务训练迁移效果及其影响因素：来自元分析的证据[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 794-801.
[2]	熊思成, 张斌, 姜永志, 蒋怀滨, 陈芸. 手机成瘾流行率及其影响因素的元分析[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 802-808.
[3]	郭颖, 樊富珉, 张英俊, 刘宇. 团体咨询师胜任力量表的编制[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 809-815.
[4]	姚崇, 惠琪, 王媛, 席海莎, 雒朝梁. 公费师范教师社会支持与职业倦怠的关系探究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 816-823.
[5]	李飞飞, 缴润凯, 刘丹, 尹航. 幼儿教师感恩特质与职业使命感的交叉滞后分析[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 824-830.
[6]	周彦榜, 李强, 暴卿. 跨期决策中的偏好反转：突出性效应和兼容性效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 831-837.
[7]	侯娟, 郑心怡, 王秀, 方晓义. 金钱与时间感受启动对择偶标准的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 838-844.
[8]	窦运来, 沈伊默. 参与式领导如何影响团队成员的工作表现？—有调节的中介效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 845-852.
[9]	杨槐, 龚少英, 苗天长, 李伟贺. 工作-非工作边界管理一致性与高校辅导员工作满意度的关系：工作投入的中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 853-860.
[10]	王艳丽, 陈红. 城市社区居民获得感量表的编制[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 665-670.
[11]	贾晓珊, 朱海东. 社会经济地位与儿童青少年心理健康关系的元分析[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 671-678.
[12]	黄明明, 陈丽萍, 郭莉萍, 赵守盈. 工作-家庭冲突与幼儿教师离职意向的关系：职业认同感与职业倦怠的序列中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 679-686.
[13]	刘传军, 谢忠桔, 王星元. 诱发高兴情绪会降低人们的道德规范敏感度吗？[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 687-694.
[14]	张霄钰, 朱海燕, 陈凤姣, 苏欣悦. 月是故乡明：家乡标签对风景图的情感和价值评估的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 695-700.
[15]	苏明宇, 王光明. STEAM训练提升小学生的注意抑制与注意集中能力[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 701-705.