Influence of Visibility Range and Degree of Urgency on Efficiency of Evacuation: Mediating Effect of Herding Behavior

Abstract

Abstract: Theories and studies indicate that, some situational factors including the visibility range of individual and the degree of urgency, and some individual factors such as the locus of control and gender, might be the important factors that influence the herding behavior. But these assumptions have not been tested by laboratory experiments. In this study, we use simulated evacuation drill to explore the possible influences that the factors mentioned above on herding behavior, and discuss the mediating effect of herding behavior in the relationship between these factors and the efficiency of evacuation. We build the software framework of the simulated evacuation environment, in order to conduct the research. The simulating environment is a set of computer programs that compose of the server side and the client side. The main findings are: 1)The visibility range and the degree of urgency have significant influence on the herding behavior during evacuation. 2)Herding behavior has significant mediating effect in the relationship between the visibility range and the efficiency of evacuation.

Key words: herding behavior, evacuation efficiency, visibility range, degree of urgency, simulated evacuation drill.

摘要： 采用人机交互环境下的模拟技术为虚拟逃生疏散效率研究提供新的证据。具体探讨视野范围和紧急程度对疏散效率的影响，并进一步探讨从众行为对上述关系的中介作用。在自己搭建的基于计算机局域网的模拟疏散演练环境中，采用多名被试（最多可以60名）同时参与模拟疏散演练的手段进行实验。主要结果：（1）视野范围越大，从众程度越高；（２）在小视野范围条件下，紧急程度越高，从众程度越低；（３）在大视野范围条件下，紧急程度对从众程度没有显著影响。结论：（1）视野范围和紧急程度会影响从众行为，视野范围越大紧急程度越高，从众倾向越明显；（2）从众行为对视野范围与疏散效率之间的关系具有不完全中介作用，对紧急程度和疏散效率之间的关系不存在中介作用。

关键词: 从众行为, 疏散效率, 视野范围, 紧急程度, 模拟疏散。

CLC Number:

B844

Xu Yang,Li Hong. Influence of Visibility Range and Degree of Urgency on Efficiency of Evacuation: Mediating Effect of Herding Behavior[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2015, 13(3): 311-319.

徐炀,李虹. 虚拟逃生环境中视野范围和紧急程度对疏散效率的影响：从众行为的中介作用^*[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2015, 13(3): 311-319.

References

[1] 陈石.(2013). 双系统逃生决策的顺序替代效应, 清华大学博士学位论文.
[2] 崔喜红, 李强, 陈晋, 陈春晓.(2005). 大型公共场所人员疏散模型研究—考虑个体特性和从众行为. 自然灾害学报, 14, 133-140.
[3] 李虹, 陈石, 倪士光.(2013). 直觉和分析在不同任务条件下的逃生决策效果. 心理学报, 45(1), 94-103.
[4] 李强, 崔喜红, 陈晋.(2006). 大型公共场所人员疏散过程及引导作用研究. 自然灾害学报, 15, 92-99.
[5] 王庆娇, 方正, 张铮.(2003). 虚拟现实技术在火灾人员疏散行为调查中的应用. 测绘信息与工程, 28, 45-47.
[6] 杨立中, 方伟峰, 黄锐, 邓志花.(2002) 基于元胞自动机的火灾中人员逃生的模型. 科学通报, 47, 896-901.
[7] 张培红, 陈宝智, 刘丽珍.(2002). 虚拟现实技术与火灾时人员应急疏散行为研究. 中国安全科学学报, 12, 46-50.
[8] Altshuler, E., Ramos, O., Nú?觡ez, Y., Fernández, J., Batista-Leyva, A. J. & Noda, C.(2005). Symmetry breaking in escaping ants. The American Naturalist, 166, 643-649.
[9] Aronson.(2005). Social Psychology(5th ed.). Beijing: China Light Industry Press.
[10] Asch, S. E.(1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific America, 193(5), 35-35.
[11] Delsuc, F.(2003). Army Ants Trapped by Their Evolutionary History. PLoS Biology, 1(2), 155-160.
[12] Dijksterhuis, A., Bos, M. W., Nordgren, L. F., & Van Baaren, R. B.(2006). On making the right choice: The deliberation-without-attention effect. Science, 311(5763), 1005-1007.
[13] Drury, J., Cocking, C., Reicher, S., Burton, A., Schofield, D., Hardwick, A., Graham, D., & Langston, P.,(2009). Cooperative versus competition in a mass emergency evacuation: a new laboratory simulation and a new theoretical model. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 957-970.
[14] Franzoi.(2009). Social Psychology. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Press.
[15] Galea, E. R., Finney, K. M., Dixon, A. J. P., Siddiqui, A., & Cooney, D. P.(2006). An analysis of exit availability, exit usage and passenger exit selection behaviour exhibited during actual aviation accidents. The Aeronautical Journal 110, 113-134.
[16] Galea, E. R., Filippidis, L., Wang, Z., Lawrence, P. J., & Ewer, J.(2011). Evacuation analysis of 1000+ seat blended wing body aircraft configurations: computer simulations and full-scale evacuation experiment. In: R. D. Peacock, E. D. Kuligowski, & J. D. Averill(Eds.), Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer, US, pp. 151-161.
[17] Helbing, D., Farkas, I., & Vicsek, T.(2000). Simulating dynamical featuresof escape panic. Letters to Nature, 407, 487-490.
[18] Heli?觟vaara, S., Kuusinen, J. M., Rinne, T., Korhonen, T., & Ehtamo, H.(2012). Pedestrian behavior and exit selection in evacuation of a corridor: An experimental study. Safety Science, 50, 221-227.
[19] Keating, J. P.(1982). The myth of panic. Fire Journal, 147, 57-61.
[20] Kuligowski, E.(2009). The process of human behavior in fires. National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note, 1632, 1-15.
[21] Muir, H., & Cobbett, A.(1995). Cabin crew behaviour in emergency evacuations. Civil Aviation Authority/Federal Aviation Administration Paper DOT/FAA/CT-95/16.
[22] Nakanishi, H.(2004). Free Walk: A social interaction platform for group behavior in a virtual space. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 60, 421-454.
[23] Pan, X., Han, C. S., Dauber, K., & Law, K. H.(2006). Human and social behavior in computational modeling and analysis of egress. Automation in Construction, 15, 448-461.
[24] Pan, X., Han, C. S., Dauber, K., & Law, K. H.(2007). A multi-agent based framework for the simulation of human and social behaviors during emergency evacuations. Journal of AI and Society, 22(2), 113-132.
[25] Rottenberg, J., Ray, R. D., & Gross, J. J.(2007). Emotion elicitation using films. In J. A. Coan, & J. B. Alle(Eds.), Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment(pp9-25). London: Oxford University Press.
[26] Still, G.(2000). Crowd Dynamics. UK: University of Warwick Press.
[27] Was, J.(2010). Experiments on evacuation dynamics for different classes of situations. In: W. W. F. Klingsh, C. Rogsh, A. Schadschneider, & M. Schreckenberg(Eds.), The Proceedings of PED2008: 4th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. Springer, pp. 225-232.
[28] Yuan, W., & Tan, K. H.(2009). Cellular automata model for simulation of effect of guiders and visibility range. Current Applied Physics, 9, 1014-1023.