汉语词汇再认中的生命性效应：编码丰富性观点的解释

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 生命性效应是指生命实体比非生命实体更容易被记住，其潜在机制尚处于探索阶段。编码丰富性观点认为，与非生命项目相比，生命项目引发更丰富的编码，从而为记忆提取提供更多的线索。本研究通过三项实验，分别在编码丰富(实验1)和限制编码丰富的记忆负荷任务(实验2、实验3)条件下考察汉语词汇再认中的生命性效应。结果发现：编码丰富和限制编码丰富条件下，汉语词汇学习中生命词汇的再认均显著好于非生命词汇；双任务范式下并未发现生命性效应降低；生命词汇再认不受记忆负荷任务影响，非生命词汇再认受记忆负荷任务影响较大。结果表明，汉语词汇再认中存在稳健的生命性效应；编码丰富性是一种由项目生命属性引发的自动加工机制。

关键词: 生命性效应, 编码丰富性, 汉语词汇, 再认

Abstract: Animacy effect refers to the memory advantage of animate entities over inanimate entities; however, its underlying mechanism is not yet known. The richness of encoding account suggests that animate items stimulate more ideas than inanimate items, which provides more cues for memory retrieval. The current study focused on whether richness of encoding may provide a more robust explanation for animacy effect or not. The animacy effect in the recognition of Chinese vocabulary was investigated under the conditions of rich encoding (Experiment 1) and limited encoding (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3). The results showed that animacy effects were robust in the recognition of Chinese vocabulary under both rich and limited encoding conditions; the recognition of animate items was significantly better than that of inanimate items. No degradation of the animation effect was found in the dual-task paradigm. Recognition of inanimate words, rather than animate words, was more influenced by the memory load task: the more difficult the memory load task, the more impaired the recognition of inanimate words. The results indicate that there is a robust animacy effect in the recognition of Chinese vocabulary; the richness of encoding is an automatic processing mechanism triggered by the animate attributes of items.

Key words: animacy effect, richness of encoding, Chinese vocabulary, recognition

中图分类号:

B842

邢敏, 刘希平. 汉语词汇再认中的生命性效应：编码丰富性观点的解释[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2023, 21(2): 177-184.

XING Min, LIU Xiping. The Role of Richness of Encoding in Animacy Effect of the Recognition of Chinese Vocabulary[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(2): 177-184.

参考文献

刘楚麒, 陆爱桃, 谢丹丹, 林军凤, 张烨, 张瀚卿. (2018). 真实记忆与虚假记忆中的生命性效应研究. 心理科学, 41(2), 272–277
杨宇, 葛操. (2014). 适应性记忆: 一种功能性偏向的记忆研究. 南阳师范学院学报(社会科学版), 13(5), 69–72
周宗泽, 郭永玉, 杨沈龙, 陈真珍. (2014). 适应性记忆: 方位记忆的生存优势. 心理科学, 37(2), 303–310
Aslan, A., & John, T. (2016). The development of adaptive memory: Young children show enhanced retention of animacy-related information. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 152, 343–350.
Baadte, C., & Meinhardt-Injac, B. (2019). The picture superiority effect in associative memory: A developmental study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 382–395.
Bonin, P., Gelin, M., & Bugaiska, A. (2014). Animates are better remembered than inanimates: Further evidence from word and picture stimuli. Memory & Cognition, 42(3), 370–382.
Bonin, P., Gelin, M., Laroche, B., Méot, A., & Bugaiska, A. (2015). The “How” of animacy effects in episodic memory. Experimental Psychology, 62(6), 371–384.
Bonin, P., Thiebaut, G., Bugaiska, A., & Méot, A. (2022). Mixed evidence for a richness-of-encoding account of animacy effects in memory from the generation-of-ideas paradigm. Current Psychology, 41(3), 1653–1662.
Bugaiska, A., Grégoire, L., Camblats, A. M., Gelin, M., Méot, A., & Bonin, P. (2019). Animacy and attentional processes: Evidence from the Stroop task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(4), 882–889.
Bugaiska, A., Méot, A., & Bonin, P. (2016). Do healthy elders, like young adults, remember animates better than inanimates? An adaptive view. Experimental Aging Research, 42(5), 447–459.
Cai, Q., & Brysbaert, M. (2010). SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese word and character frequencies based on film subtitles. PLoS One, 5(6), e10729.
Caramazza, A., & Shelton, J. R. (1998). Domain-specific knowledge systems in the brain: The animate-inanimate distinction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(1), 1–34.
Di Giorgio, E., Lunghi, M., Simion, F., & Vallortigara, G. (2017). Visual cues of motion that trigger animacy perception at birth: The case of self-propulsion. Developmental Science, 20(4), e12394.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191.
Gao, T., Baker, C. L., Tang, N., Xu, H. K., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2019). The cognitive architecture of perceived animacy: Intention, attention, and memory. Cognitive Science, 43(8), e12775.
Gelin, M., Bonin, P., Méot, A., & Bugaiska, A. (2018). Do animacy effects persist in memory for context? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(4), 965–974.
Gelin, M., Bugaiska, A., Méot, A., & Bonin, P. (2017). Are animacy effects in episodic memory independent of encoding instructions? Memory, 25(1), 2–18.
Gelin, M., Bugaiska, A., Méot, A., Vinter, A., & Bonin, P. (2019). Animacy effects in episodic memory: Do imagery processes really play a role? Memory, 27(2), 209–223.
Gelman, R. (1990). First principles organize attention to and learning about relevant data: Number and the animate-inanimate distinction as examples. Cognitive Science, 14(1), 79–106.
Herzmann, G., Minor, G., & Adkins, M. (2017). Neural correlates of memory encoding and recognition for own-race and other-race faces in an associative-memory task. Brain Research, 1655, 194–203.
Howe, M. L., & Derbish, M. H. (2010). On the susceptibility of adaptive memory to false memory illusions. Cognition, 115(2), 252–267.
Ilic, O., Kovic, V., & Styles, S. J. (2013). In the absence of animacy: Superordinate category structure affects subordinate label verification. PLoS One, 8(12), e83282.
Komar, G. F., Mieth, L., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2022). Animacy enhances recollection but not familiarity: Convergent evidence from the remember-know-guess paradigm and the process-dissociation procedure. Memory & Cognition, 51(1), 143–159.
Kroneisen, M., & Bell, R. (2018). Remembering the place with the tiger: Survival processing can enhance source memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(2), 667–673.
Leding, J. K. (2018). The animacy advantage in memory: Manipulations of levels of processing and survival processing. The American Journal of Psychology, 131(3), 273–281.
Leding, J. K. (2019). Adaptive memory: Animacy, threat, and attention in free recall. Memory & Cognition, 47(3), 383–394.
Leding, J. K. (2020). Animacy and threat in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 48(5), 788–799.
Lempert, H. (1990). Acquisition of passives: The role of patient animacy, salience, and lexical accessibility. Journal of Child Language, 17(3), 677–696.
Li, P., Jia, X. Y., Li, X. Y., & Li, W. J. (2016). The effect of animacy on metamemory. Memory & Cognition, 44(5), 696–705.
Madan, C. R. (2021). Exploring word memorability: How well do different word properties explain item free-recall probability? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28(2), 583–595.
Meinhardt, M. J., Bell, R., Buchner, A., & Röer, J. P. (2018). Adaptive memory: Is the animacy effect on memory due to emotional arousal? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(4), 1399–1404.
Meinhardt, M. J., Bell, R., Buchner, A., & Röer, J. P. (2020). Adaptive memory: Is the animacy effect on memory due to richness of encoding? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46(3), 416–426.
Meyers, Z. R., McCurdy, M. P., Leach, R. C., Thomas, A. K., & Leshikar, E. D. (2020). Effects of survival processing on item and context memory: Enhanced memory for survival-relevant details. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2244.
Mieth, L., Roer, J. P., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2019). Adaptive memory: Enhanced source memory for animate entities. Memory, 27(8), 1034–1042.
Moscovitch, M., & Craik, F. I. M. (1976). Depth of processing, retrieval cues, and uniqueness of encoding as factors in recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 15(4), 447–458.
Nairne, J. S., VanArsdall, J. E., & Cogdill, M. (2017). Remembering the living: Episodic memory is tuned to animacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(1), 22–27.
Nairne, J. S., VanArsdall, J. E., Pandeirada, J. N. S., Cogdill, M., & LeBreton, J. M. (2013). Adaptive memory: The mnemonic value of animacy. Psychological Science, 24(10), 2099–2105.
New, J., Cosmides, L.,& Tooby, J. (2007). Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(42), 16598–16603.
Popp, E. Y., & Serra, M. J. (2016). Adaptive memory: Animacy enhances free recall but impairs cued recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(2), 186–201.
Popp, E. Y., & Serra, M. J. (2018). The animacy advantage for free-recall performance is not attributable to greater mental arousal. Memory, 26(1), 89–95.
Praß, M., Grimsen, C., König, M., & Fahle, M. (2013). Ultra rapid object categorization: Effects of level, animacy and context. PLoS One, 8(6), e68051.
Pratt, J., Radulescu, P. V., Guo, R. M., & Abrams, R. A. (2010). It’s alive! Animate motion captures visual attention. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1724–1730.
Rawlinson, H. C., & Kelley, C. M. (2021). In search of the proximal cause of the animacy effect on memory: Attentional resource allocation and semantic representations. Memory & Cognition, 49(6), 1137–1152.
Röer, J. P., Bell, R., & Buchner, A. (2013). Is the survival-processing memory advantage due to richness of encoding? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(4), 1294–1302.
Samson, K., & Kostyszyn, P. (2015). Effects of cognitive load on trusting behavior—An experiment using the trust game. PLoS One, 10(5), e0127680.
Silverstein, M. (1976). Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description. In K. H. Basso & S. A. Henry (Eds.), Meaning in anthropology (pp. 11–55). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2007). Evolutionary psychology, ecological rationality, and the unification of the behavioral sciences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(1), 42–43.
VanArsdall, J. E., Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Blunt, J. R. (2013). Adaptive memory: Animacy processing produces mnemonic advantages. Experimental Psychology, 60(3), 172–178.
VanArsdall, J. E., Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Cogdill, M. (2015). Adaptive memory: Animacy effects persist in paired-associate learning. Memory, 23(5), 657–663.
VanArsdall, J. E., Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Cogdill, M. (2017). A categorical recall strategy does not explain animacy effects in episodic memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(4), 761–771.
Wiggett, A. J., Pritchard, I. C., & Downing, P. E. (2009). Animate and inanimate objects in human visual cortex: Evidence for task-independent category effects. Neuropsychologia, 47(14), 3111–3117.

[1]	程蕾, 黄希庭. 5岁儿童自我面孔的认知特点[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2016, 14(4): 465-470.
[2]	罗琳, 翟洪昌. 记忆汉字和英语单词的差异脑区研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2013, 11(2): 211-216.
[3]	冯茵. 负性情绪词错误再认的跨语言实验[J]. , 2012, 10(6): 427-432.
[4]	张忠炉；邢强. 大学生不同负性情绪中的情绪一致性效应[J]. , 2012, 10(5): 373-377.
[5]	李宏利,周宗泽,徐董军. 记忆的生存假设[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2009, 7(3): 231-235.