进化观点下的智力研究

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 综述了进化心理学探讨智力所取得的研究成果,内容包括智力的起源（如进化环境与智力的关系）、进化心理学视角下智力的分类。同时,该文认为一般智力是一种特殊的认知模块,即专门智力。最后,讨论了对智力进行进化心理学研究的重要意义与未来研究取向。

关键词: 智力, 心理模块, 专门智力, 一般智力, 进化心理学

Abstract: What cognitive or psychological mechanisms are involved in making what is called intelligence or what is commonly, although not accurately, known as IQ ? An evolutionary view about intelligence acknowledges the fact that intelligence can hardly be taught, learned or practiced upon and makes three arguments about this observation. First, it argues that environment of evolutionary past have different impact on behavior depending on whether it has been invariant and recurring or variant and unstable. Second, as a result of these two different kinds of environmental impact, some cognitive functioning has been modularized or hardwired, whereas others have to rely on conscious mental integration. Thus, there are two kinds of cognitive functioning, modularized, encapsulated, and hardwired versus conscious, effortful, and mentally demanding. Third, IQ or general intelligence represents the continuation of the evolutionary process of adaptation or modularization. This article provides an evolutionary view on the origins of intelligence and provides empirical evidence to support its arguments.

Key words: intelligence, adaptation, invariant and plasticity, evolutionary constraint, cognitive modules

中图分类号:

B848.5

李宏利,张雷. 进化观点下的智力研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2008, 6(3): 166-170.

Li Hongli,Chang Lei. AN EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW ON INTELLIGENCE[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2008, 6(3): 166-170.

参考文献

[1] Schwenk K, Wagner G P. Constraint. In: Hall B K, Olson W M,(Eds). Keywords and Concepts in Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003, 52~61
[2] West-Eberhard M J. Developmental plasticity and evolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, 34
[3] Brakefield P M, Wijngaarden P J. Phenotypic plasticity. In: Hall B K, Olson W M, (Eds). Keywords and Concepts in Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Harvard University Press, 2003, 288~297
[4] Cosmides L, Tooby J. Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In: Barkow J, Cosmides L, Tooby J,(Eds.). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press, 1992, 163~228
[5] Cosmides L, Tooby J. From function to structure: The role of evolutionary biology and computational theories in cognitive neuroscience. In: Gazzaniga M (Ed.). The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995
[6] Shepherd G M. Neurobiology. third edition. Oxford University Press, New York, 1994
[7] Gallistel C R, Gelman R. Non-verbal numerical cognition: From reals to integers. Trends Cognition Science, 2000, 4: 59~65
[8] Dyer F C. Cognitive ecology of navigation. In: Dukas R(Ed.). Cognitive ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, 201~260
[9] Potts R. Variability selection in hominid evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology, 1998, 7(3): 81~96
[10] Templer D I, Arikawa H. Temperature, skin color, per capita income, and IQ: An international perspective. Intelligence, 2006, 34: 121~139
[11] Kanazawa S. General intelligence as a domain-specific adaptation. Psychological Review, 2004, 111: 512~523
[12] Kanazawa S. Temperature and evolutionary novelty as forces behind the evolution of general intelligence. Intelligence, 2008, 36: 99~108
[13] Prokosch M, Yeo R, Miller G. Intelligence tests with higher g-loadings show higher correlations with body symmetry: Evidence for a general fitness factor mediated by developmental stability. Intelligence, 2005, 33(2): 203~213
[14] Bates T. Fluctuating asymmetry and intelligence. Intelligence, 2007, 35(1): 41~46
[15] Alexander R. Evolution of the human psyche. In: P Mellars, C Stringer(Eds.). The human revolution: behavioral and biological perspectives on the origins of modern humans, Edinburgh University Press, 1989
[16] Pinker S. The language instinct: How the mind creates language. New York: HarperCollins, 1994
[17] Cosmides L, Tooby J. Unraveling the enigma of human intelligence: Evolutionary psychology and multimodular mind. In: R J Sternberg, J C Kaufman(Eds.). The evolution of intelligence. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002: 145~198
[18] Bjorklund D, Harnishfeger K. The evolution of inhibition mechanisms and their role in human cognition and behavior. In: F N Dempster, C J Brainerd(Eds.). New perspectives on interference and inhibition in cognition. New York: Academic Press, 1995: 141~173
[19] Bjorklund D, Cormier C, Rosenberg J. The evolution of theory of mind: Big brains, social complexity, and inhibition. In: W Schneider, R Schumann-Hengsteler, B Sodian(Eds.). Young children′s cognitive development: Interrelationships among executive functioning, working memory, verbal ability and theory of mind. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2005
[20] Johnson-Laird P N. Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983
[21] Dennett D. Cognitive wheels: The frame problem of AI. In: Z Pylyshyn(Ed.). The robot′s dilemma. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1987: 41~64
[22] Evans J. Logic and human reasoning: An assessment of the deduction paradigm. Psychological Bulletin, 2002, 128: 978~996
[23] Geary D. The Origin of Mind: Evolution of Brain, Cognition, and General Intelligence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005
[24] Liu J, Harris A, Kanwisher N. Stages of processing in face perception: an MEG study. Nature Neuroscience, 2002, 5: 910~916
[25] Horn J L, Cattell R B. Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1966, 57: 253~270
[26] Herrnstein R J, Murray C. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press, 1994
[27] Silverman I, Eals M. Sex differences in spatial abilities: Evolutionary theory and data. In: J Barkow, L Cosmides, J Tooby (Eds.). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992: 533~549
[28] Weiss A, Morales A, Jacobs W. Place Learning in Virtual Space IV: Spatial Navigation and General Intelligence Appear Independent. Unpublished manuscript, University of Arizona, 2003
[29] Kanazawa S, Jody L. Why beautiful people are more intelligent. Intelligence, 2004, 32: 227~243