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20 September 2004, Volume 2 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Eye Movements, Cognitive Processes, and Reading Keith Rayner 2004, 2(3):  482-488.  Abstract ( )   PDF (184KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this article, I briefly review research on the size of the perceptual span in reading and on lexical effects on fixation times in reading. For readers of English, the perceptual span extends from the beginning of the currently fixated word(but no more than 3~4 letters to the left of fixation)to about 14~15 letters to the right of fixation. For readers of Chinese, the span extends about 1 character to the left of fixation to about 3 characters to the right. For readers of English, variables like frequency and predictability have strong influences on how long the eyes remain fixated on a word. We know far less about which variables most influence fixation times for Chinese. Finally, the E-Z Reader model can account for lots of eye movement data for readers of English. The issue of whether E-Z Reader could account for the eye movement data of readers of Chinese is discussed.

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Future Directions for Eye Movement Research Keith Rayner 2004, 2(3):  489-496.  Abstract ( )   PDF (211KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics It is argued that research on eye movements has now entered a fourth general era. Each of the four eras is briefly reviewed, and research findings related to eye movements during reading, scene perception, and visual search are discussed. Future directions for research in each of these areas and research in other domains involving eye movements are also discussed.

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What Eye Movements Tell About Identifying Compound Words in Reading and Top-Down Effects in Reading Long Texts Jukka Hyönä 2004, 2(3):  497-504.  Abstract ( )   PDF (188KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Two lines of research on eye movements in reading are summarized. One line of research examines how adult readers identify compound words during reading. The other line of research deals with how a specific reading goal influences the way long expository texts are read. Both lines of research are conducted using Finnish as the source language. With respect to the first research question, it is demonstrated that compound words are recognized either holistically or via their components, depending on the length of the compound word. Readers begin to process whatever information is readily available in the foveal vision(i.e., either the whole-word form or the initial component). The second line of research demonstrates that(1)a specific reading goal is capable of exerting an early effect on readers' eye fixation patterns,(2)time course analyses based on eye movement patterns can reveal interesting individual differences, and(3)working memory capacity is linked to the efficiency to strategically allocate attention as well as to encode information to and retrieve it from the long-term memory. It is concluded that the eye-tracking technique is an excellent research tool to tap into the workings of the human mind during the comprehension of written texts.

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Reading Text Under Normal and Disappearing Presentation Conditions Simon P. Liversedge 2004, 2(3):  505-512.  Abstract ( )   PDF (401KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this article I discuss data from a series of experiments in which readers' eye movements were recorded as they processed sentences in which each word disappeared or was masked 60ms after fixation onset. We used this paradigm to investigate whether we could induce a gap effect during reading, and how visual and linguistic factors affected eye movements under these conditions. The data showed that no gap effect occurred in our experiment. Overall reading times were the same under normal and disappearing presentation conditions. However, readers did adopt a strategy of making fewer but longer fixations when the text disappeared than when it did not. Additionally, clear frequency effects occurred regardless of whether the text was presented normally or disappeared. This finding indicates that while the visual uptake of information is important, cognitive processes associated with the lexical identification of words are a primary influence on when readers move their eyes during reading. The findings are taken to support the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control.

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MENTAL ABACUS: A COGNITIVE AND EYE MOVEMENT STUDY Yin Wengang,Shu Hua,Jiang Zhifeng,Wu Di 2004, 2(3):  513-518.  Abstract ( )   PDF (649KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using eye scanning technique and neuropsychological methods, we conducted an experiment on mental abacus. The results showed there was a significant difference of the eye movement patterns between trained students and no-trained when they were doing vertical calculation. Further neuropsychological analysis suggested there were also significant differences between trained students and no-trained in the areas of mathematical abilities, digital span, attention, and hemisphere asymmetric functions.

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THE EYE MOVEMENT ON LINEAR SYLLOGISTIC REASONING: WORKING MOMORY, PREMISES RELATIONSHIP, THE PREMISES EXPRESSION Bai Xuejun,Zhang Xingli,Shi Ruiping 2004, 2(3):  519-523.  Abstract ( )   PDF (485KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using ASL 504 Model eye-tracker system, we investigated working memory, premises relationship and the affirmative or negative premises influences on the linear syllogism problems solving. We conducted a 2(premises expression: affirmative vs negative)×2(the premises relationship: congruent vs incongruent)×2(working memory capacity: high vs low)mixed design. The total time, the first pass time, the second pass time, and the regression in every area of interest were analyzed. The results revealed that both the linguistic and spatial representation involved in the solution of linear syllogism problems, moreover, the reasoning processes are influenced by the participants' working memory capacity, and the participants with high working memory capacity can be better at linguistic and the spatial representation.

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WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY AND EYE MOVEMENTS OF AMBIGUOUS SENTENCE PROCESSING Yan Guoli,Tian Hongjie,Bai Xuejun 2004, 2(3):  524-528.  Abstract ( )   PDF (414KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The sentences of narrative-object structure(NOS)phrase(VP+N1+Auxliary+N2)are used in the current experiment. The design is 2(working memory capacity: large and small)×2(direction of being continued: NOS and modifier-noun structure, MNS). The eye tracker is used to investigate the processing of ambiguous sentences. The results are as follows:(1)The direction of being continued has no effect at the beginning of the sentence processing, but has effect on the process of the sentence comprehension. (2)Working memory capacity influences the sentence comprehension, but has little effect on the retrieval and maintenance of the two meanings of the ambiguous sentence.

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EYE MOVEMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF COLORS ON READING WORDS IN CHINESE AND ENGLISH Guan Erqun,Han Yuchang,Sui Xue 2004, 2(3):  529-533.  Abstract ( )   PDF (452KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using eye movement technique, the eye movements are recorded when 20 pupils read Chinese and English words in different colours. The results are as follows:(1)The different colors have same influence on reading achievement of English words and Chinese characters. The red is best and the yellow is worst;(2)The influence of the different colors on the eye movement index of subjects' reading has significantly differences. About the number of fixation, the red and the black is most. About the fixation time, the red is shortest. About deccadic distance, the yellow is longest. About fixation frequency, the yellow is lowest.

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EYE MOVEMENTS OF THE NOVICE AND THE EXPERT OF BASKETBALL GUARDS Zhang Yunliang,Li Zonghao,Sun Yanlin,Yang Xiaochen,Yan Guoli 2004, 2(3):  534-538.  Abstract ( )   PDF (463KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The ASL 504 eye tracker was used to record the eye movements of the novice and the expert of basketball guards when they look at the basketball match pictures. The results are as follows: the novice and the expert of basketball guards have different information processing rate; the basketball guards of different groups have different fixation distributions and searching strategies when they fix at the basketball match pictures.

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THE EYE MOVEMENT RESEARCH ON THE PROCESSES OF ACCESSING THE CATEGORICAL REFERENTS Zhang Xingli,Bai Xuejun,Yan Guoli 2004, 2(3):  539-544.  Abstract ( )   PDF (538KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using ASL 504 Model eye-tracker system, the study investigated accessibility of the categorical referents during discourse comprehension. We conducted a 3 factors design by the conbination of 3（material condition）×2（area of interest）×2（working memory capacity）. The first pass time, the total pass time and the regression out times were analyzed. The result revealed that activation and inhibition were involved in the processes of the accessing the categorical referents. After reading the anaphor, the participants activated the potential referents immediately, inhibited the nonreferents in the integration later. The participants with higher working memory capacity inhibited the nonreferents more effectively.

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THE REGULATING EFFECT OF FATIGUE AND MENTAL LOAD ON PUPIL SIZE IN TEXT READING Li Yong,Yin Guo'en,Chen Yanli 2004, 2(3):  545-548.  Abstract ( )   PDF (446KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the current work, we conducted 2 experiments to observe the regulating effect of fatigue and mental load on pupil size in college students' text reading. In experiment 1, the role of fatigue effect in text reading was examined. Different changes in pupil size of subjects with different text-processing ability were analyzed. In experiment 2, we investigated fatigue effect and mental processing effect on pupillary responses. The results showed that in text reading, pupil diameter decreased with fatigue, whereas increased with mental load and persisted with sustained mental load; regulation of fatigue and mental load on pupil size existed counter effect.

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EFFECT OF SIGNALS ON TEXT MEMORY AND ITS MECHANISM Wang Rong,Yan Guoli,Bai Xuejun 2004, 2(3):  549-554.  Abstract ( )   PDF (607KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the current work, we conducted three experiments to examin the effects of text signals on text memory and explored the mechanism of the effects of text signals. The result showed(1)signals in a text improved the readers′ memory for topics and the structure,(2)the readers′ ability of using text signals to represent text information increased with age, and(3)text signals lead readers to selectively process the context. The results acheived by the off-line processing test technique and eye movement analysis support the strategy-switch hypothesis.

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REVIEW ON EYE MOVEMENTS AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY Xi Jie,Wang Qiaoling,Yan Guoli 2004, 2(3):  555-560.  Abstract ( )   PDF (574KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Sports psychology can be further studied by the analysis of the players' eye movements. The difference between the expert and the novice of the sportsman can be observed. The history of the eye movements studies in sport psychology are reviewed and the development trend in this field is also discussed.