因为注意，所以拥有—纯粹所有权效应内部机制探究

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 采用四个实验，通过整体呈现刺激的新范式探究注意在纯粹所有权效应发生中的作用。实验1要求被试在词表背面写上自己的名字，结果表现出明显的纯粹所有权效应和积极效应。实验2不要求被试在词表背面写上自己的名字，而是加入触摸的动作，结果没有发现纯粹所有权效应。实验3通过“反复交换词表”从而激发被试更多的注意资源以加强自我与词表之间的联系，结果也发现了纯粹所有权效应和积极效应。为控制积极效应对纯粹所有权效应的影响，实验4以代表物体名称的中性名词作为实验材料，采用实验1与实验3的程序，结果也发现了显著的纯粹所有权效应。结果表明：整体呈现实验刺激的新范式可以用于探究纯粹所有权效应；注意可能是纯粹所有权效应的发生机制。

关键词: 纯粹所有权效应, 效价, 注意, 记忆

Abstract: The study applied 4 experiments to investigate the role of attention in the generation of the mere ownership effect (MOE) by using the new paradigm of the holistic presenting stimulus. In experiment 1 the experimenter asked the participants to write down their own names in the back of the word list. The result showed MOE and positive effects. In experiment 2 the experimenter did not ask the participants to write down their own name in the back of word list but asked participants to add the action of touching and the result did not show MOE. Experiment 3 used the action of the experimenter’s “exchanging the word list repeatedly” to inspire participants more attention resources to strengthen the connection between the self and the word list, and the result showed MOE and positive effect. Experiment 4 used neutral nouns with object names as experimental materials to control the influence of positive effect in MOE and adopted the procedure of Experiment 1 and Experiment 3. The result shows obvious MOE. The conclusion is that the new paradigm of presenting stimulus integrally can be used to explore MOE; and attention may be the mechanism of MOE.

Key words: mere ownership effect (MOE), valence, attention, memory

中图分类号:

B842

吴慧芬, 黎晓娜, 张琼, 唐一纯, 刘华山. 因为注意，所以拥有—纯粹所有权效应内部机制探究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(2): 161-167,175.

WU Huifen, LI Xiaona, ZHANG Qiong, TANG Yichun, LIU Huashan. You Own Something Because of Paying Attention to Them: Exploring the Internal Mechanism of Mere Ownership Effect[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(2): 161-167,175.

参考文献

李占星, 朱莉琪. (2017). 人类记忆的所有权效应及其认知神经机制. 生物化学与生物物理进展, (5), 385-397
刘源, 梁南元, 王德进, 张社英, 张铁鹰, 揭春雨, 孙伟. (1990). 现代汉语常用词词频词典(音序部分). 北京: 宇航出版社.
Beggan, J. K. (1992). On the social nature of nonsocial perception: The mere ownership effect. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 62(2), 229-237.
Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the Extended Self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168, doi: 10.1086/209154.
Brockmole, J. R., Davoli, C. C., Abrams, R. A., & Witt, J. K. (2013). The world within reach: Effects of hand posture and tool use on visual cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 38-44, doi: 10.1177/0963721412465065.
Constable, M. D., Kritikos, A., & Bayliss, A. P. (2011). Grasping the concept of personal property. Cognition, 119(3), 430-437, doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.02.007.
Constable, M. D., Kritikos, A., Lipp, O. V., & Bayliss, A. P. (2014). Object ownership and action: The influence of social context and choice on the physical manipulation of personal property. Experimental Brain Research, 232(12), 3749-3761, doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4063-1.
Cunningham, S. J., Brady-Van den Bos, M., & Turk, D. J. (2011). Exploring the effects of ownership and choice on self-memory biases. Memory, 19(5), 449-461, doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.584388.
Diesendruck, G., & Perez, R. (2015). Toys are me: Children’s extension of self to objects. Cognition, 134, 11-20, doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.09.010.
Driver, J., IV, Davis, G., Ricciardelli, P., Kidd, P., Maxwell, E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1999). Gaze perception triggers reflexive visuospatial orienting. Visual Cognition, 6(5), 509-540, doi: 10.1080/135062899394920.
Englert, J., & Wentura, D. (2016). How “mere” is the mere ownership effect in memory? Evidence for semantic organization processes. Consciousness & Cognition, 46, 71-88.
Fan, W., Chen, J., Wang, X. Y., Cai, R. H., Tan, Q. B., Chen, Y.,.. Zhong, Y. P. (2013). Electrophysiological correlation of the degree of self-reference effect. PLoS One, 8(12), e80289, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080289.
Frischen, A., Bayliss, A. P., & Tipper, S. P. (2007). Gaze cueing of attention: Visual attention, social cognition, and individual differences. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 694-724, doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.694.
Gray, H. M., Ambady, N., Lowenthal, W. T., & Deldin, P. (2004). P300 as an index of attention to self-relevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(2), 216-224, doi: 10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00092-1.
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4-27, doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4.
Ketay, S., Aron, A., & Hedden, T. (2009). Culture and attention: Evidence from brain and behavior. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 79-92, doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17806-8.
Kitayama, S., & Uskul, A. K. (2011). Culture, mind, and the brain: Current evidence and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 419-449, doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145357.
Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R. E. (2006). Culture and change blindness. Cognitive Science, 30(2), 381-399, doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_63.
Moray, N. (1959). Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11(1), 56-60, doi: 10.1080/17470215908416289.
Nummenmaa, L., & Calder, A. J. (2009). Neural mechanisms of social attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(3), 135-143, doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.12.006.
Peck, J., & Shu, S. B. (2009). The effect of mere touch on perceived ownership. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(3), 434-447, doi: 10.1086/598614.
Reed, C. L., Garza, J. P., & Roberts, R. J., Jr. (2007). The influence of the body and action on spatial attention. In Attention in cognitive systems. Theories and systems from an interdisciplinary viewpoint. Lecture notes in computer science, vol. 4840(pp. 42-58). Hyderabad, India: Springer.
Sparks, S., Cunningham, S. J., & Kritikos, A. (2016). Culture modulates implicit ownership-induced self-bias in memory. Cognition, 153, 89-98, doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.05.003.
Sui, J., & Zhu, Y. (2005). Five-year-olds can show the self-reference advantage. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(5), 382-387, doi: 10.1177/01650250500172673.
Tong, F., & Nakayama, K. (1999). Robust representations for faces: Evidence from visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 25(4), 1016-1035.
Truong, G., Chapman, C. S., Chisholm, J. D, Enns, J. T., & Handy, T. C. (2016). Mine in motion: How physical actions impact the psychological sense of object ownership. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 42(3), 375-385.
Turk, D. J., Brady-Van den Bos, M., Collard, P., Gillespie-Smith, K., Conway, M. A., & Cunningham, S. J. (2013). Divided attention selectively impairs memory for self-relevant information. Memory & Cognition, 41(4), 503-510.
Turk, D. J., Cunningham, S. J., & Macrae, C. N. (2008). Self-memory biases in explicit and incidental encoding of trait adjectives. Consciousness & Cognition, 17(3), 1040-1045.
Turk, D. J., van Bussel, K., Brebner, J. L., Toma, A. S., Krigolson, O., & Handy, T. C. (2011). When “it” becomes “mine”: Attentional biases triggered by object ownership. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(12), 3725-3733, doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00101.
Weinstein, Y., Bugg, J. M., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). Can the survival recall advantage be explained by basic memory processes? Memory & Cognition, 36(5), 913-919.
Ye, Y., & Gawronski, B. (2016). When possessions become part of the self: Ownership and implicit self-object linking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 64, 72-87.

[1]	晏芹, 张清芳. 节奏在言语加工中的时间进程：来自元分析的证据[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(5): 607-614.
[2]	李士一, 谢岩枫, 赵光, 白学军. 媒体多任务经验对不同注意模式下内隐记忆的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(4): 433-440.
[3]	陈相霖, 张军恒, 晏碧华. 现实场景典型空间位置关系客体的解码效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(4): 441-449.
[4]	周爱保, 赵海燕, 夏瑞雪, 袁月, 贾婷婷, 谢珮. 不同语义水平下参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价对记忆的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(2): 145-152.
[5]	赵思怡, 李莹, 王悦. 情绪效价−空间动作隐喻联结对成人和儿童外语情绪词学习的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(2): 153-159.
[6]	刘旭, 蔡佳, 崔喆, 宋美含, 王力. 项目竞争强度对网络成瘾大学生提取诱发遗忘的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(1): 8-14.
[7]	王家慰, 冼美君, 邢强. 任务数量与工作记忆容量对交错学习的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(1): 15-21.
[8]	刘艳艳, 李杰, 赵起超, 陈贝贝, 张禹. 三维动静态场景下返回抑制的扩散[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(1): 22-28.
[9]	刘湍丽, 郝兴风, 邢敏, 白学军. 网络成瘾对大学生推理能力的影响：工作记忆容量的中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 642-649.
[10]	苏明宇, 王光明. STEAM训练提升小学生的注意抑制与注意集中能力[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 701-705.
[11]	江黛苔, 段亚杰, 严帅, 付思文, 刘伟. 事件性前瞻记忆的自我参照效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(3): 312-318.
[12]	张嘉欣, 陈璇, 钱彬彬, 韩丹, 王璐, 张智君. 事件切割对时距知觉的影响：基于记忆碎片效应的研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(2): 145-151.
[13]	杜夏雨, 史从戎, 赵子仪, 薛婷. 情绪效价和动机情绪对创造力的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(2): 160-165.
[14]	乌仁其木格, 赵傲雪, 汪钰涵, 庄想灵, 马国杰. “找茬”任务中的视野偏好与参照策略[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(2): 166-171.
[15]	高超, 李士一, 章鹏, 赵光. 基于双眼视差探讨深度知觉信息对背景线索效应的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(1): 16-21,29.