Effect of Implicit Theories of Personality on Person Perception

Abstract

Abstract: College students took part in the study as participants. Two kinds of implicit theories were dissociated by projective test. Based on the effects of valence matching and illusory correlation, the experiments probed the effect of implicit theories of personality on person perception. The results show that: 1)There were common and consistent implicit theories between character, ability and other personal attributes. 2)Entity theory was opposite to incremental theory, and they were two inverse poles of the same dimensionality. 3)Compared with incremental theorists, entity theorists tend to apperceive others′ information by judgement. At the same time, entity theorists make static judgement on others′ attributes while incremental theorists focus on understanding the dynamic process of others′ behavior.

Key words: implicit theories of personality, person perception, projective test, valence matching, priming effect

摘要： 以大学生为被试,采用投射测验法分离出两类不同性质的内隐人格观,然后通过效价匹配实验和错觉关联实验,初步探讨了内隐人格观对他人知觉的信息加工模式的影响。研究结果表明：（1）跨性格、能力等不同人格属性有共通一致的内隐观;（2）固存观的反面就是渐变观,它们是同一维度的两极;（3）与渐变观者相比,固存观者更易以一种评价性方式知觉他人信息;同时,渐变观者不像固存观者那样对他人特质作出静态判断,而是集中注意力于理解他人行为发生的动态过程。

关键词: 内隐人格观, 他人知觉, 投射测验, 效价匹配, 启动效应

CLC Number:

B842.2

Cui Yichen,Wang Pei. Effect of Implicit Theories of Personality on Person Perception[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2015, 13(1): 44-51.

崔诣晨,王沛. 内隐人格观对他人知觉的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2015, 13(1): 44-51.

References

[1] 王墨耘, 傅小兰.(2003). 内隐人格理论的实体论-渐变论维度研究述评. 心理科学进展, 11 (2), 153-159.
[2] 王沛.(2002). 实验社会心理学——理论、方法与实践 . 兰州: 甘肃教育出版社.
[3] 袁方.(1997). 社会研究方法教程 . 北京: 北京大学出版社.
[4] Andreas, B. E., Klaus, F., & Silke, H. E.(2011). Illusory correlations revisited: The role of pseudocontingencies and working-memory capacity. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64 (3), 517-532.
[5] Behrmann, M., Avidan, G. L., Kimchi, R., Luna, B., Humphreys, K., et al.(2006). Configural processing in autism and its relationship to face processing. Neuropsychologia, 44 , 110-129.
[6] Calder, A. J., & Jansen, J.(2005). Configural coding of facial expressions: The impact of inversion and photographic negative. Visual Cognition, 12 , 495-518.
[7] Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & McPartland, J.(2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 403-424.
[8] Dweck, C. S.(2000). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development . Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
[9] Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y.(1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6 , 267-285.
[10] Erdley, C. S., & Dweck, C. S.(1993). Children′s implicit personality theories as predictors of their social judgments. Child Development, 64, 863-878.
[11] Evans, J. S., & Curtis-Holmes, J.(2005). Rapid responding increases belief bias: Evidence for the dual process theory of reasoning. Thinking and Reasoning, 11 , 382-389.
[12] Ferreira, M. B., Garcia-Marques, L., Sherman, S. J., & Sherman, J. W.(2006). Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91 , 797-813.
[13] Fiedler, K., Freytag, P., & Meiser, T.(2009). Pseudocontingencies: An integrative account of an intriguing cognitive illusion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 87, 453-467.
[14] Fiedler, K., Freytag, P., & Unkelbach, C.(2007). Pseudocontingencies in a simulated classroom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92 , 665-677.
[15] Gaissmaier, W., Schooler, L. J., & Rieskamp, J.(2006). Simple predictions fueled by capacity limitations: When are they successful? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 32 , 966-982.
[16] Garrard, P., Martin, N., Giunti, P., & Cipolotti, L.(2008). Cognitive and social cognitive functioning in spinocerebellar ataxia. Journal of Neurology, 255 (3), 398-405.
[17] Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V.(2005). Accessibility effects on implicit social cognition: The role of knowledge activation and retrieval experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89 (5), 672-685.
[18] Girardi, A., MacPherson, S. E., & Abrahams, S.(2011). Deficits in emotional and social cognition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropsychology, 25 (1), 53-65.
[19] Goel, V., & Dolan, R. J.(2003). Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief. Cognition, 87, 11-22.
[20] Kärtner, J., Keller, H., & Chaudhary, N.(2010). Cognitive and social influences on early prosocial behavior in two sociocultural contexts. Developmental Psychology, 46 (4), 905-914.
[21] Kug, B., Wang, C. S., & Galinsky, A. D.(2010). Perceptionthrough a perspective-taking lens: Differential effects on judgment and behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46 , 792-798.
[22] Lafforgue, P.(1990). A clinical experiencee around psychosis. Art et Therapie, 36/37 , 133-144.
[23] Levy, S. R., Plaks, J. E., Hong, Y., Chiu, C., & Dweck, C. S.(2001). Static versus dynamic theories and the perception of groups: Different routes to different destinations. Personality and Social Psychology Review , 5 , 156-168.
[24] Lewis, J. D., & Weigert, A. J.(2012). The social dynamics of trust: Theoretical and empirical research(1985-2012). Social Forces, 91 (1), 25-31.
[25] Macrae, C. N., & Douglas, M.(2010). Processing style and person recognition: Exploring the face inversion effect. Visual Cognition, 18 (2), 161-170.
[26] McConnell, A. R.(2001). Implicit theories: Consequences for social judgments of individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37 , 215-227.
[27] Nishimura, M., Rutherford, M. D., & Maurer, D.(2008). Converging evidence of configural processing of faces in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorders. Visual Cognition, 16, 859-891.
[28] Perfect, T. I., Weston, N., Dennis, I., & Snell, A.(2008). The effects of procedence on Navon-induced processing bias in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 1479-1486.
[29] Plaks, J. E., Levy, S. R., Dweck, C. S., & Stroessner, S. J.(2004). In the eye of the beholder: Implicit theories and the perception of group variability, entitativity, and essence. In V. Yzerbyt, O. Corneille, & C. Judd(Eds.), The Psychology of Group Perception: Contributions to the Study of Homogeneity, Entititavity, and Essentialism (pp. 127-146). New York: Psychology Press.
[30] Treat, T. A., McFall, R. M., Viken, R. J., Krusche, J. K., Nosofsky, R. M., & Wang, S. S.(2007). Clinical cognitive science: Applying quantitative models of cognitive processing to examine cognitive aspects of psychopathology. In R. W. Neufeld(Ed.), Advances in clinical cognitive science: Formal modeling of processes and symptoms (pp.179-205). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.
[31] Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A.(2007). Reducing explicit and implicit prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93 , 369-388.
[32] Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W.(2007). On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities. Psychological Bulletin, 133 , 1038-1066.
[33] Vigo, R.(2009). Categorical invariance and strucyural complexity in human concept learning. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 53 , 203-221.
[34] Wills, A. J., Lavric, A., Croft, G. S., & Hodgson, T. L.(2007). Predictive learning, prediction errors and attention: Evidence from event-related potentials and eye tracking. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19 (5), 843-854.