心理距离与后果严重性对人身安全决策的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 已有研究发现决策者在为自己与不同他人决策时，其风险偏好存在差异。但是当对后果严重性不同的事件进行决策时，上述结果也并不总是如此。为了探究在人身安全情境中决策者面对后果严重程度不同的任务时，为自己和为他人决策时风险偏好的差异，实验一采用人际亲密度和决策所带来消极结果的严重程度分别操纵心理距离与后果严重性，结果发现决策者在后果严重任务中的决策比后果不严重任务更保守，为自己和为陌生人决策均比为最好朋友决策更冒险。这可能是由于决策者知觉到的决策责任不同所致。因此在实验一的基础上实验二引入决策责任这一变量，考察其在心理距离对风险决策影响中的作用，研究结果证明了我们的假设。

关键词: 心理距离, 后果严重性, 风险偏好, 人身安全, 决策责任

Abstract: Previous studies found that people often had different risk preference when they made decisions for themselves or for different others. But the result is not always the case when it comes to the decision scenarios with different life-impact. To explore the difference of risk preference for themselves or for others when decision makers facing different life-impact tasks in physical safety scenarios, in experiment 1 we manipulated the psychological distance by interpersonal closeness, and life-impact by the extent of negative effect the decision caused. The results showed that participants were more risk seeking in low life-impact scenarios than in high life-impact scenarios. Regardless of the life-impact was high or not, participants’ decisions for themselves and strangers were riskier than for the best friends. This result might be related to the perceived decision responsibility. So in experiment 2 the variable of decision responsibility was introduced to explore whether it mediated the effect of psychological distance on risk decision, and the result verified our hypothesis.

Key words: psychological distance, life-impact, risk decision, physical safety decisions, decision responsibility

中图分类号:

B849

任玉冰, 杜秀芳. 心理距离与后果严重性对人身安全决策的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2018, 16(3): 327-334.

REN Yubing, DU Xiufang. The Influence of Psychological Distance and Life-impact on the Risk Decision-making Involving Physical Safety[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2018, 16(3): 327-334.

参考文献

段婧, 刘永芳, 何琪. (2012). 决策者角色及相关变量对风险偏好的影响. 心理学报, 44(3), 369-376.
李燕, 祝春兰, 刘伟, 武莹莹. (2012). 日常情境中前瞻记忆失败事件的归因. 心理科学, 35(3), 602-607.
刘永芳, 毕玉芳, 王怀勇. (2010). 情绪和任务框架对自我和预期他人决策时风险偏好的影响. 心理学报, 42(3), 317-324.
刘永芳, 王鹏, 庄锦英, 钟俊, 孙庆洲, 刘毅. (2014). 自我-他人决策差异:问题、研究与思考. 心理科学进展, 22(4), 580-587.
牛忠辉, 蒋赛, 邱俊杰, 申之美, 张峰. (2010). 社会距离对他人行为表征的影响:评价内容效价的作用. 应用心理学, 16(4), 291-300.
谭小宏, 秦启文. (2005). 责任心的心理学研究与展望. 心理科学, 28(4), 991-994.
温忠麟, 叶宝娟. (2014). 中介效应分析:方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展, 22(5), 731-745.
赵秋荻, 刘永芳, 段婧, 徐沙. (2013). 心理距离与决策者角色对风险决策的影响. 应用心理学, 19(1), 26-33.
Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596-612.
Beisswanger, A. H., Stone, E. R., Hupp, J. M., & Allgaier, L. (2003). Risk taking in relationships:Differences in deciding for oneself versus for a friend. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25(2), 121-135.
Botti, S., Orfali, K., & Iyengar, S. S. (2009). Tragic choices:Autonomy and emotional responses to medical decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(3), 337-352.
Chaitin, E., Stiller, R., Jacobs, S., Hershl, J., Grogen, T., & Weinberg, J. (2003). Physician-patient relationship in the intensive care unit:Erosion of the sacred trust? Critical Care Medicine, 31(5), S367-S372.
Crawford, M. T., McConnell, A. R., Lewis, A. C., & Sherman, S. J. (2002). Reactance, compliance, and anticipated regret. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(1), 56-63.
Galesic, M., & Garcia-Retamero, R. (2011). Do low-numeracy people avoid shared decision making? Health Psychology, 30(3), 336-341.
Garcia-Retamero, R., Galesic, M., & Gigerenzer, G. (2010). Do icon arrays help reduce denominator neglect? Medical Decision Making, 30(6), 672-684.
Garcia-Retamero, R. & Calesic, M. (2012). Doc, what would you do if you were me? On self-other discrepancies in medical decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Applied, 18(1), 38-51.
Giorgetta, C., Zeelenberg, M., Ferlazzo, F., & D'Olimpio, F. (2012). Cultural variation in the role of responsibility in regret and disappointment:The Italian case. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(4), 726-737.
Hsee, C. K., & Weber, E. U. (1997). A fundamental prediction error:Self-other discrepancies in risk preference. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 126(1), 45-53.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory:An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-292.
Leonhardt, J. M., Keller, L. R., & Pechmann, C. (2011). Avoiding the risk of responsibility by seeking uncertainty:Responsibility aversion and preference for indirect agency when choosing for others. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21(4), 405-413.
Lerner, J. S., & Tetlock, P. E. (1999). Accounting for the effects of accountability. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 255-275.
Mengarelli, F., Moretti, L., Faralla, V., Vindras, P., & Sirigu, A. (2014). Economic decisions for others:An exception to loss aversion law. PLoS One, 9(1), e85042.
Nordbye, G. H. H., & Teigen, K. H. (2014). Responsibility judgments of wins and losses in the 2013 chess championship. Judgment and Decision Making, 9(4), 335-348.
Paharia, N., Kassam, K. S., Greene, J. D., & Bazerman, M. H. (2009). Dirty work, clean hands:The moral psychology of indirect agency. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 134-141.
Passyn, K., & Sujan, M. (2006). Self-accountability emotions and fear appeals motivating behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(4), 583-589.
Raymark, P. H. (2000). Accepting or rejecting medical treatment:A comparison of decisions made for self versus those made for a significant other. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(11), 2409-2436.
Roszkowski, M. J., & Snelbecker, G. E. (1990). Effects of "framing" on measures of risk tolerance:Financial planners are not immune. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 19(3), 237-246.
Royzman, E. B., & Baron, J. (2002). The preference for indirect harm. Social Justice Research, 15(2), 165-184.
Sedikides, C., Herbst, K. C., Hardin, D. P., & Dardis, G. J. (2002). Accountability as a deterrent to self-enhancement:The search for mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 592-605.
Stone, E. R., Yates, A. J., & Caruthers, A. S. (2002). Risk taking in decision making for others versus the self. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(9), 1797-1824.
Stone, E. R., & Allgaier, L. (2008). A social values analysis of self-other differences in decision making involving risk. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 114-129.
Stone, E. R., Choi, Y., de Bruin, W. B., & Mandel, D. R. (2013). I can take the risk, but you should be safe:Self-other differences in situations involving physical safety. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(3), 250-267.
Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Wakslak, C. (2007). Construal levels and psychological distance:Effects on representation, prediction, evaluation, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 83-95.
Trump, R. K., Finkelstein, S. R., & Connell, P. M. (2015). I will risk a stranger's money, but not my own or my friend's money:Effect of proximity of the money source to the self on financial risk-taking. Marketing Letter, 26(4), 501-512.
Vorauer, J. D., & Ratner, R. K. (1996). Who's going to make the first move? Pluralistic ignorance as an impediment to relationship formation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(4), 483-506.
Wright, P. (1974). The harassed decision maker:Time pressures, distractions, and the use of evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 555-561.
Zaleska, M., & Kogan, N. (1971). Level of risk selected by individuals and groups when deciding for self and for others. Sociometry, 34(2), 198-213.

[1]	李开云, 王思杰, 杨蕙菁, 毕艳, 张文君, 林丰勋. “己之所欲”还是“成人之美”？解释水平视角下个体赠送-接受礼物的偏好不对称性[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(1): 136-144.
[2]	吴三美, 王敬欣, 何先友, 田良苏, 赵雪汝, 陈广耀. 心理距离概念水平上的趋利避害相容效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2019, 17(4): 488-495.
[3]	王汉林, 莫雷. “动作-评价”效应：动作与认知的交互作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2017, 15(5): 626-632.
[4]	云祥, 李小平. 权力、任务框架对自我和为他人决策时风险偏好的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2017, 15(3): 417-423.
[5]	王阳, 牟兵兵, 宛小昂. 空间距离与产品属性对消费者选择偏好的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2015, 13(4): 534-540.
[6]	王阳, 牟兵兵, 宛小昂. 空间距离与产品属性对消费者选择偏好的影响^*[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2014, 12(6): 840-846.
[7]	段锦云，王雪鹏，古晓花. 心理距离对后悔的影响^*[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2014, 12(5): 671-674.
[8]	王青春；阴国恩；张善霞；姚姝君. 青少年决策中的风险选择框架效应[J]. , 2011, 9(4): 268-272.
[9]	陈世平,张艳. 风险偏好与框架效应对大学生职业决策的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2009, 7(3): 183-187.