中学生物理力学问题的分类及表征研究

心理与行为研究 ›› 2008, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (4): 280-284.

中学生物理力学问题的分类及表征研究

王青春,阴国恩

天津师范大学心理与行为研究院,天津 300074

收稿日期:2008-11-20 出版日期:2008-12-20 发布日期:2015-01-21
通讯作者: 阴国恩,男,天津师范大学心理与行为研究院教授,博士生导师。Email: yinguoen@gmail.tjnu.edu.cn。
作者简介:王青春,女,天津师范大学心理与行为研究院硕士生。

CATEGORIZATION AND REPRESENTATION OF HIGH MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS′ PHYSICS MECHANICS PROBLEM

Wang Qingchun,Yin Guo′en

Academy of Psychology and Behavior in Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300074

Received:2008-11-20 Online:2008-12-20 Published:2015-01-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 采用自由分类和标签分类法,以16道中学物理力学应用题为实验材料,探讨不同学业水平中学生对物理问题的分类及表征差异,以及题目陈述方式（有无示意图）对分类的影响。结果发现：（1）自由分类实验中,学优生侧重于按问题的深层特征（物理原理表征）进行分类,学困生侧重于问题的表面特征（文字表征）;题目陈述方式对优困生的分类时间和分类表征也有影响。（2）标签分类实验中,学优生的正确分类题目数量显著高于学困生,有示意图下学优生的正确分类题目数量显著高于无示意图下。

关键词: 学业水平, 示意图, 物理问题表征, 自由分类, 标签分类

Abstract: The present study explored categorization and representation difference between the high middle students with good schoolwork and the ones with bad schoolwork, using a free and a labeled categorization test and sixteen high middle physics mechanics application problems. The present study also explored problems′ statement manner′s(with and without the present of sketch map)influence on high middle students′ mechanics problem category representation. The study found that:(1)In the free categorization test, high middle students with good schoolwork categorized physics problem based on deep character(physics principle representation), but high middle students with bad schoolwork categorized physics problem based on face character(letter representation). Problems′ statement manner also had some difference on categorization time and categorization representation between high middle students with good schoolwork and students with bad schoolwork.(2)In the labeled categorization test, accuracy rate of high middle students with good schoolwork was remarkably higher than high middle students with bad schoolwork. Accuracy rate of good students with sketch map was remarkably higher than that of good students without sketch map.

Key words: schoolwork, sketch map, physics problem representation, free categorization test, labeled categorization test

中图分类号:

B842.5

王青春,阴国恩. 中学生物理力学问题的分类及表征研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2008, 6(4): 280-284.

Wang Qingchun,Yin Guo′en. CATEGORIZATION AND REPRESENTATION OF HIGH MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS′ PHYSICS MECHANICS PROBLEM[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2008, 6(4): 280-284.

参考文献

[1] 邓铸, 余嘉元. 问题解决中对问题外部表征和内部表征. 心理学动态, 2001, 9(3): 193~200
[2] Chi M T, Glaser R. Problem-solving ability// Sterberg R J. Human abilities: An informantion processing approach. New York, NJ: Freeman, 1985
[3] Chi M T, Glaser R, Rees E. Expertise in Problem solving// Sterberg R J. Advances in the psychology of human intelligence. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1982
[4] Chi M T, Glarser R, Farr W J. The nature of experitise. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988
[5] Chi M T. Laboratory methods for assessing experts′ and novices′ knowledge// Ericsson A, Charness N, Feltovich P, Hoffman R. The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006
[6] Chi M T, Feltovich P J, Glaser R. Categorization and representation of physics problems by expert and novices. Cognitive Science, 1981, 5(2): 121~152
[7] Hinslyed A, Hayes J R, Simon H A. From Words to Equations: Meaning and Representation in Algebra Word Problems// Carpenter P A, Justm A. Cognitive Processes in Comprehension. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977
[8] Hardiman P T, Dufrensne R, Mestre J P. The relation between problem′s categorization and problem solving among novices and experts. Memory & Cognition, 1989, 17(5): 627~638
[9] 廖伯琴, 黄希庭. 大学生解决物理问题的表征层次的实验研究. 心理科学, 1997, 20(6): 494~498
[10] 廖伯琴. 中学力学问题表征体系的动态特征. 心理学报, 2001, 33(3): 521~524
[11] 石燕飞, 肖崇好. 中学生解决物理问题表征层次的实验研究. 中央民族大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 10(2): 157~161
[12] Boster J S, Johnson J C. Form or function: Acomparison of expert and novice judgements of similarity among fish. American Anthropologist, 1989, 91(4): 866~889
[13] Sloutsky V M, Yarlas A S. Problem representation in experts and novices: Underlying processing mechanism.// Gleitman L R, Joshi A K. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000
[14] Lee H S, Rim H B, Song S M, et al. Problem representation and categorization training for expert and novice problem solving// Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society .Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2006
[15] 李维坦, 陈令因. 高中物理题典. 长春: 东北师范大学出版社, 2005
[16] Larkin J H, Simon H A. Why a diagram is(sometimes)worth ten thousand words.Cognitive Science, 1987, 11(1): 65~99
[17] Jong T, Ferguson-Hessler M G. Cognitive structures of good and poor novice problem solvers in physics. Journal of educational psychology, 1986, 78(4): 279~288