关键词: 记忆, 元认知, 学习策略, 有效学习。

Abstract: Recently many cognitive psychologists focused on how to use the findings from cognitive science to educational practice, especially the relationship between the arrangement of learning and memory and learning efficiency. The authors reviewed three research topics which highly concerned human learning and called into question important aspects of common instructional practices.(1)A renewed effort to learn why distributed learning is effective show that enlarging the interval between learning sessions to some appropriate extent can promote the long-term performance of learning.(2)Compared with blocked learning, interleaving different learning events is a more effective way to improve learning.(3)Findings about testing effect indicated that tests could enhance later retention more than additional study of the material, even when tests are given without feedback. One noticeable issue revealed among these three topics is that, most learning strategies used by students are not most effective or even inefficient, worse still, they′re difficult to realize the problem. Scientifically applying these findings to education practice should be able to improve students′ learning efficiency.

Key words: memory, meta-cognition, learning strategy, efficient learning.