本族和异族面孔表情注视的差异性：来自眼动的证据

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 采用无任务浏览范式，选取积极、中性和消极的情绪面孔作为材料，将面孔划分为3个兴趣区（眼睛、鼻子和嘴），考察中国个体在加工本族与高加索情绪面孔的眼动注视特点。研究结果显示，在浏览本族的（积极、中性和消极）情绪面孔时，中国被试对眼睛和鼻子的注视次数和时长显著多于对嘴部的注视次数和时长。在浏览高加索的（积极、中性和消极）情绪面孔时，中国被试对眼睛和鼻子的注视次数和时长显著多于其对嘴部的注视次数和时长，并且对鼻子的注视次数和时长也显著多于眼睛的注视次数和时长。结果表明，在加工本族面孔表情，中国被试将鼻子和眼睛作为主要注视区域，而加工高加索面孔表情时则是将鼻子作为最主要注视区域，即中国被试加工本族和异族面孔表情的注视特点存在差异。

关键词: 面孔表情, 种族, 注视, 面孔特征

Abstract: Do Chinese people observe faces of their own-race differently from those of other-race? The current study investigated the fixation characteristics of Chinese participants in processing their own-race and other-race (Caucasian) emotional faces, which based on the free browsing task. In the experiment, different facial expressions (positive/neutral/negative) were selected as materials, and the faces were divided into three areas of interest (eyes/nose/mouth). The results showed that when Chinese participants browsing facial expressions (positive/neutral/negative) of their own-race, participants’ fixation duration on eyes and nose were significantly higher than those of mouth, and their fixation counts on eyes and nose were significantly more than those of mouth. Upon browsing the emotional faces (positive/neutral/negative) of Caucasians, the counts and the duration of fixation on eyes and nose were significantly higher than those on mouth. Moreover, the counts and duration of fixation on nose were significantly higher than those on eyes. These results indicated that in processing own-race facial expressions, Chinese participants considered nose and eyes as the primary areas of fixation, while the nose was the most dominant area of fixation during the processing of other-race (Caucasian) facial expressions. There are differences in the fixation characteristics of Chinese participants processing the own-race and the other-race facial expressions.

Key words: facial expressions, race, fixation, face characteristics

中图分类号:

B842

王月潭, 马嘉琳, 张竞艺, 李弈彤, 丁小斌. 本族和异族面孔表情注视的差异性：来自眼动的证据[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(6): 749-754.

WANG Yuetan, MA Jialin, ZHANG Jingyi, LI Yitong, DING Xiaobin. Differences in Looking at Own-Race and Other-Race Facial Expression: Evidence from Eye Movements[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(6): 749-754.

参考文献

丁莹. (2015). 面部特征信息对识别成人和儿童情绪面部表情的影响(硕士学位论文). 云南师范大学, 昆明.
石荣. (2016). 哭泣表情面孔在识别和解离过程中的注意特征: 来自眼动的证据(硕士学位论文). 曲阜师范大学.
Blais, C., Jack, R. E., Scheepers, C., Fiset, D., & Caldara, R. (2008). Culture shapes how we look at faces. PLoS One, 3(8), e3022, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003022.
Bothwell, R. K., Brigham, J. C., & Malpass, R. S. (1989). Cross-racial identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(1), 19-25, doi: 10.1177/0146167289151002.
Brielmann, A. A., Bülthoff, I., & Armann, R. (2014). Looking at faces from different angles: Europeans fixate different features in Asian and Caucasian faces. Vision Research, 100, 105-112, doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.04.011.
Cangöz, B., Altun, A., Aşkar, P., Baran, Z., & Mazman, S. G. (2013). Examining the visual screening patterns of emotional facial expressions with gender, age and lateralization. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 6(4), 31-15.
Chuk, T., Chan, A. B., & Hsiao, J. H. (2017). Is having similar eye movement patterns during face learning and recognition beneficial for recognition performance? Evidence from hidden Markov modeling. Vision Research, 141, 204-216, doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.03.010.
Dailey, M. N., Joyce, C., Lyons, M. J., Kamachi, M., Ishi, H., Gyoba, J., & Cottrell, G. W. (2010). Evidence and a computational explanation of cultural differences in facial expression recognition. Emotion, 10(6), 874-896, doi: 10.1037/a0020019.
Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., … Davidson, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8(4), 519-526, doi: 10.1038/nn1421.
Ekman, P., & Rosenberg, E. L. (2005). What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS)(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fassbender, I., & Lohaus, A. (2019). Fixations and fixation shifts in own-race and other-race face pairs at three, six and nine months. Infant Behavior and Development, 57, 101328.
Feng, L., Liu, J. G., Wang, Z., Li, J., Li, L., Ge, L. Z., … Lee, K. (2011). The other face of the other-race effect: An fMRI investigation of the other-race face categorization advantage. Neuropsychologia, 49(13), 3739-3749, doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.031.
Fridenson-Hayo, S., Berggren, S., Lassalle, A., Tal, S., Pigat, D., Bölte, S., .. Golan, O. (2016). Basic and complex emotion recognition in children with autism: Cross-cultural findings. Molecular Autism, 7, 52, doi: 10.1186/s13229-016-0113-9.
Fu, G. Y., Hu, C. S., Wang, Q. D., Quinn, P. C., & Lee, K. (2012). Adults scan own- and other-race faces differently. PLoS One, 7(6), e37688, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037688.
Gao, W., Cao, B., Shan, S. G., Chen, X. L., Zhou, D. L., Zhang, X. H., & Zhao, D. B. (2008). The CAS-PEAL large-scale Chinese face database and baseline evaluations. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, 38(1), 149-161, doi: 10.1109/TSMCA.2007.909557.
Goldinger, S. D., He, Y., & Papesh, M. H. (2009). Deficits in cross-race face learning: Insights from eye movements and pupillometry. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(5), 1105-1122, doi: 10.1037/a0016548.
Guo, K., Mahmoodi, S., Robertson, R. G., & Young, M. P. (2006). Longer fixation duration while viewing face images. Experimental Brain Research, 171(1), 91-98, doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-0248-y.
Herzmann, G., Minor, G., & Curran, T. (2018). Neural evidence for the contribution of holistic processing but not attention allocation to the other-race effect on face memory. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 18(5), 1015-1033.
Hills, P. J., & Pake, J. M. (2013). Eye-tracking the own-race bias in face recognition: Revealing the perceptual and socio-cognitive mechanisms. Cognition, 129(3), 586-597, doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.012.
Ho, M. R., & Pezdek, K. (2016). Postencoding cognitive processes in the cross-race effect: Categorization and individuation during face recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(3), 771-780.
Horry, R., Cheong, W., & Brewer, N. (2015). The other-race effect in perception and recognition: Insights from the complete composite task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41(2), 508-524.
Kelly, D. J., Miellet, S., & Caldara, R. (2010). Culture shapes eye movements for visually homogeneous objects. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 6.
Li, X. Y., Liu, Y., Luo, S. Y., Wu, B., Wu, X. H., & Han, S. H. (2015). Mortality salience enhances racial in-group bias in empathic neural responses to others’ suffering. NeuroImage, 118, 376-385, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.023.
Liu, J. G., Feng, L., Li, L., Tian, J., & Lee, K. (2012). The neural correlates of own- and other-race face recognition and categorization: A fMRI study. Journal of Vision, 12(9), 1187-1187, doi: 10.1167/12.9.1187.
Lucey, P., Cohn, J. F., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., & Matthews, I. (2010). The extended Cohn-Kanade dataset (CK+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition-Workshops (CVPRW) (pp. 94-101). San Francisco: IEEE.
Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(4), 330-334, doi: 10.1037/h0028434.
Matsumoto, D., Olide, A., & Willingham, B. (2009). Is there an ingroup advantage in recognizing spontaneously expressed emotions? Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(3), 181-191, doi: 10.1007/s10919-009-0068-z.
Mertens, I., Siegmund, H., & Grüsser, O. J. (1993). Gaze motor asymmetries in the perception of faces during a memory task. Neuropsychologia, 31(9), 989-998, doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(93)90154-R.
Miellet, S., Vizioli, L., He, L. N., Zhou, X. Y., & Caldara, R. (2013). Mapping face recognition information use across cultures. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 34.
Quinn, P. C., Lee, K., Pascalis, O., & Tanaka, J. W. (2016). Narrowing in categorical responding to other-race face classes by infants. Developmental Science, 19(3), 362-371, doi: 10.1111/desc.12301.
Sangrigoli, S., & De Schonen, S. (2004). Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three-month-old infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1219-1227, doi: 10.1111/jcpp.2004.45.issue-7.
Semplonius, T., & Mondloch, C. J. (2015). Attentional biases and recognition accuracy: What happens when multiple own- and other-race faces are encountered simultaneously? Perception, 44(1), 52-70.
Shan, T. Y., Reza, F., Begum, T., & Yusoff, N. (2018). Neural processing of other-race faces as a function of racial familiarity: A P300 study. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7, 21-26.
Stahl, J., Wiese, H., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2010). Learning task affects ERP-correlates of the own-race bias, but not recognition memory performance. Neuropsychologia, 48(7), 2027-2040, doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.024.
Sun, G., Song, L. P., Bentin, S., Yang, Y. J., & Zhao, L. (2013). Visual search for faces by race: A cross-race study. Vision Research, 89, 39-46, doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.07.001.
Thorup, B., Crookes, K., Chang, P. P. W., Burton, N., Pond, S., Li, T. K., ... Rhodes, G. (2018). Perceptual experience shapes our ability to categorize faces by national origin: A new other-race effect. British Journal of Psychology, 109(3), 583-603.
Tuminello, E. R., & Davidson, D. (2011). What the face and body reveal: In-group emotion effects and stereotyping of emotion in African American and European American children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 110(2), 258-274, doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.02.016.
Wang, Q. D., Xiao, N. G., Quinn, P. C., Hu, C. S., Qian, M., Fu, G. Y., & Lee, K. (2015). Visual scanning and recognition of Chinese, Caucasian, and racially ambiguous faces: Contributions from bottom-up facial physiognomic information and top-down knowledge of racial categories. Vision Research, 107, 67-75, doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.10.032.
Wang, Z., Quinn, P. C., Tanaka, J. W., Yu, X. Y., Sun, Y. H. P., Liu, J. G., ... Lee, K. (2015). An other-race effect for configural and featural processing of faces: Upper and lower face regions play different roles. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 559.
Wiese, H. (2012). The role of age and ethnic group in face recognition memory: ERP evidence from a combined own-age and own-race bias study. Biological Psychology, 89(1), 137-147, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.002.
Yarbus, A. L. (1967). Eye movements during perception of complex objects. In Eye movements and vision (pp. 171-211). Boston, MA: Springer.
Zhou, X. M., Elshiekh, A., & Moulson, M. C. (2019). Lifetime perceptual experience shapes face memory for own- and other-race faces. Visual Cognition, 27(9-10), 687-700.

[1]	徐慧, 李美佳, 彭华茂. 眼睛注视线索对经济领域风险决策的影响：基于框架效应范式[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(1): 37-44.
[2]	魏玲, 余宥依, 刘人豪, 程一智. 场景的年龄特征会影响自闭症谱系障碍儿童的注视模式[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(5): 679-685.
[3]	李馨, 刘璟尧, 于慧婧, 姜心荷, 梁菲菲, 王永胜, 白学军. 汉语阅读中的眼跳目标选择：词汇信息与视觉复杂性的作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2019, 17(4): 496-503.
[4]	陈欣欣，于洪彦. 等级评定量表的最佳反应项数目:来自眼动研究的证据[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2014, 12(4): 551-557.
[5]	陈曦，翁秋霞. 图片命名中词汇频率效应的眼动研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2014, 12(3): 310-314.
[6]	杨青, 闫国利. 面孔识别的眼动模式研究述评[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2013, 11(3): 417-424.
[7]	吴捷；刘志方；刘妮娜. 词频、可预测性及合理性对目标词首次注视位置的影响[J]. , 2011, 9(2): 140-146.
[8]	王雪艳,白学军,梁福成. 科普杂志目录编排效果的眼动研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2005, 3(1): 49-52.