攻击规范信念和道德推脱在初中生欺凌旁观者干预过程中的作用：基于旁观者五步干预模型

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2025.05.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探讨攻击规范信念和道德推脱在旁观者干预过程中的作用，本研究基于旁观者五步干预模型(注意、解释、责任、能力和干预)，采用测验法对2107名初中生进行调查。结果发现：(1)对欺凌事件的注意会提高个体的攻击规范信念和道德推脱水平，进而影响干预过程的其他阶段；(2)班级层面攻击规范信念能够抑制旁观者干预过程的解释和责任，而对旁观者干预过程的能力和干预影响不显著。因此，制定反欺凌干预策略改善个体的攻击规范信念对于校园欺凌防治工作至关重要。

关键词: 攻击规范信念, 旁观者五步干预模型, 道德推脱, 多层线性模型

Abstract:

To investigate the roles of normative beliefs about aggression and moral disengagement in the process of bystander intervention, the present study conducted a test among 2107 middle school students based on the five-step bystander intervention model (notice, interpret, accept, know, and intervene). The results showed that: 1) attention to bullying incidents increased individuals’ normative beliefs about aggression and moral disengagement, thereby influencing other stages of the intervention process; 2) the normative beliefs about aggression in class-level inhibited bystanders’ interpret step and accept step in the intervention process, but had no significant impact on know step and intervene step. Therefore, developing anti-bullying strategies to improve individuals’ aggression norm beliefs is critical to the prevention and control of school bullying.

Key words: normative beliefs about aggression, five-step bystander intervention model, moral disengagement, multilevel linear model

赵小军, 代晨辉, 石常秀, 张含思. 攻击规范信念和道德推脱在初中生欺凌旁观者干预过程中的作用：基于旁观者五步干预模型[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2025, 23(5): 620-626.

Xiaojun ZHAO, Chenhui DAI, Changxiu SHI, Hansi ZHANG. The Role of Normative Beliefs About Aggression and Moral Disengagement in the Intervention Process of Bullying Bystanders Among Middle School Students: Based on the Five-Step Bystander Intervention Model[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2025, 23(5): 620-626.

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变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1.攻击规范信念
2.道德推脱	0.46***
3.注意	0.17***	0.15***
4.解释	−0.15***	−0.31***	0.004
5.责任	−0.21***	−0.21***	−0.14***	0.38***
6.能力	−0.15***	−0.06**	−0.20***	0.11***	0.41***
7.干预	−0.23***	−0.21***	−0.23***	0.34***	0.53***	0.52***
M	1.85	2.07	2.66	4.05	3.18	2.69	3.34
SD	0.52	0.55	1.08	0.80	0.95	0.87	0.81

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1.攻击规范信念
2.道德推脱	0.46***
3.注意	0.17***	0.15***
4.解释	−0.15***	−0.31***	0.004
5.责任	−0.21***	−0.21***	−0.14***	0.38***
6.能力	−0.15***	−0.06**	−0.20***	0.11***	0.41***
7.干预	−0.23***	−0.21***	−0.23***	0.34***	0.53***	0.52***
M	1.85	2.07	2.66	4.05	3.18	2.69	3.34
SD	0.52	0.55	1.08	0.80	0.95	0.87	0.81

路径	效应值	95%CI下限	95%CI上限
注意→攻击规范信念→解释	0.002	−0.007	0.012
注意→攻击规范信念→责任	−0.033	−0.044	−0.022
注意→攻击规范信念→能力	−0.021	−0.030	−0.011
注意→攻击规范信念→干预	−0.011	−0.019	−0.003
注意→道德推脱→解释	−0.024	−0.040	−0.009
注意→道德推脱→责任	0.002	−0.001	0.005
注意→道德推脱→能力	0.006	0.001	0.010
注意→道德推脱→干预	−0.007	−0.012	−0.002
注意→攻击规范信念→道德推脱→解释	−0.038	−0.047	−0.029
注意→攻击规范信念→道德推脱→责任	0.002	−0.002	0.007
注意→攻击规范信念→道德推脱→能力	0.009	0.004	0.014
注意→攻击规范信念→道德推脱→干预	−0.011	−0.015	−0.006

路径	效应值	95%CI下限	95%CI上限
注意→攻击规范信念→解释	0.002	−0.007	0.012
注意→攻击规范信念→责任	−0.033	−0.044	−0.022
注意→攻击规范信念→能力	−0.021	−0.030	−0.011
注意→攻击规范信念→干预	−0.011	−0.019	−0.003
注意→道德推脱→解释	−0.024	−0.040	−0.009
注意→道德推脱→责任	0.002	−0.001	0.005
注意→道德推脱→能力	0.006	0.001	0.010
注意→道德推脱→干预	−0.007	−0.012	−0.002
注意→攻击规范信念→道德推脱→解释	−0.038	−0.047	−0.029
注意→攻击规范信念→道德推脱→责任	0.002	−0.002	0.007
注意→攻击规范信念→道德推脱→能力	0.009	0.004	0.014
注意→攻击规范信念→道德推脱→干预	−0.011	−0.015	−0.006

	解释		责任		能力		干预
	零模型	模型1	零模型	模型2	零模型	模型3	零模型	模型4
截距	4.04***	4.89***	3.17***	3.10***	2.69***	2.40***	3.34***	1.38***
班级变量
班级攻击规范信念		−0.47*		−0.73**		−0.18		−0.14
个体变量
注意		0.01		−0.12***		−0.11***		−0.08***
解释				0.43***		−0.06*		0.19***
责任						0.36***		0.25***
能力								0.32***
组内方差	0.60	0.60	0.85	0.70	0.73	0.59	0.62	0.36
组间方差	0.05	0.14	0.06	0.32	0.01	0.20	0.04	0.14
模型误差	4966.92	4959.63	5702.38	5311.78	5363.06	4928.38	5043.61	3920.44