The Workaholism and Loneliness Among Chinese Dual-Earner Couples: A Spillover-Crossover Perspective

Abstract

Abstract: By drawing on the spillover-crossover model, the present study examined the effect of one spouse’s workaholism on his/her spouse’s loneliness through work-family conflict and the effect of loneliness between husbands and wives. A sample of 242 Chinese dual-earner couples completed self-report questionnaires that measuring workaholism, work-family conflict and loneliness. The hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modelling. As hypothesized, husband’s workaholism had an indirect effect on wife’s loneliness through his work-family conflict, indicating that work-family conflict completely mediated the relationship between husband’s workaholism and wife’s loneliness. However, wife’s workaholism had both direct and indirect (through her work-family conflict) effects on husband’s loneliness, indicating that work-family conflict partly mediated the relationship between wife’s workaholism and husband’s loneliness. The results also showed that there was a reciprocal relationship between husband and wife’s loneliness. However, no gender difference was found in the strength of the relationships in the proposed model. The present study may have important implications for improving the work-family balance and well-being of Chinese dual-earner couples.

Key words: workaholism, loneliness, dual-earner couples, spillover-crossover model

摘要： 基于溢出-交叉的视角，采用工作狂量表、工作家庭冲突量表、孤独感量表对国内242个双职工家庭进行调查，探索工作狂对配偶孤独感的影响及其中介机制。结果表明，工作狂正向影响工作家庭冲突，继而正向影响配偶的孤独感，但是丈夫工作狂对妻子孤独感的直接影响不显著，而妻子工作狂对丈夫孤独感存在显著的直接影响，即丈夫工作家庭冲突完全中介丈夫工作狂对妻子孤独感的影响，而妻子工作家庭冲突部分中介妻子工作狂对丈夫孤独感的影响。此外，孤独感在双职工夫妻之间存在显著的相互交叉影响。

关键词: 工作狂, 孤独感, 双职工夫妻, 溢出-交叉模型

CLC Number:

B849

HUANG Jie, ZHU Dan. The Workaholism and Loneliness Among Chinese Dual-Earner Couples: A Spillover-Crossover Perspective[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(3): 426-432.

黄杰, 朱丹. 溢出-交叉视角下工作狂对配偶孤独感的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(3): 426-432.

References

高中华, 赵晨. (2014). 工作家庭两不误为何这么难? 基于工作家庭边界理论的探讨. 心理学报, 46(4), 552-568
郭昫澄, 马红宇, 姜海, 袁明. (2017). 集体主义-个体主义文化视角下工作-家庭关系差异分析. 心理科学进展, 25(6), 1036-1044
胡俏, 何铨. (2018). 工作投入与工作狂对工作满意感和情绪耗竭影响的纵向研究—工作-家庭冲突的中介效应. 中国临床心理学杂志, 26(5), 1016-1020
李海, 姚蕾, 张勉, 朱金强. (2017). 工作-家庭冲突交叉效应的性别差异. 南开管理评论, 20(4), 153-164, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-3448.2017.04.015
李全, 佘卓霖, 杨百寅, 齐明正. (2018). 工作狂型CEO对组织绩效的影响研究. 管理学报, 15(10), 996-1002, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-884x.2018.10.007
刘豆豆, 陈宇帅, 杨安, 叶茂林, 吴丽君. (2020). 中学教师工作狂类型与工作绩效的关系研究: 基于潜在剖面分析. 心理科学, 43(1), 193-199
刘杰, 石伟. (2008). 工作狂的研究述评. 心理科学进展, 16(4), 618-622
吕惠聪, 温忠麟, 邓家毓, 陈启山. (2015). 职场孤独感的前因与后果. 心理科学, 38(4), 979-986
马红宇, 谢菊兰, 唐汉瑛, 申传刚, 张晓翔. (2016). 工作性通信工具使用与双职工夫妻的幸福感: 基于溢出-交叉效应的分析. 心理学报, 48(1), 48-58
翁清雄, 臧颜伍. (2016). 工作狂热的研究动态、整合与未来方向. 管理评论, 28(5), 186-198
伍新春, 郭素然, 刘畅, 陈玲玲, 郭幽圻. (2012). 社会变迁中父亲职能的凸显: 基于生态系统理论的分析. 华南师范大学学报(社会科学版), (6), 56-62
吴艳, 温忠麟. (2011). 结构方程建模中的题目打包策略. 心理科学进展, 19(12), 1859-1867
谢菊兰, 马红宇, 唐汉瑛, 姜海. (2017). 家庭支持型主管行为与双职工夫妻的婚姻满意感: 一个积极溢出-交叉模型. 心理学报, 49(3), 359-369
严瑜, 王轶鸣. (2016). 工作场所无礼行为的溢出和交叉效应: 超越职场范围的负性作用机制. 心理科学进展, 24(12), 1934-1945
张琳琳, 马世超, 梅松丽. (2011). 工作成瘾量表在高校教师中的信效度检验. 中国学校卫生, 32(11), 1325-1327
Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work-family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151-159, doi: 10.1037/a0022170.
Andreassen, C. S. (2014). Workaholism: An overview and current status of the research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(1), 1-11, doi: 10.1556/JBA.2.2013.017.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2013). The spillover-crossover model. In J. G. Grzywacz & E. Demerouti (Eds.), Current issues in work and organizational psychology. New frontiers in work and family research (pp. 55-70). New York, US: Psychology Press.
Bakker, A. B., Shimazu, A., Demerouti, E., Shimada, K., & Kawakami, N. (2014). Work engagement versus workaholism: A test of the spillover-crossover model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29, 63-80.
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249-276, doi: 10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713.
Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Zhdanova, L., Pui, S. Y., & Baltes, B. B. (2016). All work and no play? A meta-analytic examination of the correlates and outcomes of workaholism. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1836-1873, doi: 10.1177/0149206314522301.
Givertz, M., Woszidlo, A., Segrin, C., & Jia, Q. Z. (2019). Direct and indirect effects of attachment orientation on relationship quality and constraint commitment in married couples. Journal of Family Studies, 25(2), 133-150, doi: 10.1080/13229400.2016.1211548.
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96-100, doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953.
Hays, R. D., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51(1), 69-81, doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6.
Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103-128, doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640.
Matuska, K. M. (2010). Workaholism, life balance, and well-being: A comparative analysis. Journal of Occupational Science, 17(2), 104-111, doi: 10.1080/14427591.2010.9686681.
McMillan, L. H. W., O’Driscoll, M. P., & Burke, R. J. (2003). Workaholism: A review of theory, research, and future directions. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 18, pp. 167-189). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molino, M., Bakker, A. B., & Ghislieri, C. (2016). The role of workaholism in the job demands-resources model. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(4), 400-414.
Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(1), 111-136, doi: 10.1002/job.424.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903, doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Sanz-Vergel, A. I., Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Engaged at work and happy at home: A spillover-crossover model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(2), 271-283, doi: 10.1007/s10902-013-9421-3.
Shimazu, A., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Shimada, K., & Kawakami, N. (2011). Workaholism and well-being among Japanese dual-earner couples: A spillover-crossover perspective. Social Science & Medicine, 73(3), 399-409.
Shimazu, A., Kubota, K., & Bakker, A. B. (2015). How workaholism affects employees and their families. In I. Harpaz & R. Snir, R. (Eds.), Heavy work investment: Its nature, sources, outcomes, and future directions (pp. 171-186). New York: Routledge.
Westman, M. (2001). Stress and strain crossover. Human Relations, 54(6), 717-751, doi: 10.1177/0018726701546002.
Zhang, M., Foley, S., & Yang, B. Y. (2013). Work-family conflict among Chinese married couples: Testing spillover and crossover effects. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(17), 3213-3231, doi: 10.1080/09585192.2013.763849.

[1]	BAI Jinhua, ZHAO Yufang, JIAN Yue, DENG Qichang. The Influence of Loneliness on the Interpersonal Goal-Pursuit: The Role of Likelihood of Goal Attainment [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(4): 464-471.
[2]	YOU Zhiqi, ZHOU Zongkui. Developmental Trajectories of Self-Perceived Social Competence and Its Relevance to Loneliness and Passive Withdrawal in Childhood [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(4): 473-479.
[3]	HUANG Mingming, ZHAO Shouying. The Influence of Alexithymia on College Students’ Mobile Addiction Tendency: The Role of Loneliness and Mindfulness [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(5): 686-692.
[4]	ZHOU Hanfang, LIU Zhijun, FAN Yumei, LI Baihan. The Mediation of Loneliness on the Relationship Between Parent-Child Relationship and Cyberbullying in Junior High School Students [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2019, 17(6): 787-794.
[5]	DING Qian, ZHANG Yongxin, WEI Hua, HU Wei. Zhongyong Thinking Style and Internet Addiction of College Students: Serial Mediating Effect of Social Support and Loneliness [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2019, 17(4): 553-560.
[6]	ZHANG Lin, MOU Zhongchen, LIU Shen, GAO Fei. Social Support and Gullibility of the Elderly: A Mediated Moderation Model [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2017, 15(6): 766-773.
[7]	Zhou Zongkui, Liu Qingqi, Yang Xiujuan, Sun Xiaojun. Social Network Site Use and Loneliness in Adolescents: A Chain Mediation Analysis [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2017, 15(2): 155-161.
[8]	Gao Fengjian, Chen Youguo, Liu Peiduo, Jiang Zhu, Huang Xiting. The Dominance Analysis of the Prediction for the Subjective Well-being of the Elderly Made by Their Resilience, Loneliness and Self-Efficacy [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2017, 15(2): 227-232.
[9]	Liu Haijuan, Yao Dewen. The Relationship between Mobile Phone Addiction and Loneliness, Self-harmony of University Students [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2016, 14(3): 406-410.
[10]	Li Shiqiang,Sun Ling,Li Ji. Relationships between Exposure to Media Violence and Loneliness in College Students [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2015, 13(3): 361-366.
[11]	Chen Shunsen, Bai Xuejun. Attention Bias for Familiar Faces of Autistic Infant in the Condition of Multiple Competition [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2013, 11(5): 640-647.
[12]	Deng Lifang, Zheng Richang. Relationships among Family Functioning, Emotional Expression and Loneliness in College Students [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2013, 11(2): 223-228.
[13]	Yang Jing；Yan Xiang；Qin Xiangxin. Correlation of Loneliness, Depression and Anxiety Symptoms of the Older In-patients [J]. , 2012, 10(3): 172-176.
[14]	Wang Bei；Lu Jingjing；Lu Changqin. Work and Family Conflict: Perspectives from Crossover Effect [J]. , 2012, 10(2): 149-153.
[15]	Deng Lifang1, Wang Rui2, Zheng Richang2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LONELINESS, COPING STRATEGIES AND TEMPERAMENT IN COLLEGE STUDENTS [J]. , 2007, 5(2): 120-126.