女为悦己者容：择偶动机对女性身体（自我）客体化的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 以往研究大多从社会文化的角度解释对女性身体的客体化。本研究提出，两性对女性身体的客体化以及女性的自我客体化可能是对性选择的一种适应机制。通过启动择偶动机，本研究发现，性选择情境会引发两性对于女性（而非男性）身体的客体化和自我客体化，将女性身体知觉为“物”而非“人”，更看重其身体的外形吸引力而非能力。研究揭示了择偶动机影响女性身体客体化的心理机制，为性选择对女性身体客体化的进化塑造作用提供了初步实证支持。

关键词: 客体化, 进化心理学, 择偶动机, 性选择

Abstract: To explain objectification of the female body, most previous studies have adopted a sociocultural perspective. The current study proposed that objectification of the female body by both genders as well as self-objectification of females might be an adaptive mechanism for sexual choice. With a mating motive prime, results showed that a sexual choice setting could enhance objectification of the female (not male) body by both genders and females’ self-objectification. In this case, participants perceived the female body as an “object” rather than a “person”, and put a stronger emphasis on body attractiveness than on physical competence. The study reveals the psychological mechanisms underlying the influence of mating motive on female objectification, and provides preliminary empirical support for the evolutionary shaping by sexual choice on female objectification.

Key words: objectification, evolutionary psychology, mating motivation, sexual selection

中图分类号:

B849

蔡浏阳, 高阳, 彭凯平. 女为悦己者容：择偶动机对女性身体（自我）客体化的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(1): 96-103.

CAI Liuyang, GAO Yang, PENG Kaiping. A Lady Dresses for Him Who Pleases Her: Influence of Mating Motive on (Self-) Objectification of the Female Body[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(1): 96-103.

参考文献

孙青青, 郑丽军, 郑涌. (2015). 裸露尤“物”: 性客体化影响社会认知的眼动证据. 心理科学, 38(5), 1187–1193
邢采, 刘婷婷, 张希. (2015). 危机情境下的亲社会行为: 求偶动机对危机救助意愿的影响. 心理科学, 38(1), 172–178
赵方. (2011). 大众媒体对女性自我客体化的影响: 外表观念内化和媒体知识干预的作用 (硕士学位论文). 西南大学, 重庆.
Ackerman, J. M., Becker, D. V., Mortensen, C. R., Sasaki, T., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2009). A pox on the mind: Disjunction of attention and memory in the processing of physical disfigurement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 478–485, doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.008.
Barber, N. (1995). The evolutionary psychology of physical attractiveness: Sexual selection and human morphology. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16(5), 395–424, doi: 10.1016/0162-3095(95)00068-2.
Bernard, P., Gervais, S. J., Allen, J., Campomizzi, S., & Klein, O. (2012). Integrating sexual objectification with object versus person recognition: The sexualized-body-inversion hypothesis. Psychological Science, 23(5), 469–471, doi: 10.1177/0956797611434748.
Boyd, R., Richerson, P. J., & Henrich, J. (2011). The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 10918–10925, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1100290108.
Brewis, A. A., Hruschka, D. J., & Wutich, A. (2011). Vulnerability to fat-stigma in women’s everyday relationships. Social Science & Medicine, 73(4), 491–497, doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.048.
Buss, D. M. (2019). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind (6th ed.). New York: Routledge.
Buss, D. M., & Cantor, N. (1989). Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100(2), 204–232, doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.204.
Buss, D. M., Abbott, M., Angleitner, A., Asherian, A., Biaggio, A., Blanca-Villasenor, A., … Yang, K. S. (1990). International preferences in selecting mates: A study of 37 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21(1), 5–47, doi: 10.1177/0022022190211001.
Campbell, A. (2004). Female competition: Causes, constraints, content, and contexts. Journal of Sex Research, 41(1), 16–26, doi: 10.1080/00224490409552210.
Castro, F. N., Hattori, W. T., & de Araújo Lopes, F. (2015). Intra-sex variation in human mating strategies: Different people, different tactics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(6), 1729–1736, doi: 10.1007/s10508-015-0533-1.
Confer, J. C., Easton, J. A., Fleischman, D. S., Goetz, C. D., Lewis, D. M. G., Perilloux, C., & Buss, D. M. (2010). Evolutionary psychology: Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations. American Psychologist, 65(2), 110–126, doi: 10.1037/a0018413.
Crisp, A. H. (1997). Anorexia nervosa as a flight from growth: Assessment and treatment based on the model. In D. M. Garner & P. E. Garfinkel (Eds.), Handbook of treatment for eating disorders (pp. 248–277). New York: The Guilford Press.
Darwin, C. R. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: Murray.
Durkee, P. K., Polo, P., Muñoz-Reyes, J. A., Rodríguez-Ruiz, C., Losada-Pérez, M., Fernández-Martínez, A. B., … Pita, M. (2019). Men’s bodily attractiveness: Muscles as fitness indicators. Evolutionary Psychology, 17(2), 1474704919852918.
Fisher, M., & Cox, A. (2011). Four strategies used during intrasexual competition for mates. Personal Relationships, 18(1), 20–38, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01307.x.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206.
Gangestad, S. W., & Scheyd, G. J. (2005). The evolution of human physical attractiveness. Annual Review of Anthropology, 34, 523–548, doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143733.
Gervais, S. J., Holland, A. M., & Dodd, M. D. (2013). My eyes are up here: The nature of the objectifying gaze toward women. Sex Roles, 69(11–12), 557–570.
Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). Role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 460–476, doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460.
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Sundie, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Miller, G. F., & Kenrick, D. T. (2007). Blatant benevolence and conspicuous consumption: When romantic motives elicit strategic costly signals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 85–102, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.85.
Heflick, N. A., Goldenberg, J. L., Cooper, D. P., & Puvia, E. (2011). From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(3), 572–581, doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.020.
Hendrickse, J., Arpan, L. M., Clayton, R. B., & Ridgway, J. L. (2017). Instagram and college women’s body image: Investigating the roles of appearance-related comparisons and intrasexual competition. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 92–100, doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.027.
Hill, S. E., & Durante, K. M. (2011). Courtship, competition, and the pursuit of attractiveness: Mating goals facilitate health-related risk taking and strategic risk suppression in women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(3), 383–394, doi: 10.1177/0146167210395603.
Jablonski, N. G., & Chaplin, G. (2000). The evolution of human skin coloration. Journal of Human Evolution, 39(1), 57–106, doi: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0403.
Jones, B. A., & Griffiths, K. M. (2015). Self-objectification and depression: An integrative systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 22–32, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.011.
Keel, P. K., Gravener, J. A., Joiner, T. E., Jr., & Haedt, A. A. (2010). Twenty-year follow-up of bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders not otherwise specified. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(6), 492–497, doi: 10.1002/eat.20743.
Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Griskevicius, V., Becker, D. V., & Schaller, M. (2010). Goal-driven cognition and functional behavior: The fundamental-motives framework. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 63–67, doi: 10.1177/0963721409359281.
Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Murnane, T., Vaes, J., Reynolds, C., & Suitner, C. (2010). Objectification leads to depersonalization: The denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(5), 709–717.
Maner, J. K., & Ackerman, J. M. (2015). Sexually selective cognition. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 52–56, doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.11.014.
Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., Rouby, D. A., & Miller, S. L. (2007). Can’t take my eyes off you: Attentional adhesion to mates and rivals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), 389–401, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.389.
Mende-Siedlecki, P., Said, C. P., & Todorov, A. (2013). The social evaluation of faces: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(3), 285–299, doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr090.
Miller, G. (2000). The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. New York: Doubleday & Co.
Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Thompson, S. R. (2008). Adaptive memory: The comparative value of survival processing. Psychological Science, 19(2), 176–180, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02064.x.
Neighbors, L. A., & Sobal, J. (2007). Prevalence and magnitude of body weight and shape dissatisfaction among university students. Eating Behaviors, 8(4), 429–439, doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.03.003.
Nussbaum, M. C. (1995). Objectification. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 24(4), 249–291, doi: 10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x.
Piccoli, V., Foroni, F., & Carnaghi, A. (2013). Comparing group dehumanization and intra-sexual competition among normally ovulating women and hormonal contraceptive users. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(12), 1600–1609, doi: 10.1177/0146167213499025.
Platek, S. M., & Singh, D. (2010). Optimal waist-to-hip ratios in women activate neural reward centers in men. PLoS One, 5(2), e9042, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009042.
Reed, C. L., Stone, V. E., Grubb, J. D., & McGoldrick, J. E. (2006). Turning configural processing upside down: Part and whole body postures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(1), 73–87, doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.32.1.73.
Rühl, I., Legenbauer, T., & Hiller, W. (2011). The impact of exposure to images of ideally thin models in TV commercials on eating behavior: An experimental study with women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Body Image, 8(4), 349–356, doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.07.002.
Saad, G., & Stenstrom, E. (2012). Calories, beauty, and ovulation: The effects of the menstrual cycle on food and appearance-related consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22(1), 102–113, doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2011.10.001.
Schmitt, D. P., & Buss, D. M. (1996). Strategic self-promotion and competitor derogation: Sex and context effects on the perceived effectiveness of mate attraction tactics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1185–1204, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1185.
Schwarz, S., & Hassebrauck, M. (2012). Sex and age differences in mate-selection preferences. Human Nature, 23(4), 447–466, doi: 10.1007/s12110-012-9152-x.
Singh, D. (1993). Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 293–307, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.293.
Swami, V., Frederick, D. A., Aavik, T., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Anderson, D., .. Zivcic-Becirevic, I. (2010). The attractive female body weight and female body dissatisfaction in 26 countries across 10 world regions: Results of the international body project I. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(3), 309–325, doi: 10.1177/0146167209359702.
Tiggemann, M., & Williams, E. (2012). The role of self-objectification in disordered eating, depressed mood, and sexual functioning among women: A comprehensive test of objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(1), 66–75, doi: 10.1177/0361684311420250.