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20 December 2010, Volume 8 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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HOW PEOPLE PREDICTED WHEN CATEGORIZATION WAS UNCERTAIN IN A COMPETITIVE PARADIGM Chen Lin,Mo Lei,Li Hong,Hu Cheng 2010, 8(4):  241-245.  Abstract ( )   PDF (425KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics One of the most important functions of category was to predict unknown features. But when categorization was uncertain, how did people predict? Based on categories or based on feature associations? A new paradigm in which there were two competitive predicted features was used to investigate it. In the new paradigm, there were two to-be-predicted features; the feature probability of Feature 1 was higher than the Feature 2. If people made predictions based on categories, they would make a higher probability judgment for Feature 1. For feature associations with known features, Feature 2 was higher than Feature 1. If people predicted based on feature associations, they would make a higher probability judgment for Feature 2. There were two experiments; Experiment 1 was interested in how people predicted when categorizations were ordered before prediction. Experiment 2 explored people made predictions based on categories or feature associations when categorizations weren’t ordered before prediction. The results found that when categorizations were ordered participants predicted based on categories, while categorizations were not ordered, people inclined to predict based on feature associations. The results indicated that people make predictions in an economical cognition processing approach.

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THE STUDY OF EFFECT OF SIMILARITY, SIMILARITY COMBINATIONS AND METACOGNITIVE MONITORING ON PROBLEM ANALOGICAL REASONING Luo Rong,Hu Zhujing 2010, 8(4):  246-251.  Abstract ( )   PDF (543KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The effect of different levels of similarity, the numbers of source problems, the combinations of source problems in two sources contexts and the metacognitive monitoring level of the subjects on analogical transfer was explored with the adapted Convergence Problems by Holyoak, and self-made metacognitive monitoring questionnaire for measuring subjects′ metacognitive monitoring level as the experimental materials. The results indicated the difference of different levels of similarity between the source and the target in one source context was significant, surface similarity facilitated analogical transfer evidently. The difference of different combination ways in two sources contexts was significant. No matter in one source context or two sources contexts, the difference of different levels of metacognitive monitoring was significant, which indicated analogical transfer mainly was an controlling process, the difference of numbers of source problems was also significant.

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THE MEMORY-GUIDED ATTENTION OF SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN IN REAL-WORLD SCENES Wei Ling,Shen Deli 2010, 8(4):  252-256.  Abstract ( )   PDF (510KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The contextual cueing paradigm was used to investigate the memory-guided attention of school-aged children in real-world scenes. The results showed that:(1)the target searching in repeated scenes was advanced over learning epochs in search task, indicating that there is significant contextual cueing effect in school-aged children, but this did not occur in novel scenes.(2)memory for repeated scenes and the covalent target positions was better than that for the novel scenes in recognition memory task. The results suggest that the memory for both the scenes and target-scene covariation guides the deployment of attention of school-aged children and becomes more effective as the experience increases in real-world scenes, and the memory is explicit.

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THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAY OF LEARNING UPON THE INDIRECT LEARNING OF RELATIONAL CATEGORY Zhang Hengchao,Yin Guoen 2010, 8(4):  257-262.  Abstract ( )   PDF (558KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics 96 undergraduate students participated in the current study. 4 features virtual aliens were designed as experimental materials. The study focuses on the influence of the way of learning upon the indirect learning of relational category. The results showed that: In the indirect category learning conditions, subjects chose relations as category standards in the limited classification task; With Jaccard similarity between limited classification results and relational categories, the referential communication condition was significantly higher than individual condition. There is significant difference between different types of Jaccard similarity in the limited classification task. In the indirect learning of 4 features relational category, there is unicity.

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THE ROLES OF DIFFERENT READING INTERVENTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF READING AND WRITING Li Hong,Wu Xinchun,Zhang Jie,Zheng Qiu,Zhu Jin 2010, 8(4):  263-267.  Abstract ( )   PDF (535KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using 1-year instructional experiments in classrooms, the present study investigated the roles of different shared-book reading programs and independent reading in the development of reading and writing skills with 419 primary school students. The results indicated that: a) all kinds of reading programs were helpful for children to improve their reading skills. The volume of reading was very important for children to learn to read Chinese. b) compared with all kinds of shared-book reading programs, the independent reading was the most effective way to improve children′s writing skills.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEENAGERS CONSCIENCE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONAIRE Li Xia,Li Wenhu 2010, 8(4):  268-273.  Abstract ( )   PDF (588KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed at developing teenagers conscience assessment questionnaire. 1635 subjects from grade one of middle school to senior grade of university were tested in the way of group testing, on the basis of twice item analysis and expletory factor-analysis. The formal questionnaire was consisted of four sub-questionnaires for measuring cognition, emotion, behavior, will, and every sub-questionnaire was consisted of four dimensions, finally the teenagers conscience assessment questionnaire concluded seventy items, the data analysis showed the general questionnaire had good Cronbacha coefficient and split-half coefficient, the confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable structure validity. The result indicated the conscience assessment questionnaire met the standard of psychometrics, and could be used as a measuring tool.

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THE RELATIONSHIP OF INNOVATIVE ABILITY AND INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE IN CHINA：THE ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION CLIMATE AS MODERATOR VARIABLE Zheng Jianjun,Jin Shenghua 2010, 8(4):  274-278.  Abstract ( )   PDF (519KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study was to explore the influences of innovative ability of employees on innovative performance and the moderating effects of organizational innovation climate therein. 413 data from 10 enterprises were analyzed with unrestricted estimation method of Structural Equation Models and the findings showed that(1)Innovative ability had positive effect on innovative action, and innovative result.(2)As organizational innovation climate increased, the effect of innovative ability of employees on innovative performance(including innovative willingness, innovative action, and innovative result)increased gradually. Conclusion is that organizational innovation climate moderated the relationship between innovative ability and innovative performance of employees.

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THE MEDIATION EFFECTS OF SUBTYPES OF RUMINATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS Yang Juan,Yao Shuqiao,Peng Ping,Zhu Xiongzhao 2010, 8(4):  279-283.  Abstract ( )   PDF (469KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The aim of the current study was to examine brooding and reflection as prospective predictors of change in depressive symptoms over time and possible gender differences. During an initial assessment, 512 high school students completed measures assessing rumination and depressive symptoms. Three months later, depressive symptoms were reassessed. Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression. Results showed that there were no significant differences between boys and girls on depressive symptoms, brooding and reflection. Hierarchical regression indicated higher levels of brooding were associated with increases in depressive symptoms over time whereas reflection was not a significant predictor of such increases. For girls, brooding partially mediated the development of depressive symptoms; but for boys its mediation was not found. In conclusion, subtypes of rumination played different roles in the development of depressive symptoms. Brooding, but not reflection, predicted the development of depressive symptoms over time, particularly for girls.

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THE INFLUENCE OF THE PROSODY IN CONTEXT: EVIDENCE OF EYEMOVEMENTS Yu Ze,Han Yuchang,Li Lijie 2010, 8(4):  284-288.  Abstract ( )   PDF (461KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study was designed to investigate whether a particular prosodic constraint in Chinese, the rhythmic pattern of the verb-noun combination, affects sentence reading and whether context has influence on this process. A self-paced, line-by-line, reading paradigm was used, in which participants read sentences by pressing a key each time they wanted a new one to appear. The result showed: the rhythmic pattern of the verb-noun combination affects the process of sentence reading. It was easier to process the[2+2]or the[1+2]pattern than the[2+1]pattern, and looked for less information to support itself. The context could lead reader to make sense of the verb-noun combination. In the neutral context,[2+2]and the[1+2]patterns had the same easier process than the[2+1]pattern, and looked for less information to support themselves. But in the biased context, the[2+2]pattern had the most easiest process and looked for the lest information to support itself of the three patterns.

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AN EYE MOVEMENT STUDY ON AGE OF ACQUISITION EFFECT Wang Lihong,Wang Yongyan,Yan Guoli 2010, 8(4):  289-295.  Abstract ( )   PDF (610KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Two experiments were conducted to explore the locus of the age of acquisition effects in the word identification. In Experiment 1,classic lexical decision task was used to examine how word′s age of acquisition and word frequency contribute to word recognition. The results found that the age of acquisition and frequency affected word identification. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to read the sentences which contained target words that varied in the age of acquisition and word frequency but other factors were controlled., eye movements were recorded as participants read sentences to further explore the roles of age of acquisition and word frequency in word recognition. The results showed that word′s age of acquisition and word frequency played an important role in the Chinese word processing. The present experiment also found a tendency for the frequency effect to be slightly larger for later-acquired than for earlier-acquired words. Results from these two experiments converged to demonstrate that it is in being for the effect of the age of acquisition in the task of word processing.

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RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUPILS′S AFFECTION-HOSTILITY TEACHER INTERACTION, SOCIAL ATTRIBUTION AND SOCIAL SKILL Xu Yun,Jing Guangrong,Zhou Zongkui 2010, 8(4):  296-301.  Abstract ( )   PDF (630KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics 343 elementary school children from the third grade to the fifth grade were investigated. The relationships among affection-hostility teacher interaction, social attribution and social skill were examined, the mediator effect of social attribution between affection-hostility teacher interaction and social skill were also tested. The results indicated that, except that there was no significant relation between the friendliness teacher interaction and the interperonal behavior skill, the relationships among affection-hostility teacher interaction, social attribution and social skill were significant, and the exterior attribution successed in social interaction played a part mediator role on the relation between the dissatisfied behavior in teacher interaction and the enviornmental behavior skill, interperonal behavior skill, self related skill and task related skill; and the dissatisfied behavior in teacher interaction showed predictive significance in the interior attribution in social interaction and four social skills, and the mediating effect of the interior attribution in social interaction was not significant.

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REVIEW ON TEACHER CAREER MATURITY OF NORMAL SCHOOL STUDENTS Jiao Runkai,Liu Lili,Sun Lei 2010, 8(4):  302-306.  Abstract ( )   PDF (483KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study investigated the career maturity of six normal school students in northeast China through developed the Questionnaire of teacher career maturity. The results showed:(1)In terms of the capability of career maturity of teaching, normal school students in northeast China showed a solid knowledge base of teaching, but short of teaching practice;(2)The score of career maturity of teaching went higher with more years in university; girls scored higher than boys; students from rural areas higher than ones from urban areas; for the of capability of career maturity of teaching, provincial normal universitie students scored higher than the students from provincial governed key universities.

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RESEARCH ON ELABORATIVE INFERENCE AND MEMORY ILLUSION OF TEXT COMPREHENSION Qu Xiaolan,Chen Xiangyang,Zhong Yiping 2010, 8(4):  307-311.  Abstract ( )   PDF (558KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This article explored elaborative inference and memory illusion of Chinese long exposition texts in sentence-certified paradigm when undergraduate students read the text by self-adjusted-pace time and cumulating-sentence paradigm on the computer; and simultaneously it studied the activation of the general world knowledge. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the readers could generate broad inference with the significant differences between broad inference and stricted inference; and the general world knowledge which closely interrelated with the text was activated. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that memory illusion was generated when Chinese long exposition texts were comprehended; and as general world knowledge interrelated with the text meaning closely, memory illusion was generated easily. The conclusions were as follows: first, elaborative inference and memory illusion can be generated when readers comprehend long exposition texts, and both of them interrelate with general world knowledge; second, memory illusion is as obstinate on the text comprehension as in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm.

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THE REVIEW OF LATERALIZATION OF EMOTION Jiang Yuan,Lin Chongde 2010, 8(4):  312-318.  Abstract ( )   PDF (743KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study provides a review of research on the hemispheric specialization in emotional processing in the last years and the theoretical models. The Right Hemisphere, Valence, Approach-Withdrawal, and Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Activation System models, and the relative merits and limitations of these models are discussed. Finally, the study suggests for future research on lateralization of emotions.