不同语义水平下参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价对记忆的影响

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了探索影响记忆的深层次因素及其作用机制，采用内隐实验范式，考察了不同语义水平下参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价对记忆的影响。结果发现，参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价分别对记忆产生了显著的影响；在不同语义水平下，自我相关的特质词和非特质词的记忆优势表现在不同的再认提取阶段；个体对自我相关的消极词表现出显著的记忆优势；参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价的交互作用不显著。结果表明，参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价是对记忆产生影响的独立因素，但参照方式对记忆的影响受到情绪效价和特质评价的制约。

关键词: 参照方式, 情绪效价, 特质评价, 记忆

Abstract: To explore the deeply-rooted factors affecting memory, this study employed the paradigm of implicit processing to examine the impact of reference styles, emotional valence, and personality-trait assessment on memory at various semantic levels. The results showed that reference styles, emotional valence, and personality-trait assessment significantly influenced memory. Set in different contexts, a memory advantage regarding self-related personality-trait words and non- personality-trait words emerged during specific stages of recognition processing. Furthermore, the results showed a significant advantage in memory when individuals were exposed to self-related negative words. Nevertheless, the study found no significant interaction among reference styles, emotional valence, and personality-trait assessment. This implies that these factors are independent of each other, while the impact of reference styles on memory is subject to emotional valence and personality-trait assessment.

Key words: reference styles, emotional valence, personality-trait assessment, memory

中图分类号:

B842

周爱保, 赵海燕, 夏瑞雪, 袁月, 贾婷婷, 谢珮. 不同语义水平下参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价对记忆的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(2): 145-152.

ZHOU Aibao, ZHAO Haiyan, XIA Ruixue, YUAN Yue, JIA Tingting, XIE Pei. The Impact of Reference Styles, Emotional Valence, and Personality-Trait Assessment at Different Semantic Levels on Memory[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(2): 145-152.

参考文献

陈京军, 钟毅平. (2010). 不同情绪诱导条件下的自我参照效应. 心理科学, 33(1), 41–43, 47.
毛新瑞, 徐慧芳,郭春彦. (2015). 双加工再认提取中的情绪记忆增强效应. 心理学报, 47(9), 1111–1123
王垒. (1998). 人格结构的动态分析. 心理学报, 30(4), 409–417
张琪, 邓娜丽, 姜秀敏, 李卫君. (2020). 自我相关性影响情绪词汇加工的时间进程. 心理学报, 52(8), 946–957
钟杰, 钱铭怡. (2005). 中文情绪形容词检测表的编制与信效度研究. 中国临床心理学杂志, 13(1), 9–13, 8.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Millar, N., & White, J. (1995). Selective processing of negative information: Effects of clinical anxiety, concurrent depression, and awareness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 532–536, doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.104.3.532.
Breckler, S. J., Pratkanis, A. R., & McCann, C. D. (1991). The representation of self in multidimensional cognitive space. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30(2), 97–112.
Crawford, L. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2002). Learning where to look for danger: Integrating affective and spatial information. Psychological Science, 13(5), 449–453, doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00479.
D’Argembeau, A., Comblain, C., & van der Linden, M. (2005). Affective valence and the self-reference effect: Influence of retrieval conditions. British Journal of Psychology, 96(4), 457–466.
D’Argembeau, A., & van der Linden, M. (2008). Remembering pride and shame: Self-enhancement and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory. Memory, 16(5), 538–547, doi: 10.1080/09658210802010463.
Dolcos, F., & Cabeza, R. (2002). Event-related potentials of emotional memory: Encoding pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 2(3), 252–263.
Fields, E. C., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2012). It’s all about you: An ERP study of emotion and self-relevance in discourse. NeuroImage, 62(1), 562–574, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.003.
Fields, E. C., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2016). Dynamic effects of self-relevance and task on the neural processing of emotional words in context. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2003.
Fields, E. C., Weber, K., Stillerman, B., Delaney-Busch, N., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2019). Functional MRI reveals evidence of a self-positivity bias in the medial prefrontal cortex during the comprehension of social vignettes. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(6), 613–621, doi: 10.1093/scan/nsz035.
Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(4), 681–700.
Hampton, R. S., & Varnum, M. E. W. (2018). Do cultures vary in self-enhancement? ERP, behavioral, and self-report evidence. Social Neuroscience, 13(5), 566–578, doi: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1361471.
Harter, S. (1996). Historical roots of contemporary issues involving self-concept. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), Handbook of self-concept: Developmental, social, and clinical considerations (pp. 1–37). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Herbert, C., Kissler, J., Junghöfer, M., Peyk, P., & Rockstroh, B. (2006). Processing of emotional adjectives: Evidence from startle EMG and ERPs. Psychophysiology, 43(2), 197–206, doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00385.x.
Herbert, C., Pauli, P., & Herbert, B. M. (2011). Self-reference modulates the processing of emotional stimuli in the absence of explicit self-referential appraisal instructions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6(5), 653–661, doi: 10.1093/scan/nsq082.
Katyal, S., Hajcak, G., Flora, T., Bartlett, A., & Goldin, P. (2020). Event-related potential and behavioural differences in affective self-referential processing in long-term meditators versus controls. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 20(2), 326–339.
Kuiper, N. A., & Rogers, T. B. (1979). Encoding of personal information: Self-other differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(4), 499–514, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.37.4.499.
Leshikar, E. D., Dulas, M. R., & Duarte, A. (2015). Self-referencing enhances recollection in both young and older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 22(4), 388–412.
Marchewka, A., Wypych, M., Michałowski, J. M., Sińczuk, M., Wordecha, M., Jednoróg, K., & Nowicka, A. (2016). What is the effect of basic emotions on directed forgetting? Investigating the role of basic emotions in memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 378.
Martin, L. L. (2000). Moods do not convey information: Moods in context do. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition (pp. 153–177). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mather, M., & Sutherland, M. R. (2011). Arousal-biased competition in perception and memory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(2), 114–133, doi: 10.1177/1745691611400234.
Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 573–593). New York: Guilford Press.
Pereira, D. R., Sampaio, A., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2019). Differential effects of valence and encoding strategy on internal source memory and judgments of source: Exploring the production and the self-reference effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1326, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01326.
Rohr, L., & Rahman, R. A. (2015). Affective responses to emotional words are boosted in communicative situations. NeuroImage, 109, 273–282, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.031.
Schupp, H. T., Stockburger, J., Codispoti, M., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2007). Selective visual attention to emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(5), 1082–1089.
Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (2000). On the self-protective nature of inconsistency-negativity management: Using the person memory paradigm to examine self-referent memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 906–922, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.906.
Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 371–394, doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.371.
Talmi, D., & Moscovitch, M. (2004). Can semantic relatedness explain the enhancement of memory for emotional words. Memory & Cognition, 32(5), 742–751.
Watson, L. A., Dritschel, B., Obonsawin, M. C., & Jentzsch, I. (2007). Seeing yourself in a positive light: Brain correlates of the self-positivity bias. Brain Research, 1152, 106–110.
Weymar, M., Löw, A., Öhman, A., & Hamm, A. O. (2011). The face is more than its parts—Brain dynamics of enhanced spatial attention to schematic threat. NeuroImage, 58(3), 946–954.
Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(3), 441–517, doi: 10.1006/jmla.2002.2864.
Yoshimura, S., Ueda, K., Suzuki, S. I., Onoda, K., Okamoto, Y., & Yamawaki, S. (2009). Self-referential processing of negative stimuli within the ventral anterior cingulate gyrus and right amygdala. Brain and Cognition, 69(1), 218–225, doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.07.010.
Zhou, H. Y., Guo, J. L., Ma, X. M., Zhang, M. H., Liu, L. Q., Feng, L., … Zhong, N. (2017). Self-reference emerges earlier than emotion during an implicit self-referential emotion processing task: Event-related potential evidence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 451, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00451.

[1]	李士一, 谢岩枫, 赵光, 白学军. 媒体多任务经验对不同注意模式下内隐记忆的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(4): 433-440.
[2]	陈相霖, 张军恒, 晏碧华. 现实场景典型空间位置关系客体的解码效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(4): 441-449.
[3]	赵思怡, 李莹, 王悦. 情绪效价−空间动作隐喻联结对成人和儿童外语情绪词学习的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(2): 153-159.
[4]	刘旭, 蔡佳, 崔喆, 宋美含, 王力. 项目竞争强度对网络成瘾大学生提取诱发遗忘的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(1): 8-14.
[5]	王家慰, 冼美君, 邢强. 任务数量与工作记忆容量对交错学习的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(1): 15-21.
[6]	刘湍丽, 郝兴风, 邢敏, 白学军. 网络成瘾对大学生推理能力的影响：工作记忆容量的中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 642-649.
[7]	江黛苔, 段亚杰, 严帅, 付思文, 刘伟. 事件性前瞻记忆的自我参照效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(3): 312-318.
[8]	张嘉欣, 陈璇, 钱彬彬, 韩丹, 王璐, 张智君. 事件切割对时距知觉的影响：基于记忆碎片效应的研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(2): 145-151.
[9]	杜夏雨, 史从戎, 赵子仪, 薛婷. 情绪效价和动机情绪对创造力的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(2): 160-165.
[10]	王嵩, 李甦. 幼儿复述能力的发展及其与言语工作记忆的关系[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(5): 596-602.
[11]	刘红, 褚铮, 李缓缓, 赵笑梅. 自我损耗对基于时间前瞻记忆的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(4): 446-451,459.
[12]	车晓玮, 王凯旋, 上官梦麒, 李寿欣. 视觉工作记忆中注意模板的表征—来自EROS的证据[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(3): 297-303.
[13]	屈晓兰, 曾萍, 王思非. 基于同义关联的句子错误记忆：发展性逆转现象及句式效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(3): 332-338.
[14]	赵敏芳, 傅小兰, 李开云, Hubert D. Zimmer. 动作操作与怪异性对联结记忆的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(2): 145-152.
[15]	吴慧芬, 黎晓娜, 张琼, 唐一纯, 刘华山. 因为注意，所以拥有—纯粹所有权效应内部机制探究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(2): 161-167,175.