The Effects of Retest and Specific Warning on Misinformation Effect

Abstract

Abstract: Using the paradigm of misinformation invented by Loftus, the experiments simulated the process of eyewitness memory with college students as the subjects to complement the field of false memory and apply the result to the field of justice. In this study, with the two-factor mixed design, the researchers investigated the mechanism of retest phenomenon in false memory. The two factors were misinformation and warning. The subjects were warned with an indication and a specific case which is similar with the way of misinformation in the study. The results showed: 1)misinformation effects and retest phenomenon do exist. 2)Retest factor is the main reason that results in retest phenomenon rather than time factor. 3)Specific warning condition has some positive effects on avoiding misinformation effect and retest phenomenon. Specific warning is more effective than traditional warning with just a indirection.

Key words: misinformation effect, retest phenomenon, retest factor, specific warning.

摘要： 在司法心理学领域，目击证人提供的不准确信息会产生错误信息效应，这直接影响法官的判断。本研究采用误导信息干扰范式，以大学生为被试，采用三因素混合设计，探讨个体记忆中重复测量和具体警示对错误信息效应的影响。实验结果证实了错误信息效应和重测现象的存在。实验结果表明，与时间因素相比，初测时的干扰信息是导致重测现象出现的主要原因；同时还发现，具体警示比指导语警示更能有效降低被试的错误信息效应，并能防止出现重测现象。

关键词: 错误信息效应, 重测现象, 重测影响, 具体警示。

CLC Number:

B849

Yan Yue, Xu Jianping, Peng Yu. The Effects of Retest and Specific Warning on Misinformation Effect[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2015, 13(4): 485-489.

闫阅, 徐建平, 彭宇. 重复测量和具体警示对错误信息效应的影响*[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2015, 13(4): 485-489.

References

[1] 曹海丽, 张明.(2012). 警告对共同目击者讨论后产生的错误记忆的影响. 心理与行为研究, 10(2), 88-91.
[2] 郭秀艳，李荆广.(2007). 误导信息干扰引发的错误记忆研究. 心理科学, 30(4), 814-819.
[3] 李宏英, 连榕, 翁洁.(2008). 预警、重复学习和反馈对错误记忆的影响. 心理科学, 31(6), 1507-1509.
[4] 孟文.(2010). 预警、注意状态对不同认知方式者错误记忆的影响. 曲阜师范大学硕士学位论文.
[5] 赵烽.(2009). 共同目击者误导效应研究. 东北师范大学硕士学位论文.
[6] Appan, B., & Browne, G. J.(2012). The impact of analyst-induced misinformation on the requirements elicitation process. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 85-106.
[7] Brown, A. S., & Marsh, E. J.(2008). Evoking false beliefs about autobiographical experience. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 15(1), 186-190.
[8] Foster, J. L., Huthwaite, T., Yesberg, J. A., Garry, M., & Loftus, E. F.(2012). Repetition, not number of sources, increases both susceptibility to misinformation and confidence in the accuracy of eyewitnesses. Acta Psychologica, 139(2), 320-326.
[9] Gallo, D. A., McDermott, K. B., Percer, J. M., & Roediger, H. L. (2001). Modality effect in false recall and false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(2), 339-353.
[10] Greene, E., Flynn, M. S., & Loftus, E. F.(1982). Inducing resistance to misleading information, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21(2), 207-219.
[11] Lampinen, J. M., Neuschatz, J. S., & Payne, D. G.(1999). Source attributions and false memories: A test of the demand characteristics account. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 6(1), 130-135.
[12] Loftus, E. F.(1997). Memory for a past that never was. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6(3), 60-64.
[13] Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C.(1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13(5), 585-589.
[14] Meade, M. L., & Roediger, H. L.(2002) . Explorations in the social contagion of memory. Memory and Cognition, 30(7), 995-1009.
[15] Paterson, H. M., & Kemp, R. I.(2011). Combating Co-witness contamination: Attempting to decrease the negative effects of discussion on eyewitness memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(1), 43-52.
[16] Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B.(1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning , Memory and Cognition, 21(4), 803-814.
[17] Toglia, M. P., Neuschatz, J. S., & Goodwin, K.(1999). Recall accuracy and illusory memories: When more is less. Memory, 7(2), 233-256.
[18] Unkelbach, C., Fiedler, K., & Freytag, P.(2007). Information repetition in evaluative judgments: Easy to monitor, hard to control. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103(1), 37-52.
[19] Weaver, K., Garcia, S. M., Schwarz, N., & Miller D. T.(2007). Inferring the popularity of an opinion from its familiarity: A repetitive voice can sound like a chorus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 821-833.