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20 July 2015, Volume 13 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Self-emotion Consistence Effect and Its Reversibility: Investigation on Load Theories Zhou Aibao, Liu Peiru, Zhang Yanchi, Yin Yulong, Zhang Fen 2015, 13(4):  433-440.  Abstract ( )   PDF (762KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics One of the major questions asked about resources is whether there is a central, unitary pool of resources or there are multiple pools of resources. This question is a crucial issue and a long-term debate in Psychology. Based on the findings that the self positive information processing and the self negative information processing are involved in different brain areas, this series of research adopted a revised version of reading span paradigm to investigate whether there exists the self-emotional consistence effect, and whether this effect is reversible. The self-emotional consistence effect can be defined as the phenomenon that self-emotional(positive and negative)working memory load interferes with the same kind of self-emotional(positive and negative)information processing, but don not interfere with the different kind of self-emotional(positive and negative)information processing. The self-emotional consistence effect gives support for the special load theory. Study 1 manipulated types of working memory load(self-positive load, self-negative load, no load)and showed that there indeed exist the self-emotional consistence effect. Study 2 regulated the reaction time of the cognitive task and proved that this effect is reversible. These results gave supports for the perspectives that there are multiple pools of resources.

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Embodied Disgust Emotion Negatively Influences Evaluation of Neutral Material Zhu Nan, Cai Yonghua, Sun Fawei, Yangyang Yifan, Li Qiwei 2015, 13(4):  441-448.  Abstract ( )   PDF (914KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study examined whether emotions induced by unobtrusive manipulation of facial movement would bias participants′ attitude towards neutral material. Seventy-four participants listened to stories embedded with different facial movement instructions. They were asked to envision the content of the story while mimicking the facial movement of the protagonist. The participants in the experimental group listened to stories embedded with facial movement instructions inducing disgust and sadness, the participants in the control group listened to another version of the same stories in which the only difference was that the facial movement instructions created neutral expressions.　Results indicated that 1)disgust facial manipulation(but not sad facial manipulation)resulted in significantly lower fondness for the story than corresponding neutral manipulation; 2)self-reported disgust feelings predicted fondness ratings of both stories; and 3)the number of nose wrinkling(FACS AU9)significantly predicted fondness with regard to the story containing disgust facial movement instructions after controlling for self reported variables. The findings and its implication was accounted for by an embodied simulation framework regarding emotion and its relationship with higher level cognition.

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Mate-Emotion Inhibitory Effect on Emotion: Evidence from ERP Mei Dongmei, Xu Yuanli 2015, 13(4):  449-455.  Abstract ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics According to the development problem of emotion, this research aim at make use of ERP′s technique to study the process from specific emotion to mate-emotion. The research adopts the standardize emotion scene picture reflection consistency on the average in above 80%, the distinction submits specific emotion category: happy and sorrow. The experiment designs to 2(emotion state)×4(emotion category)of is tried inside the experiment design, the ERPS analysis electrode selects by examinations brain centerline 5 electrodes(EPZ; FZ; CZ; PZ; OZ)carry on analysis. Express as a result: the reaction time of different and specific emotion existence difference;The individual reports that the process of mate-emotion appearance increased while compared to the specific emotion.And, after the picture presents 250ms, ERPs appear separation; Individual in the process of carrying on a detection to the oneself emotion, it the ERPs wave is much lower. The frontal zero show more activating and appear more obvious separation phenomenon than occipital region. First, the emotional experience has more positive amplitude than emotional self awareness status of mate-emotion. There are different neural mechanisms bettween them. Second, Individuals on their own emotional awareness process showed inhibitory effect on emotion feeling.

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Effects of Emotions on Voluntary Attentional Shifts in a Cue-Target Paradigm Wang Yanmei, Zeng Yuqin 2015, 13(4):  456-460.  Abstract ( )   PDF (465KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study tested the effects of the emotions on attentional shift using cue-target paradigm. 68 university students participated the experiment. The emotions were induced by 4 emotional videos, two of which were for positive emotions and the other two for negative emotions. Cue-target task was used to test attentional shift ability which means the ability to shift attention from one focus to another. Participants responded to a visual target preceded by a cue. Validity effect is the dependent variable. It is calculated as RT(invalid trials)-RT(valid trials). After a short time of practice, they were asked to watch one of the four videos randomly and induced positive or negative emotion. And then, they finished the experimental task. The results indicated that emotions had a significant influence on the validity effects: Participants didn′t show any validity effects in positive emotion, but the effects were significant among negative participants. That meant positive emotions promoted attentional shift but negative emotions reduced it. The main results of the present study are interpreted that positive emotions promoted attention shift, and negative emotions hindered attention shift.

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The Research of Negative and Neutral Words on Directed Forgetting Effects Ge Cao, Tian Zheng, Zhang Zhenning, Sun Bin 2015, 13(4):  461-465.  Abstract ( )   PDF (410KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Previous researches produced discrepant behavioral results on directed forgetting of negative and neutral words. The present research employed the item-method of directed forgetting in order to examine whether emotionally negative words can lead participants to produce directed forgetting effects. The results demonstrated directed forgetting effects for both neutral and negative words, with a stronger effects for neutral words. The results indicate that not only are emotionally negative words can be forgot in directed forgetting, but that these effects are in fact impaired for negative words.

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Influence on Secondary-Embodied Effect of Temperature of Semantic Processing Levels of Cold Chinese Idiom Song Dongqing, Huang Huixin, Zhang Jianxin, Liu Dianzhi 2015, 13(4):  466-471.  Abstract ( )   PDF (649KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to investigate the impacts on the Secondary-Embodied Effect(SEE)of Temperature of Semantic Processing Levels of Conception, semantic processing levels are used as specific indicators of arousal level of modal systems for perception with college students as subjects, cold Chinese idioms as stimulating materials, pictures and characters which designed three kinds of series(a1, a2 & a3: the pictorial context as a1, the real-life situation as a2, and the virtual situation as a3)as measure materials. In Experiment, the two different semantic processing levels of the groups of ″imagining″ and ″scanning″ are used to study the SEE of temperature with different materials. The result shows, the SEE of temperature is more significant(which reached a marginally significant level)in the group of ″imagining″ with deep processing than that in the group of ″scanning″ with superficial processing. Besides, the interaction in a3 between gender and experimental control reached a significant level and there is a trend of interaction in a1 & a2 as well. As results, males have advantages in deep semantic processing by way of imagining ″cold″ words, however, the female have the advantages in shallow semantic processing by way of scanning them. Three conclusions are drawn from the results: a, the semantic processing level of words influences the SEE of temperature in simulation; b, Gender, as a variable, can mediate the SEE of ″low″ temperature to some extent.

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Effect of Background Music on Chinese and English Reading Comprehension Ma Xie, Liu Jia, Liu Yan, Tao Yun, Zhang Qiuyue, Chen Rui 2015, 13(4):  472-478.  Abstract ( )   PDF (650KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study examined the effect of background music with different tempo（slow/faster）and timber（voice/piano）on English（experiment 1）and Chinese（experiment 2） reading comprehension of Chinese college students. The results show that there was a negative effect of background music on both Chinese and English reading comprehension. The tempo of music have various effects on English and Chinese reading performance, the faster the background music is, the slower the English reading speed is. On the contrary, under faster background music, Chinese reading speed is faster. There is an obvious effect of timber, both English and Chinese reading performance under background music with voice is better than under background music with piano.

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Self-Processing Advantage in Updating of Working Memory: A Research from the Identification of Virtual Objects Hu Yinying, Gao Xiangping, Tang Xiaochen, Zhu Min 2015, 13(4):  479-484.  Abstract ( )   PDF (576KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of the current research was to explore the performance of self-processing advantage in updating of working memory(WM). Seventy students participated in this experiment, and ownership paradigm and n-back paradigm were adopted. The results showed: 1)participants performed worse on reaction time and accuracy in 2-back task than that in 1-back task. 2)there was no significant difference on the accuracy between self-objects and other-objects. 3)participants responded faster to own-objects than other-objects. The results suggest that whether in high-load or low-load, there is a significant self-processing advantage in updating of WM. Accounting for the task priority of working memory, it refers to the processing of self-related information is faster than that of other-related information; and this advantage is not influenced by WM load.

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The Effects of Retest and Specific Warning on Misinformation Effect Yan Yue, Xu Jianping, Peng Yu 2015, 13(4):  485-489.  Abstract ( )   PDF (524KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using the paradigm of misinformation invented by Loftus, the experiments simulated the process of eyewitness memory with college students as the subjects to complement the field of false memory and apply the result to the field of justice. In this study, with the two-factor mixed design, the researchers investigated the mechanism of retest phenomenon in false memory. The two factors were misinformation and warning. The subjects were warned with an indication and a specific case which is similar with the way of misinformation in the study. The results showed: 1)misinformation effects and retest phenomenon do exist. 2)Retest factor is the main reason that results in retest phenomenon rather than time factor. 3)Specific warning condition has some positive effects on avoiding misinformation effect and retest phenomenon. Specific warning is more effective than traditional warning with just a indirection.

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The Relationship of Parental Internet Related and Adolescents′ Internet Addiction: The Moderating Effect of Parental Internet Supervision Jin Shenghua, Wu Song 2015, 13(4):  490-494.  Abstract ( )   PDF (436KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study examine the relationship of parental internet related and adolescents′ internet addiction. Participants were 1210 adolescents and their main caregivers, and the number of valid data was 1152. The results demonstrated that:(1)male adolescents have a higher extent of internet addiction than female adolescents;(2)students in high school have higher scores on internet addiction than students in junior high school and primary school; and students in junior high school also have a higher scores than students in primary school;(3)the parental internet supervision moderated the relationship of internet related and adolescents′ Internet addiction.

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Attention and Memory Bias in Highly Trait-Anxious Senior High School Students to Negative Information Shi Guoxing, Zhao Haidi 2015, 13(4):  495-499.  Abstract ( )   PDF (486KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The research aim at comparing the study of high and low trait anxiety of senior high school students about the attention and memory mode to negative information. Experiment 1 used emotional Stroop paradigm, subjects were asked to name the different valence(positive, negative)of color words; Experiment 2 required the subjects to recall the vocabularies which exists in the experiment about the emotional Stroop′s task. The results show that compared with the low trait anxiety of senior high school students, high school students suffered the interference of high trait anxiety of lexical meaning of color words, and the speed of named color also became slower in emotional Stroop task; After the Stroop′s emotional task, the amounts of recalling the negative words is more than positive words significantly. In conclusion, the high school students with high trait anxiety have memory bias on environmental negative information, and attention bias to all kinds of emotional information(positive or negative)also existed.

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The Relationship among Self-Supporting Personality, Self-Efficacy and Self-Control of Undergraduates Fang Xiaoping, Liu Jianping, Zheng Zhiguo 2015, 13(4):  500-505.  Abstract ( )   PDF (530KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study tried to explore the relationship among self-supporting personality, self-efficacy and self-control with Self-Supporting Personality Scale for Adolescent Students(SSPS-AS), General Self-efficacy Scale(GSES) and College Students Self-control Questionnaire. In this study a sample of 553 college students was drawn from a university by using the cluster sampling method. After deleting the incomplete data and unserious answers, the 525 valid subjects were obtained. In this study, the correlation analysis, regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The results revealed: 1)Self-supporting personality, self-efficacy and self-control of undergraduates had significantly correlations among each other; The eight traits of self-supporting personality except interpersonal openness had significant correlations with self-efficacy; Self-efficacy had significant correlations with the six dimensions of self-control; The nine traits of self-supporting personality had significant correlations with self-control. 2)Personal openness, interpersonal flexibility and interpersonal independence could not only directly predict self-control, but also indirectly predict self-control through mediation of self-efficacy, while personal independence and personal flexibility could only indirectly predict self-control through mediation of self-efficacy.

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Morpheme Awareness Deficit in Chinese Children with Dyslexia: A Knowledge Deficit or Skill Defect? Yu Xue, Liu Xiangping, Wang Shuo, Liu Yize 2015, 13(4):  506-510.  Abstract ( )   PDF (491KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Previous researches demonstrated that morpheme awareness deficit was strongly associated with Chinese developmental dyslexics. The current research tried to explore the nature of morpheme awareness deficit by investigating the mental representation of semantically transparent and opaque compound words. 23 children with Chinese developmental dyslexia and 24 controls matched with reading level finished head-morpho, tail-morpho, unrelated-morpho priming task of semantically transparent and opaque words. For semantically opaque words, priming effects were significantly greater in dyslexic children relative to those observed in controls. For semantically transparent words, no group difference was observed. Dyslexic children also exhibited similar priming effects in both transparent and opaque words. This result suggested that they had knowledge of morpheme awareness but failed to use it in an appropriate way.

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The Effect of Social Class on Stereotype Based on Stereotype Content Model Zhou Chunyan, Huang Hai, Liu Chenling, GuoYongyu, He Jinbo 2015, 13(4):  511-515.  Abstract ( )   PDF (470KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to examined the ″class=competence″ hypothesis and ingroup favoritism hypothesis of Stereotype Content Model(SCM), 108 typical high class individuals and 99 typical low class individuals were chosen as participants. They were required to write at least three groups which they thought was typical high class and typical low class in current china society, then make the ratings on how competent\warm\honest these groups were, using 5-point scales. The results showed that: as SCM predicted, high class groups were regarded as more competent, less friendly, and less honest than low class groups. While subjects′ social class mainly affected the rating on competence, and lower class subjects showed ingroup favoritism on competence ratings, Overall, findings supported the ″class=competence″ hypothesis.

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The Effects of Power on Altruistic Behavior: Under Different Relationship Orientation Wang Yao, Li Xiaoping 2015, 13(4):  516-520.  Abstract ( )   PDF (487KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study examines the impact of power and relationship orientation on altruistic behavior in a dictator game(DG)situation. 180 subjects(91 females)from two survey websites were recruited to participate in the present study. All participants fulfilled first the scale of relationship orientation, then they were randomly assigned to the low-power and high-power prime conditions. After the power priming procedure, all participants completed a DG in which they were asked to make a decision about a benefit distribution, from which the degree of altruistic behavior were measured. The results indicated that low-power group gave more money in DG, however, only for those persons who were in low-power condition and adopted communal orientation were more likely to give more money than the other subjects in low-power group. This result suggests that people with the communal relationship orientation and in low-power condition will exhibit more altruistic behavior.

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Subjective Well-Being: A Stable Personality Trait or a Situational Vriability Yin Xiayun, Li Zhihua 2015, 13(4):  521-527.  Abstract ( )   PDF (748KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the stability and variation of the indicators of subjective well-being. the classic latent state-trait model, Trait-State-Occasion model(TSO Model)and Indicator-Specific Trait model(IT model)were employed to evaluate the stability and variation of life satisfaction, positive emotion and negative emotion, based on a one-year and three-wave longitudinal study on a sample of 360 college students. The results showed that the IT model had a good fiting, All variables′ consistency coefficients(CO)were significantly higher than occasion-specificity coefficients(Ospe)in this model, which indicated that subjective well-being was more likely to be a personality trait. At the same time, the research found that the consistency coefficients of positive affection and negative affection were much higher than the life satisfaction coefficient, which suggested that people′s positive emotions and negative emotions were more stable than life satisfaction. This can be attributed to the fact that positive and negative emotions are more related to the genetics and personality traits of the individual. Therefore, these two coefficients are quite stable within a certain period of time. Nevertheless, life satisfaction is not only influenced by the cognitive methods of individuals but also by their life situation and how they evaluate their lives. Thus, life satisfaction is more influenced by contextual elements.

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Research on the Effect of College Female Teacher Facial Attractiveness on Students′ Implicit Behavioral Mimicry Wen Yiyuan, Gong Xi, Sun Junjie, Li Dongbin 2015, 13(4):  528-533.  Abstract ( )   PDF (663KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using coloring paradigm and recognition paradigm, subjects without checking with the target figures carried interpersonal conditions, the degree of attractiveness of female teachers face under investigation affect the implicit mimic the behavior of the college students. The results showed that: 1)the subjects to a greater degree of implicit imitation high attractive face and attractive to high face recognition rate is higher; 2)the male, the female college students of high attractive faces the implicit difference imitation degree, male college students to a greater degree of implicit imitation high attractive faces; 3)the characteristics of young and middle-aged group age face how attractive influence on students′ implicit imitation no statistical difference.

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The Effects of Spatial Distance and Product Attributes on Consumer Selection Preference Wang Yang, Mu Bingbing, Wan Xiaoang 2015, 13(4):  534-540.  Abstract ( )   PDF (609KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We report a study designed to examine how spatial distance interacts with product attributes to influence consumer selection preference. In the preliminary experiment, we asked Chinese participants to rate the attractiveness and importance of certain attributes that potato chips might have. Thus, we obtained descriptions of two brands of potato chips which had comparable overall attractiveness. One brand had more attractive alignable attributes, whereas the other brand had more attractive nonalignable attributes. In Experiment 1, we examined how the egocentric spatial distance and product attributes interact to influence consumer preference. The results revealed that the egocentric spatial distance between the participants and each brand of potato chips did not influence their selection preference. In Experiment 2, we examined how the allocentric spatial distance and product attributes interact to influence consumer preference. The results revealed that consumers had a higher preference on the brand which had more attractive nonalignable attributes, when the spatial distance between the two brands of potato chips increased. Taken together, these results demonstrated that emphasizing the allocentric distance between two products might highlight the difference between them, and therefore increase consumer′s usage of nonalignable attributes in their selection process.

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The Effect of Positive Emotional Intensity on Explicit and Implicit Memory of Advertising Zhang Yue, Liu Yueyue, Shi Jianan 2015, 13(4):  541-546.  Abstract ( )   PDF (626KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using people′s pictures of emotion valence, we investigated the effect of positive emotional intensity on explicit and implicit memory of advertising by the application of the process dissociation procedure(PDP). And we also investigated the effect of emotion valence on brand preference. The results showed: 1)High and low emotional intensity promotes explicit memory, and the explicit memory of positive and negative emotional pictures is better than the explicit memory of neutral emotional pictures. 2)Low emotional intensity promotes implicit memory and high emotional intensity inhibits it. The implicit memory of neutral emotional pictures is better than the explicit memory of positive and negative emotional pictures. 3)Participants prefer the brands that are behind positive emotional pictures rather than the brands behind negative and neutral emotional pictures.

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Identifying Motivation Orientation toward Vocational Training among Chinese Employees Xiao Fengxiang, Chen Xiao 2015, 13(4):  547-551.  Abstract ( )   PDF (455KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study chose Boshier′s Education Participation Scale(EPS)to survey learning motivations of employees in China. The conclusion shows that motivations of employees to participate in vocational training are professional advancement, cognitive interest, social contact, community service, external expectations, and social stimulation. The motivation orientation of employees to participate in vocational training is related to population statistics such as education, position and income.

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The Effect of Motivation to be Nonprejudiced on Automatic Stereotype and Prejudice: Analysis Based on the Quad Model Zhang Lu, Ye Na, Liu Feng 2015, 13(4):  552-557.  Abstract ( )   PDF (603KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of this article was to explore the effect of motivation to be nonprejudiced on the automatic stereotype and prejudice. The study used the scale measuring the subjects′ knowledge of gay-stereotypes in the culture, and used the quad model of implicit task performance to separate the processes of the IAT, and explored the relationship of motivation and the processes of the IAT by comparing the model fit. The results indicated that: all the subjects had the knowledge of gay-stereotype in the culture; the subjects who had higher level of motivation had no automatic stereotype and prejudice, the other subjects had automatic stereotype and prejudice.

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The Influence of Different Response Styles on Emotional Face Processing after Depressive Mood Induction Zhang Yuanyuan, Lu Guohua, Wu Qing 2015, 13(4):  558-562.  Abstract ( )   PDF (554KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Students dedicated to induce depression by using film clips were randomly assigned to rumination or distraction group for response strategy during the presentation of sad or neutral face pictures. The electrical activity were recorded to investigate the effects of response style on event-related potentials(ERPs)changes during emotional face processing after the induction of depressive mood. The behavior experiments found that the T2 score in the rumination group was higher than in the distraction group. Moreover, the T2 score was higher than T1 score in the rumination group, while the T2 score was lower than T1 score in the distraction group. The ERP study results showed that N1 had no significant difference between the two groups. Compared with LPP in the distraction group, LPP was significantly increased at Cz and Pz electrodes in the rumination group. In the ruminating group, amplitudes at Pz was significantly increased than Cz and Fz, while in distracting group, no difference among the three electrode cites was observed. It can be concluded that responses styles can influence the judgment of emotional faces after the induction of depressive mood. It is mainly reflected in the late face processing.

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Mind-Wandering while Reading and its Research Method Wu Guolai, Gao Yuan 2015, 13(4):  563-569.  Abstract ( )   PDF (690KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This review primarily focused on research method that have been used to investigate mind-wandering while reading, this mainly include research paradigm and several indicators applied to signify this phenomenon. Researchers already proposed some research paradigms and indicators to examine this phenomenon objectively. Z-string paradigm use the letter“Z”to replace all the letters exists in a normal article and let the readers pretend to read this changed article like they were read a normal one. Thought sampling paradigm mainly contain self-caught paradigm and probe-caught paradigm. SART paradigm is a Go/no-Go task that demand the participant to react to the non-target word and do not react to the target word. Another version of SART paradigm is SAST, which is specific to reading condition. Main indicators that have been used by research about mind-wandering while reading can be divided into to two categories: eye movement indicators and behavior indicators. At last, we concluded main research problems and future directions of mind wandering while reading.

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Review on Influence Factors of Error Related Negativity Li Sihua, Zhang Liwei 2015, 13(4):  570-576.  Abstract ( )   PDF (581KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to grasp the research progress of error related negativity(ERN, It can be used to reflect the ability of response monitoring), prevent effectively and treat rightly error, it is necessary in both theory and practice to sum up the influence factors of ERN based on its theory, function and cognitive task. They were divided mainly into reduced aspects(for example mental fatigue)and increased aspects(such as motivation). In addition, there were a small part of neutral factors, including stimulation selection and editing. Accordingly, these factors should be adopted reasonably in actions.