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20 March 2022, Volume 20 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Impact of Reference Styles, Emotional Valence, and Personality-Trait Assessment at Different Semantic Levels on Memory ZHOU Aibao, ZHAO Haiyan, XIA Ruixue, YUAN Yue, JIA Tingting, XIE Pei 2022, 20(2):  145-152.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (650KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the deeply-rooted factors affecting memory, this study employed the paradigm of implicit processing to examine the impact of reference styles, emotional valence, and personality-trait assessment on memory at various semantic levels. The results showed that reference styles, emotional valence, and personality-trait assessment significantly influenced memory. Set in different contexts, a memory advantage regarding self-related personality-trait words and non- personality-trait words emerged during specific stages of recognition processing. Furthermore, the results showed a significant advantage in memory when individuals were exposed to self-related negative words. Nevertheless, the study found no significant interaction among reference styles, emotional valence, and personality-trait assessment. This implies that these factors are independent of each other, while the impact of reference styles on memory is subject to emotional valence and personality-trait assessment.

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The Metaphorical Association Between Valence and Space Influences Emotional Word Learning in Adults and Children ZHAO Siyi, LI Ying, WANG Yue 2022, 20(2):  153-159.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (603KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The metaphorical association between emotional valence and directed spatial actions is associated either with improving or impairing memory, and people can learn materials better when they use metaphor-congruent spatial actions. The present study explored whether metaphor-congruent spatial actions improve Chinese adults’ and children’s foreign emotional word learning. Participants learned ltalian or English words from flashcards during the learning phase. After learning each card, participants placed it on the top (or middle or bottom) of the shelf according to its valence. In the testing phase, participants chose the correct Chinese meaning of the foreign word from two options. The result in the word recognition task showed that the reaction times of the metaphor-congruent group were faster than the metaphor-incongruent group when they were similar in accuracy. Future research may focus on the neural basis and application of metaphor-congruent spatial actions in language learning.

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Multi-Word Unit Processing for Chinese Older Readers: Evidence from Eye Movements HE Liyuan, ZHAO Xing, BAI Yu, LIU Nina 2022, 20(2):  160-166.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (520KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore the reasons underlying older readers’ inefficient reading, the present study selected three types of two two-character word combinations to investigate how Chinese older adults process multi-word units. Three types of word combinations included single-word combination (which was comprised of frequently co-occurred two words and was typically considered as single four-character word), ambiguous word combination (which expressed a complete idea but was considered as single word by roughly half of readers), and two-word combination (which was not able to convey a whole meaning and was also considered as two words). Younger and older participants were asked to read sentences containing critical word combinations while their eye movements were monitored. The results showed that: 1) older readers made more and longer fixations and less frequently skipped a word compared to young readers, showing typical reading difficulties; 2) both groups of participants spent shorter time on single four-character words and made fewer fixations during first-run reading than those on the ambiguous combinations as well as the two-word combinations. The same pattern also appeared in the first word and second word processing, indicating that multiple word units showed a processing advantage. However, there was no significant age difference in such processing advantage. These findings suggest that older readers process the multi-word units as a whole.

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Visual Compensation in Chinese Deaf Readers’ Sentence Reading: Evidence from Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effect QIN Zhao, WANG Yingchao, YE Jiaying, YUAN Xiaoyuan, YAN Guoli 2022, 20(2):  167-173.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (732KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Visual compensation in deaf readers means that, as a result of hearing loss, deaf people’s visual functions experience compensatory adaptations, manifesting as greater processing efficiency for parafoveal text information in reading. The present study adopted the boundary paradigm to assess the parafoveal-on-foveal (PoF) repetition effect, in order to investigate whether or not deaf readers’ parafoveal visual compensation improves their foveal word recognition. It was found that the PoF repetition effect of deaf people emerged in the early reading stage, whereas reading-level matched hearing readers’ PoF appeared in the late reading stage. Consequently, the PoF repetition effect occurs earlier in deaf individuals than in hearing readers with equivalent reading skills, indicating that parafoveal visual compensation of deaf individuals can enhance their foveal processing.

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Uncertainty and Conformity: The Mediating Effect of Decisiveness and Need for Structure HAN Ruikang, LIN Jingyuan, MEI Ying, LI Kaiyun, LIN Fengxun, LEI Yi, LI Hong 2022, 20(2):  174-181.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (684KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Uncertainty occurs along with the phenomenon of conformity, although the underlying process and the gender difference are not clarified. The current study applied a cross-sectional questionnaire to 804 college participants. The results showed that: 1) uncertainty was positively correlated with conformity; 2) decisiveness and need for structure completely mediated the relationship between uncertainty and conformity and showed a gender difference: the relation between uncertainty and conformity for women was primarily mediated by decisiveness, while that for men was parallelly mediated by decisiveness and need for structure. This study supports the uncertain-identity theory and the two-factor model of cognitive closure, providing a theoretical basis for managing the conformity of genders under uncertainty.

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Automatic Evaluation of Supraliminal and Subliminally Presentation of Exercis-Related Stimuli in Different Exercise Groups ZHU Zhaohong, SUN Lingling 2022, 20(2):  182-189.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (747KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics According to the dual-process theory, automatic processing (type-1) and reflective processing (type-2) are two interactive but distinct information processing systems in exercise behavior formation, including automatic evaluation by triggering the automatic type-1 process and activating spontaneous mental associations of motor memory, an automatic affective valuation follows, thus affecting the exercise behavior. The goal of this study was to test whether exercise-related stimuli can elicit automatic evaluation responses and the characteristics of automatic evaluation between highly active exercisers and less exercisers. By using the evaluative?priming?task, supraliminally and subliminally primed words depicting exercise or non-exercise were presented in experiment 1 and 2, and then participants were asked to respond to positive or negative words. The results showed that the exercise group responded significantly faster to the positive target words than the non-exercise group when presented with supraliminal and subliminal exercise priming words. These findings indicate that only exercise group gives automatic positive evaluations of exercise words.

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The Relationship Between Parental Autonomy Support, Parental Psychological Control and Adolescent Internet Addiction: A Cross-lagged Study DENG Linyuan, YANG Mengxi, YANG Yumeng, ZHOU Nan, LI Beilei 2022, 20(2):  190-196.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (661KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A six-month follow-up study was conducted on 1,222 adolescents to explore the inter-predictive relationships between parental autonomy support, parental psychological control, and adolescent Internet addiction. The results showed that: 1) Parental autonomy support was negatively related to Internet addiction in both pre-and post-test. 2) Parental psychological control was positively related to Internet addiction in both pre-and post-test. 3) Pre-test parental autonomy support predicted post-test Internet addiction, and pre-test Internet addiction also predicted post-test parental autonomy support. 4) Pre-test parental psychological control predicted post-test Internet addiction, but pre-test Internet addiction did not significantly predict post-test parental psychological control. This study reveals the interaction between parental factors and adolescent Internet addiction behavior, which has practical implications for improving adolescent Internet addiction.

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Parental Control and Children’s Psychological Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Children’s Self-Control ZHANG Xiuhui, ZHAO Bao, WANG Zhijia, LIU Li 2022, 20(2):  197-203.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (627KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study explored the relations between parental control and children’s psychological adjustment and the mediating role of children’s self-control. A sample of 555 primary school students completed the Parental Control Questionnaire, the Social Skills Rating System, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results showed that: 1) Children of grade 6 had higher self-control than children of grade 4, and reported more emotional symptoms than children of grade 4 and 5. Boys reported more hyperactivity-inattention than girls. 2) Parental behavioral control significantly and positively predicted children’s positive psychological adjustment and negatively predicted children’s negative psychological adjustment, while parental psychological control significantly and negatively predicted children’s positive psychological adjustment and positively predicted children’s negative psychological adjustment. 3) Children’s self-control mediated the relations between paternal control (behavioral control and psychological control) and children’s hyperactivity-inattention and prosocial behavior but not children’s emotional symptoms.

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The Relationship Between Family Functioning and Psychological Resilience of Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model ZHANG Shuo, CAI Xuebin, DENG Xuyang, ZHAO Xin 2022, 20(2):  204-211.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (801KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relations and working mechanism among family functioning, self-control and psychological resilience of adolescents, 957 middle-school students in Zhejiang Province, Shandong Province and Hebei Province were recruited to complete Family Assessment Device, Self-Control Scale and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The results revealed that: 1) Family functioning had a significant positive predictive effect on adolescents’ psychological resilience. 2) Self-control played a partial mediating role in family functioning and psychological resilience of adolescents. 3) During the first half mediating process of family functioning on adolescents’ psychological resilience, it was regulated by gender, in which the influence of boys’ family functioning on self-control was more significant than that of girls’.

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Attachment Style and Defending Behaviors in Bullying Among Middle School Students: Chain Mediation Roles of Social Support and Bullying Coping Efficacy ZHANG Lin, HONG Xinwei, FAN Hang, CHEN Yanling, ZHAO Mingyu, ZHU Tingting, LIU Shen 2022, 20(2):  212-218.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (652KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to examine the relationship between middle school students’ attachment style and defending behaviors in bullying, and to explore the mediating role of social support and bullying coping efficacy. A questionnaire survey was conducted among a sample of 565 middle school students. The results showed that: 1) attachment anxiety was positively related to defending behaviors in bullying, and attachment was negatively related to defending behaviors in bullying; 2) social support and bullying coping efficacy played a chain mediating role in the process of attachment avoidance associated with defending behaviors in bullying. If we want to increase the defending behaviors in bullying of attachment avoidance of middle school students, we should pay attention to providing social support and improving bullying coping efficacy.

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The Relationship Between Rejection Sensitivity and Pathological Internet Use of Left-Behind Middle School Students: The Multiple Mediating Effects of Meaning in Life and Self-Stigma WANG Jiangyang, WANG Mengge 2022, 20(2):  219-225.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (676KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between rejection sensitivity, meaning in life, self-stigma, and pathological Internet use among left-behind middle school students. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 803 left-behind middle school students in 20 middle schools of one province by using Self-reported Questionnaire for Adolescents’ Rejection Sensitivity, Meaning in Life Questionnaire Chinese version, Self-reported Questionnaire for Left-behind Children’s Self-Stigma, and Adolescent Pathological Internet Use Scale. The results showed that: 1) rejection sensitivity positively predicted pathological Internet use directly; 2) the presence of meaning, self-stigma and its chain partially mediated the relationship between rejection sensitivity and pathological Internet use. The results provide a theoretical basis both for interpreting the cause of left-behind middle school students’ pathological Internet use problem and for its educational intervention.

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Harsh Parenting and Learning Engagement Among Middle School Students: The Role of State Anxiety and Gender YUE Pengfei, HU Wenli, ZHANG Jiaxin, SHI Mengmeng 2022, 20(2):  226-232.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (647KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the theory of development-in-sociocultural-context model for children’s engagement in learning and the theory of motivation and engagement wheel, a moderated mediation model was constructed to explore the relationship between harsh parenting and learning engagement, and the role of state anxiety and gender. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 852 junior middle school students. The results showed that: 1) Harsh parenting was positively correlated with state anxiety and negatively correlated with learning engagement, while state anxiety was negatively correlated with learning engagement. 2) State anxiety completely mediated the relationship between harsh parenting and learning engagement; gender moderated the first half of the pathway of “harsh parenting → state anxiety → learning engagement”, and the positive correlation between harsh parenting and state anxiety was stronger in women than in men.

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Value Occupied Quantity: Children Aged 5~10 Years’ Quantity Equality Decline and Value Equality Increase ZHU Naping, WANG Wenping, LI Liqiong, LIU Yanling 2022, 20(2):  233-239.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (579KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study examined the characteristics of fair distribution of children aged 5~10 in different involvement situations by manipulating the relationship between the proportion of resource value and quantity. The results showed that: 1) after the age of 6, quantity equality declined and value equality increased; 2) the involvement situations affected the development of fair behavior of children aged 9~10, but fair cognition was not affected; 3) children’s fair cognitive development could actively guide fair behaviors, but the guidance effect was affected by involvement situations, age and gender.

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The Influence of Personality on Children’s White Lie Behavior: The Parallel Mediating Effect of “Cold” and “Hot” Executive Functions SUN Yunrui, HAN Yinghong, LYU Yong, LIU Fang 2022, 20(2):  240-247.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (695KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to explore how personality affects preschool children’s white lie behavior and the mediating effects of “cold” and “hot” executive function. The research mainly adopted questionnaire and test method, to test a total of 218 preschool children (age range 3~6 years, 103 boys and 115 girls) from three kindergartens in Tianjin in relation to personality, verbal ability, cold and hot executive function and white lie behavior. Results indicated that: 1) With age and verbal ability controlled, intellectual characteristics and pro-sociality significantly positively predicted white lie behavior directly. 2) “Cold” executive function played a partial mediating role between intellectual characteristics and white lie behavior. 3) “Hot” executive function played a partial mediating role between pro-sociality and white lie behavior. 4) The effect of extroversion on white lie behavior was totally mediated by “hot” executive function. 5) The effect of conscientiousness on white lie behavior was totally mediated by “cold” and “hot” executive function. The results further reveal the internal mechanism of the influence of personality on children’s white lie behavior problems.

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The Development of Rural Children’s Social Development Questionnaire LU Fang, FU Shuying 2022, 20(2):  248-254.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (611KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study aimed at developing a social development questionnaire for rural children. Two thousand six hundred and eighty one rural school students were examined. The results showed that rural children’s social development includes five aspects such as social morality, social attitude, social emotion, social behavior and social interaction. There were significant gender and grade differences in some areas of rural children’s social development, and the level of non-left-behind children’s social attitude and social interaction were significantly higher. The questionnaire has good reliability and validity, which can be used as an effective measurement tool for future related research.

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The Development of Bullying Behavior Scale of Teenagers SUN Jinlu, LIU Haihua 2022, 20(2):  255-260.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (535KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of this study was to develop a bullying scale of teenagers, which was used to identify bullying participants on campus and to provide a scientific basis for the classification, prediction and intervention. Based on the literature analysis, structured interview and questionnaire survey, this study determined the dimensions of the scale and prepared the initial scale. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis were used to determine the final scale. The results indicated that the Bullying Behavior Scale of teenagers had 26 items and 5 dimensions, including physical bullying, relationship bullying, property bullying, sexual bullying and internet bullying. The scale had good internal consistency reliability, half reliability and content validity, construct validity and criterion related validity. The Bullying Behavior Scale is reliable and valid to be a potentially good instrument to measure the incidence and types of bullying behavior on campus.

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The Resilience Status of Left-Behind Children: A Meta-Analysis BAI Huihui, WANG Yuqing, SUN Wanjing 2022, 20(2):  261-267.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (640KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the differences of resilience between left-behind children (LBC) and normal children (NC) and its moderators. A total of 25 studies and 188 independent effect sizes (n=26,784) were included through literature retrieval. The results from significant tests indicated that LBC scored significantly lower than NC in resilience. More specifically, LBC scored significantly lower than NC in positive thinking, social competence, family support, family equality and autonomy, teachers’ care, and peers’ high expectations. However, LBC scored significantly higher than NC in peers’ intimacy. The moderating roles of demographic variables (gender, school-age) and left-behind relevant variables (migrant parents, guardians, reunion frequency), but not measurement tools, were verified in the differences of resilience between LBC and NC.

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Social Mindfulness of Migrant Children and Its Promotion YUAN Bo, LIAO Suxia, GUO Qiaoqiao, GAO Qiyang, CHEN Siyu 2022, 20(2):  268-273.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (763KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study used the social mindfulness paradigm (SoMi) to explore whether there are differences in the level of social mindfulness between migrant children and non-migrant children, and further to explore the effect of empathy training on the promotion of social mindfulness of migrant children. The results showed that: 1) The level of social mindfulness of migrant children was significantly lower than that of non-migrant children. 2) Empathy training could effectively improve the level of social mindfulness of migrant children. This study expands the research field of social mindfulness, and has certain theoretical support and empirical reference for promoting the interpersonal communication and pro-social behavior of migrant children.

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The Effects of Social Comparison on College Students’ Sense of Fairness: The Moderating Role of Subjective Social Status XU Xiaohui, ZHANG Yaohua, XU Min, ZHANG Minghao 2022, 20(2):  274-281.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (743KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study examined the effects of social comparison on college students’ sense of fairness, and explored the moderating role of subjective social status. We recruited 265 college students and used an experimental design which contains social comparison, the degree of unfairness and whether there is a cost for oneself to achieve the equal split. We also examined participants’ subjective social status by using the MacArthur Scale of Subjective SES. The results showed that social comparison had an effect on college students’ sense of fairness. Compared to downward social comparison, college students were more inclined to choose the equal split in upward social comparison; subjective social status could moderate the effect of social comparison on college students’ sense of fairness, participants in the lower subjective social status tend to choose the equal split in downward social comparison. College students’ sense of fairness are quite high, and they mainly focus on how to maximize their interest in resource distribution.

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The Relationship Between Family Atmosphere Children’s Life Satisfaction and Intergenerational Transmission of Mental Health: The Difference of Parent-Child Gender and Children Age LI Qiming, WANG Jiting 2022, 20(2):  282-288.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.02.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (752KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study examined the effects of family environment (family atmosphere), cognitive process (life satisfaction) and personal factors (parent-child gender and children’s age) on the intergenerational transmission of mental health. A total of 591 families, including parents and children, participated in the survey. The results showed that: 1) parents’ mental health directly and positively predicted children’s mental health, and family atmosphere and children’s life satisfaction as important mediating variables; 2) mothers’ mental health has more effect on the family atmosphere than fathers’, and family atmosphere and life satisfaction as chained multiple mediating variables between mothers’ mental health and children’s mental health, while only life satisfaction as a mediating variable between fathers’ mental health and children’s mental health; 3) maternal mental health can directly predict the life satisfaction and mental health of daughters, and the effect of intergenerational transmission between fathers and sons is stronger than the one between fathers and daughters and the effect of mothers on children’s mental health increases with the children’s growth, but that of fathers decreases. These findings will reveal the mechanism of intergenerational transmission of mental health, and enrich the influencing factors of mental health.