The Effect of Valence and Arousal of Emotional Contexts on Source Memory

Abstract

Abstract: Recent studies have shown that source memory can be modulated by emotional context. Here, we used ERPs techniques to explore the cognitive and neurological mechanisms of source retrieval under different valence and arousal contexts. During the learning phase, participants encoded a series of Chinese words superimposed on pictures of four different kinds of emotion. During the test phase, only the Chinese words were presented. Participants were instructed to press one of five buttons to indicate whether the word had been presented at the learning phase with a highly positive background, a mildly positive background, a highly negative background, a mildly negative background, or was a new word. Behaviorally, successful source retrieval showed a significantly higher ratio and shorter reaction time than the unsuccessful source retrieval. Higher memory performance was observed for positive contexts than negative contexts, and for highly arousal contexts compared to mildly arousal contexts. The ERP results showed that, there were significant FN400 and LPC old/new effects, which represented familiarity and recollection respectively. Meanwhile, we found greater LPC old/new effects for the retrieval of positive and highly arousal contexts compared to the negative and mildly arousal contexts. However, there was no significant interaction between valence and arousal. Together, these results suggest both the positive context and the high arousal context can facilitate the recollection of the source information. Valence and arousal may influence source memory via different cognitive mechanisms.

Key words: source memory, old/new effect, emotional context, valence, arousal

摘要： 以往研究表明情绪背景对来源记忆存在影响，但背景的情绪效价和唤醒如何影响熟悉性及回想尚存争议。本研究以ERPs技术作为测量手段，采用来源记忆多键范式，操纵背景的情绪效价及唤醒强度，以探讨编码阶段背景情绪影响来源记忆提取的认知神经机制。学习阶段，呈现中性汉字及情绪图片（正性高唤醒、正性低唤醒、负性高唤醒、负性低唤醒）；测验阶段，仅呈现汉字，被试进行五键判断。行为结果发现：来源正确的比率比来源错误的比率更高，反应时更短；同时提取正性背景的辨别力更强，反应时更短；提取高唤醒背景反应时更短。脑电结果发现了分别代表熟悉性及回想的FN400及LPC新旧效应，且在500～700 ms，提取正性背景及高唤醒背景诱发显著更正的ERPs，但效价与唤醒没有交互作用。总体来说，来源记忆中背景效价及唤醒度对回想过程存在独立影响，体现为正性背景及高唤醒背景对来源提取的促进作用。

关键词: 来源记忆, 新旧效应, 情绪背景, 效价, 唤醒

CLC Number:

B842

HU Zhe, ZHANG Jie, LI Cuihong, GUO Chunyan. The Effect of Valence and Arousal of Emotional Contexts on Source Memory[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(2): 185-192.

胡哲, 张杰, 黎翠红, 郭春彦. 来源记忆中背景的情绪效价与唤醒对提取过程的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(2): 185-192.

References

胡哲, 张钦, 梁九清, 郭春彦. (2013). 不同情绪背景下来源记忆的ERPs研究. 心理学报, 45(7), 725-739
刘潇楠, 许翱翔, 周仁来. (2009). 国际情绪图片系统的本土化研究: 在中国大学生群体中的评定. 中国临床心理学杂志, 17(6), 687-689
张丹丹, 陈钰, 敖翔, 孙国玉, 刘黎黎, 侯新琳, 陈玉明. (2019). 新生儿情绪性语音加工的正性偏向——来自事件相关电位的证据. 心理学报, 51(4), 462-470
Dolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Weymar, M., Moore, M., Tsukiura, T., & Dolcos, S. (2017). Emerging directions in emotional episodic memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1867, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01867.
Duarte, A., Henson, R. N., & Graham, K. S. (2011). Stimulus content and the neural correlates of source memory. Brain Research, 1373, 110-123, doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.086.
Guo, C. Y., Duan, L., Li, W., & Paller, K. A. (2006). Distinguishing source memory and item memory: Brain potentials at encoding and retrieval. Brain Research, 1118(1), 142-154, doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.034.
Jaeger, A., Johnson, J. D., Corona, M., & Rugg, M. D. (2009). ERP correlates of the incidental retrieval of emotional information: Effects of study-test delay. Brain Research, 1269, 105-113, doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.082.
Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory & Cognition, 31(8), 1169-1180.
Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2004). Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(9), 3310-3315, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0306408101.
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). NIMH center for the study of emotion and attention, international affective picture system (IAPS): Instruction manual and affective ratings. Gainesville, FL: Uiversity of Florida.
Maratos, E. J., & Rugg, M. D. (2001). Electrophysiological correlates of the retrieval of emotional and non-emotional context. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(7), 877-891, doi: 10.1162/089892901753165809.
Martínez-Galindo, J. G., & Cansino, S. (2015). Positive and negative emotional contexts unevenly predict episodic memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 291, 89-102, doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.018.
Martínez-Galindo, J. G., & Cansino, S. (2017). Emotional context during encoding modulates recognition electrophysiological activity. Experimental Brain Research, 235(1), 169-179, doi: 10.1007/s00221-016-4780-8.
McCarthy, G., & Wood, C. C. (1985). Scalp distributions of event-related potentials: An ambiguity associated with analysis of variance models. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 62(3), 203-208, doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(85)90015-2.
Meng, X. X., Zhang, L., Liu, W. W., Ding, X. S., Li, H., Yang, J. M., & Yuan, J. J. (2017). The impact of emotion intensity on recognition memory: Valence polarity matters. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 116, 16-25, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.014.
Mickley, K. R., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Emotional valence influences the neural correlates associated with remembering and knowing. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(2), 143-152.
Mitchell, K. J., & Johnson, M. K. (2009). Source monitoring 15 years later: What have we learned from fMRI about the neural mechanisms of source memory? Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 638-677, doi: 10.1037/a0015849.
Rugg, M. D., & Curran, T. (2007). Event-related potentials and recognition memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(6), 251-257, doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.04.004.
Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145-172, doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145.
Sakaki, M., Niki, K., & Mather, M. (2012). Beyond arousal and valence: The importance of the biological versus social relevance of emotional stimuli. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12(1), 115-139.
Smith, A. P. R., Henson, R. N. A., Rugg, M. D., & Dolan, R. J. (2005). Modulation of retrieval processing reflects accuracy of emotional source memory. Learning & Memory, 12(5), 472-479.
Snodgrass, J. G., & Corwin, J. (1988). Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117(1), 34-50, doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.117.1.34.
Ventura-Bort, C., Dolcos, F., Wendt, J., Wirkner, J., Hamm, A. O., & Weymar, M. (2017). Item and source memory for emotional associates is mediated by different retrieval processes. Neuropsychologia, doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.015.
Ventura-Bort, C., Löw, A., Wendt, J., Moltó, J., Poy, R., Dolcos, F.,.. Weymar, M. (2016). Binding neutral information to emotional contexts: Brain dynamics of long-term recognition memory. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16(2), 234-247.
Zhang, Q., Liu, X., An, W., Yang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). Recognition memory of neutral words can be impaired by task-irrelevant emotional encoding contexts: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 73.

[1]	ZHOU Aibao, ZHAO Haiyan, XIA Ruixue, YUAN Yue, JIA Tingting, XIE Pei. The Impact of Reference Styles, Emotional Valence, and Personality-Trait Assessment at Different Semantic Levels on Memory [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(2): 145-152.
[2]	ZHAO Siyi, LI Ying, WANG Yue. The Metaphorical Association Between Valence and Space Influences Emotional Word Learning in Adults and Children [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(2): 153-159.
[3]	XIONG Sicheng, ZHANG Bin, JIANG Yongzhi, JIANG Huaibin, CHENG Yun. Global Prevalence of Mobile Phone Addiction: A Meta-Analysis [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(6): 802-808.
[4]	DU Xiayu, SHI Congrong, ZHAO Ziyi, XUE Ting. The Influence of Emotional Valence and Motivational Emotion on Creativity [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(2): 160-165.
[5]	WU Huifen, LI Xiaona, ZHANG Qiong, TANG Yichun, LIU Huashan. You Own Something Because of Paying Attention to Them: Exploring the Internal Mechanism of Mere Ownership Effect [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(2): 161-167,175.
[6]	YUE Pengfei, SHI Mengmeng, LIU Xu, BAI Xuejun. Effects of Arousal of Vocabulary on Affect Labeling: An ERPs Study [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(1): 31-38.
[7]	FANG Ruojiao, CAO Chengqi, LI Gen, ZHANG Jianxin, WANG Li. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Survivors Five and a Half Years after the Wenchuan Earthquake: Based on DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2019, 17(1): 107-113.
[8]	JIN Xuelian, JIANG Yingjie, WANG Zhiwei. The Developments of 3 to 6 Year-old Children's Episodic Memory and Monitoring [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2018, 16(5): 650-656.
[9]	HUANG Shihua, ZENG Yanfen, ZHANG Wei. How Emotional Valence Affect the Reactive Control and Proactive Control of college students with Different Level of Depression [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2017, 15(6): 807-814.
[10]	Chen Meixiang, Bai Xuejun. The Impact of target prevalence in Medical Image Visual Searching of Novice and Expert Radiologists: Evidence from Eye Movement [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2017, 15(3): 302-308.
[11]	Xie Lili, Xu Huifang, Jiang Yuan, Fang Ping. The Effect of Emotional Certainty and Uncertainty on Information Processing [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2016, 14(3): 305-310.
[12]	Bai Xuejun, Liu Ying, Zhang Peng, Zhang Qihan. The Functional Differentiation of the Lateral Prefrontal on the Behavior Control in the Context of Emotional and Non-emotional: A fNIRS Study [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2015, 13(5): 606-613.
[13]	Wang Qin, Bai Xuejun, Li Shiyi. The Effect of Emotional Context and Expectation on Social Economic Decision-making [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2015, 13(2): 191-197.
[14]	Sui Xue,Ji Yating,Chen Xin,Ren Guiqin. The Processing Difference on the Facial Expression Pictures with Different Valence [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2015, 13(1): 7-12.
[15]	Cui Yichen,Wang Pei. Effect of Implicit Theories of Personality on Person Perception [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2015, 13(1): 44-51.