The Effect of Threat-Related Emotions on Time Perception: Based on the Emotional Motivation Dimension

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.03.001

Abstract

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of two specific threatening emotions, anger and fear on time perception based on the emotional motivation dimension theory. By using different emotional pictures (faces in Experiment 1 and bodies in Experiment 2) and different time perception tasks (time comparison tasks in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, and time estimation tasks in Experiment 3), we found that compared with the neutral emotion, anger shortened the time perception while fear lengthened it. These results suggest that time perception becomes shorter under approach motivation and longer under withdrawal motivation.

Key words: threat-related emotions, approach and withdrawal motivation, time perception, emotion induction

摘要：

本研究从动机角度探讨两种特定的威胁性情绪(愤怒、恐惧)对时间知觉的影响。分别采用情绪面孔图片(实验1)和身体图片(实验2)，通过时间比较任务(实验1、实验2)和时间估计任务(实验3)，均发现了时间知觉在愤怒和恐惧这两种威胁性情绪影响下的差异：与中性情绪相比，愤怒引起主观时间变短，恐惧引起主观时间变长。研究揭示了情绪动机对时间知觉的影响，趋近动机下主观时间变短，回避动机下主观时间变长。

关键词: 威胁性情绪, 趋避动机, 时间知觉, 情绪诱导

CLC Number:

B842

Xiujuan GUO, Weicong REN, Zhijie ZHANG. The Effect of Threat-Related Emotions on Time Perception: Based on the Emotional Motivation Dimension[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(3): 289-295.

郭秀娟, 任维聪, 张志杰. 威胁性情绪对时间知觉的影响—基于情绪动机理论的视角[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2023, 21(3): 289-295.

Figures/Tables 2

References

	白露, 马慧, 黄宇霞, 罗跃嘉. 中国情绪图片系统的编制——在46名中国大学生中的试用. 中国心理卫生杂志, 2005, 19 (11): 719- 722. DOI
	李丹, 尹华站. 恐惧情绪面孔影响不同年龄个体时距知觉的研究. 心理科学, 2019, 42 (5): 1061- 1068. DOI
	尹华站, 白幼玲, 刘思格, 李丹. 情绪动机方向和强度对时距知觉的影响. 心理科学, 2021, 44 (6): 1313- 1321. DOI
	Aviezer, H., Trope, Y., & Todorov, A.. Body cues, not facial expressions, discriminate between intense positive and negative emotions. Science, 2012, 338 (6111): 1225- 1229. DOI
	Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H.. Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and non-anxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 2007, 133 (1): 1- 24. DOI
	Benau, E. M., & Atchley, R. A.. Time flies faster when you’re feeling blue: Sad mood induction accelerates the perception of time in a temporal judgment task. Cognitive Processing, 2020, 21 (3): 479- 491. DOI
	Cui, Q., Liu, M. T., Liu, C. H., Long, Z. K., Zhao, K., & Fu, X. L.. Unpredictable fearful stimuli disrupt timing activities: Evidence from event-related potentials. Neuropsychologia, 2021, 163, 108057. DOI
	De Gelder, B., & van den Stock, J.. The Bodily Expressive Action Stimulus Test (BEAST). Construction and validation of a stimulus basis for measuring perception of whole body expression of emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 2011, 2, 181.
	De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D.. On the generality of the affective Simon effect. Cognition & Emotion, 2001, 15 (2): 189- 206.
	Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. G.. G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 2007, 39 (2): 175- 191. DOI
	Fayolle, S., Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S.. Fear and time: Fear speeds up the internal clock. Behavioural Processes, 2015, 120, 135- 140. DOI
	Gable, P. A., & Harmon-Jones, E.. Approach-motivated positive affect reduces breadth of attention. Psychological Science, 2008, 19 (5): 476- 482. DOI
	Gable, P. A., & Harmon-Jones, E.. The motivational dimensional model of affect: Implications for breadth of attention, memory, and cognitive categorization. Cognition and Emotion, 2010, 24 (2): 322- 337. DOI
	Gable, P. A., Neal, L. B., & Poole, B. D.. Sadness speeds and disgust drags: Influence of motivational direction on time perception in negative affect. Motivation Science, 2016, 2 (4): 238- 255. DOI
	Gable, P. A., & Poole, B. D.. Time flies when you’re having approach-motivated fun: Effects of motivational intensity on time perception. Psychological Science, 2012, 23 (8): 879- 886. DOI
	Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2011). “Time flies in the presence of angry faces”… depending on the temporal task used! Acta Psychologica, 136(3), 354–362.
	Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S.. Emotional time distortions: The fundamental role of arousal. Cognition and Emotion, 2012, 26 (5): 847- 862. DOI
	Harmon-Jones, E., & Gable, P. A.. On the role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in approach and withdrawal motivation: An updated review of the evidence. Psychophysiology, 2018, 55 (1): e12879.
	Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., Amodio, D. M., & Gable, P. A.. Attitudes toward emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011, 101 (6): 1332- 1350. DOI
	Hawkins, M. F., & Tedford, W. H. Jr.. Effects of interest and relatedness on estimated duration of verbal material. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1976, 8 (4): 301- 302. DOI
	Hu, Z. H., Gendron, M., Liu, Q., Zhao, G., & Li, H.. Trait anxiety impacts the perceived gaze direction of fearful but not angry faces. Frontiers in Psychology, 2017, 8, 1186. DOI
	Lake, J. I.. Recent advances in understanding emotion-driven temporal distortions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 2016, 8, 214- 219. DOI
	Ogden, R. S., Henderson, J., McGlone, F., & Richter, M.. Time distortion under threat: Sympathetic arousal predicts time distortion only in the context of negative, highly arousing stimuli. PLoS ONE, 2019, 14 (5): e0216704. DOI
	Reznik, S. J., & Allen, J. J. B.. Frontal asymmetry as a mediator and moderator of emotion: An updated review. Psychophysiology, 2018, 55 (1): e12965. DOI
	Sackett, A. M., Meyvis, T., Nelson, L. D., Converse, B. A., & Sackett, A. L.. You’re having fun when time flies: The hedonic consequences of subjective time progression. Psychological Science, 2010, 21 (1): 111- 117. DOI
	Smith, S. D., McIver, T. A., Di Nella, M. S., & Crease, M. L.. The effects of valence and arousal on the emotional modulation of time perception: Evidence for multiple stages of processing. Emotion, 2011, 11 (6): 1305- 1313. DOI
	Threadgill, A. H., & Gable, P. A.. Negative affect varying in motivational intensity influences scope of memory. Cognition and Emotion, 2019, 33 (2): 332- 345. DOI
	van den Stock, J., Righart, R., & De Gelder, B.. Body expressions influence recognition of emotions in the face and voice. Emotion, 2007, 7 (3): 487- 494. DOI
	Vuilleumier, P.. How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends in Cognitives Sciences, 2005, 9 (12): 585- 594. DOI
	Zhang, Q., Qu, W. N., Ge, Y., Sun, X. H., & Zhang, K.. The effect of the emotional state on driving performance in a simulated car-following task. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2020, 69, 349- 361. DOI

[1]	Bi Cuihua,Huang Xiting. Effects of Maintaining Verbal Working Memory on Time Perception [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2014, 12(3): 289-293.
[2]	Bi Cuihua；Huang Xiting. The Influences of the Number of Stimuli As Well As Their Presentation Mode on Time Perception in Milliseconds and Supra-seconds Range [J]. , 2013, 11(1): 16-23.