The Perception to Definition of Qifu Phenomenon from Primary and Junior Middle Students

Abstract

Abstract: Bullying is a common phenomenon with relatively high prevalence in all countries investigated, however, the cross-linguistic differences of definitions was usually neglected. In China, the relative researches were completely based on the definition, theories and measures of bullying, and qifu was used as the counterpart. This paper was aimed at investigating the definition and characteristics of qifu in Chinese by interviewing the primary and junior middle school students. The present study found that the phenomenon of qifu is that the strong harms the weak intentionally, and the weak suffered injury. The three defined characteristics of qifu are intentionality, suffering, and imbalance of power between perpetrators and victims, while repetition, indefensibility, and immorality are only accompanying characteristics. Conclusion: qifu phenomenon in Chinese circumstance was different from bullying in English.

Key words: Qifu, victimization, imbalance of power, interview

摘要： 近年来国内的欺负研究均是直接采用西方“bullying”的内涵界定、理论假说以及测评工具。本研究采用访谈法,立足本土文化探究欺负现象的本质内涵,为测评工具的研发和问题干预提供现实依据。来自54名欺负者、受欺负者、一般者的访谈结果发现:(1)欺负是一种强者有意伤害弱者,且会给弱者带来伤害的攻击行为,其界定性特征是故意伤害性、受伤害性和关系双方间的力量不均衡性。(2) 重复发生性、难以反抗性和道德评判性均是欺负的伴生性特征。(3)欺负现象中蕴含两种关系特征:因果性伤害关系和强弱对比关系。

关键词: 欺负, 受欺负, 力量不均衡性, 访谈

CLC Number:

B844.2

Chen Guanghui. The Perception to Definition of Qifu Phenomenon from Primary and Junior Middle Students[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2014, 12(5): 639-644.

陈光辉. 中小学生对欺负现象本质内涵的感知^*[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2014, 12(5): 639-644.

References

陈光辉. (2014). 跨文化心理现象的词源学考证:以欺负现象为例. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),已录用.
纪林芹, 张文新, Jones, K., ＆ Smith, N. (2004). 中小学生身体、言语和间接欺负的性别差异:中国与英国的跨文化比较. 山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版), 49(3), 21-24.
徐通锵. (1999). 汉语的特点和语言共性的研究. 语文研究,4, 1-13.
张文新. (2002). 中小学生欺负/受欺负的普遍性与基本特点. 心理学报, 34(4), 387-394.
中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室. (2012). 现代汉语词典(第6版). 北京: 商务印书馆. 1016.
Berger, K. S. (2007). Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten? Developmental Review, 27, 90-126.
Fonzi, A., Genta, M. L., Menesini, E., Bacchini, D., Bonino, S., ＆ Costabile, A. (1999). Italy. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D, Olweus, R. Catalano, ＆ P. Slee, (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp.140-156). New York: Routledge.
Huang, H., Hong, J. S., ＆ Espelage, D. L. (2013). Understanding factors associated with bullying and peer victimization in Chinese schools within ecological contexts. Journal of Child and Family Study. 22, 881-892.
Morita, Y., Soeda, H., Soeda, K., ＆ Taki, M. (1999). Japan. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D, Olweus, R. Catalano, ＆ P. Slee, (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp.309-323). New York: Routledge.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford, U. K.: Blackwell.
Olweus, D. (2011). Bullying at school and later criminality: Findings from three Swedish community samples of males. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health. 21, 151-156.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., ＆ Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (1), 3-72.
Shetgiri, R., Lin, H. ＆ Flores, G. (2013). Trends in risk and protective factors for child bullying perpetration in the United States. Child Psychiatry Human Development. 44, 89-104.
Smith, P. K. (2004). Bullying: Recent developments. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9(3), 98-103.
Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Olafsson, R. F., ＆ Liefooghe, A. (2002). Defintions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison. Child Development, 73 (4), 1119-1133.
van Noorden, T. H., Haselager, G. J., Cillessen, A. H. ＆ Bukowski, W. M. (2014). Dehumanization in children: The link with moral disengagement in bullying and victimization. Aggressive behavior, 40(4), 320-328.
Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Munniksma, A. ＆ Dijkstra, J. K. (2010). The Complex Relation Between Bullying, Victimization, Acceptance, and Rejection: Giving Special Attention to Status, Affection, and Sex Differences. Child Development, 81(2), 480-486.
Volk, A. A., Camilleri, J. A., Dane, A. V. ＆ Marini, Z. A. (2012). Is adolescent bullying an evolutionary adaptation? Aggressive Behavior, 38, 222-238.

[1]	CHEN Zixun, LI Jinwen, SONG Wenli, LIU Xia. The Effects of Peer Victimization on Adolescents’ Well-Being in the Context of Parent-Child Separation: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(4): 493-499.
[2]	BAI Xuejun, DU Xu, NIU Hongwei, HAO Jiajia. The Exploration of the Structure of Perseverance: Based on the Measurement of Undergraduates [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(5): 638-644.
[3]	ZHOU Hanfang, LIU Zhijun, FAN Yumei, LI Baihan. The Mediation of Loneliness on the Relationship Between Parent-Child Relationship and Cyberbullying in Junior High School Students [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2019, 17(6): 787-794.
[4]	JIANG Qinde, LIN Chongde, CAI Yonghong, MENG Jingyi. Study on the Competence Characteristics Components of Officers in County Bureau of Statistics [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2018, 16(6): 810-818.
[5]	DONG Huiqin, ZHANG Wenxin. Peer Victimization and Emotion Adjustment During Middle and Late Childhood: The Mediating Roles of Attributions [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2017, 15(5): 654-662.
[6]	Gao Fengqiang, Yang Huayong, Ren Yueqiang, Han Lei. Shyness and Hostility: Multiple Mediating of Paranoid ideation and Peer victimization [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2017, 15(3): 400-404.
[7]	Qi Yajing, Liu Huijun. The Impact of Relational Evaluation on Helping Behavior:The Role of Self-esteem as a Moderator and Mediator [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2013, 11(5): 697-701.
[8]	Ji Linqin, Zhang Wenxin, Kevin Jones, Nannette Smith. A COMPARISON OF CHILDREN′S ATTITUDES TOWARDS BULLYING BETWEEN CHINESE AND BRITISH CHILDREN [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2003, 1(2): 122-127.