工作记忆广度与自我损耗的关系

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 以往研究表明，工作记忆能力高的个体在自我控制方面也表现得更好，通过考察工作记忆广度（working memory span, WMS）与自我损耗的关系，有助于揭示这种现象的内在机制。66名被试随机分为损耗组和控制组，采用自动化操作广度测验测量WMS。双任务实验中，任务一为情绪抑制任务，任务二为Stroop任务。结果发现，损耗组的Stroop效应明显高于控制组。进一步分析显示，损耗组中高WMS被试的自我损耗效应要强于低WMS被试，此结果表明：高WMS个体在自我控制任务中表现得更好并不是因为固有的自我控制能量水平更高，而是因为他们倾向于在自我控制过程中投入更多能量。

关键词: 工作记忆广度, 自我控制, 自我损耗, 情绪抑制, Stroop任务。

Abstract: Previous studies have shown a positive relation between self-control and working memory capacity(WMC), we investigated whether self-control depletion would vary with individual differences in WMC. Sixty-six undergraduates(49 female; age 20.94±0.99)were recruited for this study. Participants first completed an automated operation span task(AOSPAN)to assess their WMC, then were randomly assigned to depleted or non-depleted condition. After that, participants completed an 84-trial Stroop test to assess depletion. To test whether WMC moderated depletion, a hierarchical linear regression was conducted with Stroop interference effect as the DV, GROUP and WMC score as IVs in the first step, and the GROUP×WMC interaction as an IV in the second step. The GROUP×WMC interaction was significant(β=0.50, p=0.002), which means that higher WMC was associated with greater depletion. These results might suggest that WMC are not an index of the amount of self-control resources a person has, rather than his or her tendency to consume them.

Key words: working memory capacity, self-control, ego depletion, emotion suppression, Stroop Task.

中图分类号:

B842.3

于斌，刘惠军，乐国安. 工作记忆广度与自我损耗的关系[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2016, 14(5): 577-583.

Yu Bin, Liu Huijun, Yue Guo′an. The Relation Between Working Memory Capacity and Ego Depletion[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2016, 14(5): 577-583.

参考文献

[1] Baddeley, A.(2007). Working memory, thought, and action: Oxford University Press.
[2] Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W.(2004). Individual differences in working memory capacity and dual-process theories of the mind. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 553.
[3] Baumeister, Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M.(2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351-355.
[4] Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M.(1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-1265.
[5] Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H.(2005). When high-powered people fail working memory and“choking under pressure”in math. Psychological Science, 16(2), 101-105.
[6] Brewin, C., & Beaton, A.(2002). Thought suppression, intelligence, and working memory capacity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 923-930.
[7] Carver, C. S., & White, T. L.(1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319-333.
[8] Conway, A., Macnamara, B., Getz, S., & Engel de Abreu, P.(2011). Working memory and fluid intelligence: A multi-mechanism view. Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence.
[9] Engle, R. W.(2010). Role of working memory capacity in cognitive control. Current Anthropology, 51(S1), S17-S26.
[10] Friese, M., Bargas-Avila, J., Hofmann, W., & Wiers, R. W.(2010). Here′s Looking at You, Bud Alcohol-Related Memory Structures Predict Eye Movements for Social Drinkers With Low Executive Control. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), 143-151.
[11] Gross, J. J., & John, O. P.(2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362.
[12] Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L.(2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 495-525.
[13] Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Roefs, A.(2009). Three ways to resist temptation: The independent contributions of executive attention, inhibitory control, and affect regulation to the impulse control of eating behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 431-435.
[14] Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F.(2009). Impulse and self-control from a dual-systems perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(2), 162-176.
[15] Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Friese, M., Wiers, R. W., & Schmitt, M.(2008). Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior: Toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 962-977.
[16] Ilkowska, M., & Engle, R. W.(2010). Working Memory Capacity and Self-Regulation. Handbook of Personality and Self-regulation, 263-290.
[17] Kane, M. J., Bleckley, M. K., Conway, A. R., & Engle, R. W.(2001). A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 130(2), 169-183.
[18] Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W.(2003). Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(1), 47-70.
[19] Kaplan, S., & Berman, M. G.(2010). Directed attention as a common resource for executive functioning and self-regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(1), 43-57.
[20] Richeson, J. A., & Trawalter, S.(2005). Why do interracial interactions impair executive function? A resource depletion account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 934-947.
[21] Schmeichel, B. J., & Demaree, H. A.(2010). Working memory capacity and spontaneous emotion regulation: High capacity predicts self-enhancement in response to negative feedback. Emotion, 10(5), 739-744.
[22] Schmeichel, B. J., Harmon-Jones, C., & Harmon-Jones, E.(2010). Exercising self-control increases approach motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(1), 162-173.
[23] Schmeichel, B. J., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F.(2003). Intellectual performance and ego depletion: Role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(1), 33-46.
[24] Schmeichel, B. J., Volokhov, R. N., & Demaree, H. A.(2008). Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1526-1540.
[25] Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L.(2004). High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324.
[26] Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W.(2007). On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities. Psychological Bulletin, 133(6), 1038-1066.
[27] Unsworth, N., Heitz, R., Schrock, J., & Engle, R.(2005). An automated version of the operation span task. Behavior Research Methods, 37(3), 498-505.
[28] Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A.(1988). Development an validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
[29] Xu, H., Bègue, L., & Bushman, B. J.(2012). Too fatigued to care: Ego depletion, guilt, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1183-1186.
[30]黎建斌.(2013). 自我控制资源与认知资源相互影响的机制: 整合模型. 心理科学进展, 21(2), 235-242.