Automatic Evaluation of Supraliminal and Subliminally Presentation of Exercis-Related Stimuli in Different Exercise Groups

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.006

Abstract

Abstract: According to the dual-process theory, automatic processing (type-1) and reflective processing (type-2) are two interactive but distinct information processing systems in exercise behavior formation, including automatic evaluation by triggering the automatic type-1 process and activating spontaneous mental associations of motor memory, an automatic affective valuation follows, thus affecting the exercise behavior. The goal of this study was to test whether exercise-related stimuli can elicit automatic evaluation responses and the characteristics of automatic evaluation between highly active exercisers and less exercisers. By using the evaluative?priming?task, supraliminally and subliminally primed words depicting exercise or non-exercise were presented in experiment 1 and 2, and then participants were asked to respond to positive or negative words. The results showed that the exercise group responded significantly faster to the positive target words than the non-exercise group when presented with supraliminal and subliminal exercise priming words. These findings indicate that only exercise group gives automatic positive evaluations of exercise words.

Key words: automatic evaluation, dual-process theory, evaluative priming task

摘要： 双加工理论认为锻炼行为形成中自动加工（系统1）和熟虑加工（系统2）是两个相互作用但又截然不同的信息处理系统，其中自动评价通过触发系统1的自动加工过程激活运动记忆自发的心理联想，并对运动进行情感评价，从而影响锻炼行为。本研究的目的是检测锻炼相关刺激在不同锻炼人群中引发的自动评价特点。采用评价启动任务范式，实验1和实验2分别给予阈上和阈下锻炼词或非锻炼词作为启动刺激，之后要求被试对积极或者消极目标词进行按键反应。研究结果显示无论阈上还是阈下呈现锻炼启动词，均表现为锻炼组对积极目标词反应速度更快。结果表明：锻炼人群对于锻炼词具有积极自动评价。

关键词: 自动评价, 双加工理论, 评价启动任务

CLC Number:

B842

ZHU Zhaohong, SUN Lingling. Automatic Evaluation of Supraliminal and Subliminally Presentation of Exercis-Related Stimuli in Different Exercise Groups[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(2): 182-189.

朱昭红, 孙令令. 阈上阈下启动刺激在不同锻炼人群中引发自动评价的特点[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(2): 182-189.

References

董妍, 俞国良. (2004). 内隐联想测验(IAT)在临床心理学中的应用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 12(4), 432–434, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-3611.2004.04.038
李芳, 白学军, 沈德立. (2007). 高频靶词情绪启动的反转效应. 心理科学, 30(6), 1287–1289, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6981.2007.06.002
梁德清. (1994). 高校学生应激水平及其与体育锻炼的关系. 中国心理卫生杂志, 8(1), 5–6, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6729.1994.01.020
柳恒超, 许燕, 周仁来. (2010). 阈下启动的恐惧和厌恶情绪对人际判断的影响. 心理学探新, 30(1), 37–41, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5184.2010.01.008
毛伟宾, 于睿, 李春. (2013). 一致性、相关性对记忆生存优势效应的影响. 心理学报, 45(3), 253–262, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2013.00253
史伟锋. (2012). 锻炼相关刺激的情感启动效应(硕士学位论文). 北京体育大学.
张焕焕. (2017). 金钱启动和阈下情绪启动对助人行为的影响. 心理技术与应用, 5(7), 413–419, doi: 10.16842/j.cnki.issn2095-5588.2017.07.004
张家甄, 蒋欢, 黎光明, 张敏强, 霍紫莹. (2016). 阈上/阈下呈现OH投射卡的情绪启动效应研究. 心理学探新, 36(4), 330–335, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5184.2016.04.008
张美晨, 魏萍, 张钦. (2015). 阈上阈下不同面孔表情下的注视线索提示效应. 心理学报, 47(11), 1309–1317, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2015.01309
朱昭红, 孙令令. (2019). 锻炼行为形成的新解释——来自双加工理论的观点和证据. 心理学进展, 9(9), 1573–1581, doi: 10.12677/AP.2019.99191
Antoniewicz, F., & Brand, R. (2014). Automatic evaluations and exercise setting preference in frequent exercisers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(6), 631–636, doi: 10.1123/jsep.2014-0033.
Antoniewicz, F., & Brand, R. (2016a). Dropping out or keeping up? Early-dropouts, late-dropouts, and maintainers differ in their automatic evaluations of exercise already before a 14-week exercise course. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 838, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00838.
Antoniewicz, F., & Brand, R. (2016b). Learning to like exercising: Evaluative conditioning changes automatic evaluations of exercising and influences subsequent exercising behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(2), 138–148, doi: 10.1123/jsep.2015-0125.
Bluemke, M., Brand, R., Schweizer, G., & Kahlert, D. (2010). Exercise might be good for me, but I don’t feel good about it: Do automatic associations predict exercise behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(2), 137–153, doi: 10.1123/jsep.32.2.137.
Brand, R., & Cheval, B. (2019). Theories to explain exercise motivation and physical inactivity: Ways of expanding our current theoretical perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1147, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01147.
Brand, R., & Ekkekakis, P. (2018). Affective-reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 48(1), 48–58, doi: 10.1007/s12662-017-0477-9.
Brand, R., & Schweizer, G. (2015). Going to the gym or to the movies?: Situated decisions as a functional link connecting automatic and reflective evaluations of exercise with exercising behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(1), 63–73, doi: 10.1123/jsep.2014-0018.
Calitri, R., Lowe, R., Eves, F. F., & Bennett, P. (2009). Associations between visual attention, implicit and explicit attitude and behaviour for physical activity. Psychology & Health, 24(9), 1105–1123, doi: 10.1080/08870440802245306.
Cheval, B., Radel, R., Neva, J. L., Boyd, L. A., Swinnen, S. P., Sander, D., & Boisgontier, M. P. (2018). Behavioral and neural evidence of the rewarding value of exercise behaviors: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48(6), 1389–1404, doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0898-0.
Chevance, G., Héraud, N., Guerrieri, A., Rebar, A., & Boiché, J. (2017). Measuring implicit attitudes toward physical activity and sedentary behaviors: Test-retest reliability of three scoring algorithms of the implicit association test and single category-implicit association test. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 31, 70–78, doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.04.007.
Conroy, D. E., & Berry, T. R. (2017). Automatic affective evaluations of physical activity. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 45(4), 230–237, doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000120.
Conroy, D. E., Hyde, A. L., Doerksen, S. E., & Ribeiro, N. F. (2010). Implicit attitudes and explicit motivation prospectively predict physical activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 39(2), 112–118, doi: 10.1007/s12160-010-9161-0.
Ekkekakis, P., & Brand, R. (2019). Affective responses to and automatic affective valuations of physical activity: Fifty years of progress on the seminal question in exercise psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 130–137, doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.018.
Ekkekakis, P., Zenko, Z., Ladwig, M. A., & Hartman, M. E. (2018). Affect as a potential determinant of physical activity and exercise: Critical appraisal of an emerging research field. In D. M. Williams, R. E. Rhodes, & M. T. Conner (Eds.), Affective determinants of health behavior (pp. 237–261). New York: Oxford University Press, doi: 10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0011.
Eves, F. F., Scott, E. J., Hoppé, R., & French, D. P. (2007). Using the affective priming paradigm to explore the attitudes underlying walking behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 12(4), 571–585, doi: 10.1348/135910706X153775.
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2007). Unraveling the processes underlying evaluation: Attitudes from the perspective of the APE model. Social Cognition, 25(5), 687–717, doi: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.687.
Hyde, A. L., Elavsky, S., Doerksen, S. E., & Conroy, D. E. (2012). The stability of automatic evaluations of physical activity and their relations with physical activity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(6), 715–736, doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.034.
Marteau, T. M., Hollands, G. J., & Fletcher, P. C. (2012). Changing human behavior to prevent disease: The importance of targeting automatic processes. Science, 337(6101), 1492–1495, doi: 10.1126/science.1226918.
Rebar, A. L., Dimmock, J. A., Jackson, B., Rhodes, R. E., Kates, A., Starling, J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2016). A systematic review of the effects of non-conscious regulatory processes in physical activity. Health Psychology Review, 10(4), 395–407, doi: 10.1080/17437199.2016.1183505.
Rebar, A. L., Ram, N., & Conroy, D. E. (2015). Using the EZ-diffusion model to score a single-category implicit association test of physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 96–105, doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.09.008.
Rhodes, R. E., Janssen, I., Bredin, S. S. D., Warburton, D. E. R., & Bauman, A. (2017). Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology & Health, 32(8), 942–975, doi: 10.1080/08870446.
Schinkoeth, M., & Antoniewicz, F. (2017). Automatic evaluations and exercising: Systematic review and implications for future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2103, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02103.
Schinkoeth, M., & Brand, R. (2020). Automatic associations and the affective valuation of exercise: Disentangling the type-1 process of the affective-reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 50(8), 366–376, doi: 10.1007/s12662-020-00664-9.
Warburton, D. E. R., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(6), 801–809, doi: 10.1503/cmaj.051351.
WHO. (2010).?Global recommendations on physical?activity for health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health?Organization.?

[1]	ZHANG Yuzhi, GAO Yi, ZHANG Jijia. The Positional Effect of Semantic and Grammatical Activation of Semantic Radical Under Semantic Radical Priming Paradigm [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(6): 721-727.
[2]	ZHANG Zhenghua, ZHANG Hang, WANG Bing, ZHENG Zilong, ZHAO Liming, LI Weijun. The Processing of the Tone and the Vowel in Poems Under Different Tasks: Evidence from ERPs [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(6): 728-735.
[3]	ZHAO Sainan, LI Lin, ZHANG Lijuan, WANG Jingxin. The Influence of Constrictive Context on the Processing of Unpredictable Word in Chinese Reading [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(6): 736-742.
[4]	CHEN Yixin, ZHANG Qihan, XIA Yidan, ZHAO Bingjie, BAI Xuejun. Motor Prediction of Others in Synchronized Joint Action: The Critical Role of Feedback Cue [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(6): 743-749.
[5]	REN Yaping, SUN Yan, ZHAO Xuesong. The Influence of Ego Depletion on Self-Other Risk Decision-Making Under Different Task Frames [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(6): 750-756.
[6]	ZHU Huan, XIE Xiaowei, DAI Zheru, TANG Xiaoya, ZANG Jian, WU Jiao, ZANG Xuelian. Semantic Information Takes Precedence over Spatial Location and Glyph Feature in Contextual Cueing with Chinese Characters [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(5): 577-584.
[7]	LIU Lu, JIANG Yamei, ZHANG Qiaoming, LI Zhuyang. Influence of the Position and Transparency of Semantic Radicals on Semantic Activation in Chinese Phonogram Recognition [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(5): 585-591.
[8]	LIU Zhifang, ZENG Taishen, CHAI Lin, CHEN Chaoyang, TONG Wen. The Characteristics of Word Processing When Deaf Readers Read Chinese: Evidences from Disappearing Text [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(5): 592-598.
[9]	YANG Xue, LEI Jianghua. The Regulatory Role of Reading Ability in Phonological Coding of Hearing-Impaired College Students [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(5): 599-605.
[10]	LI Sainan, YAN Guoli, WANG Yali, LIU Min, ZHAO Shuping. The Perceptual Span for Chinese Grade 1 Primary School Students [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(5): 606-611.
[11]	ZHANG Suyuan, LAN Zebo, ZHANG Shui, MENG Zhu, YAN Guoli. The Effects of Irrelevant Speech on Reading Among First Graders First-Grade Students: An Eye-Tracking Study [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(4): 433-438,446.
[12]	LI Yunsong, CHEN Qiyang, WU Yan, LI Tianhong, DUAN Rujun. The Dominant Role of Semantic Radicals in Chinese Phonogram Recognition [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(4): 439-446.
[13]	YANG Weiping, YANG Xiangfu, XU Jianping. The Influence of Cross-Modal Audiovisual Emotional Information on Baby Schema Effect [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(4): 447-453.
[14]	LIU Pengfei, CUI Jiaxin, REN Weicong, ZHANG Zhijie. The Acquisition Process of Time Concept in 4~7 Years Old Children [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(4): 454-459.
[15]	SONG Yiqi, YANG Wanqing, LIANG Dandan. Metaphorical Mapping of Spatial Concept “Da” in 6~8 Years Old Mandarin-Speaking Children with High-Functioning Autism [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(4): 460-465.