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20 May 2020, Volume 18 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Levels and Influencing Factors of the Illusion Conjunction in Chinese DENG Bilin, ZHANG Jijia 2020, 18(3):  289-296.  Abstract ( )   PDF (575KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated the levels and influencing factors of illusory conjunction of stroke, radical, and character in the process of Chinese character and word by a dual-task paradigm of digit recognition and word recognition. The results revealed that: 1) the exchange errors were observed at the level of stroke and radical/character between two adjacent characters/words, indicating the occurrence of the illusory conjunction at the level of stroke, radical and character; 2) the illusory conjunction rate ranked from the highest to the lowest was the process of character, radical, and stroke; 3) the illusory conjunction of Chinese character and word was influenced by many factors, such as the way of presentation of the paired-stimulus, the structure of Chinese character, and the parts of speech.

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The Representation of Attention Template in Visual Working Memory: An EROS Study CHE Xiaowei, WANG Kaixuan, SHANGGUAN Mengqi, LI Shouxin 2020, 18(3):  297-303.  Abstract ( )   PDF (808KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The Event-related optical signal (EROS) technique was used in the present study to explore the mechanism of representing attention templates and ordinary working memory items in visual working memory. Participants were asked to perform a recognition task or a visual search task after finishing visual working memory representing tasks. The results showed that compared with the recognition task, the frontal cortex and occipital cortex were more active in the visual search task. Moreover, the increased activity in the frontal cortex was followed by the increased activity in the occipital cortex. These results suggest that, compared with ordinary working memory items (recognition targets), the underlying mechanism of representing attention templates (search targets) may be that it firstly enhances the activity in frontal cortex to facilitate the attentional control, and then modulates the activity in occipital cortex to promote rehearsal for attentional templates.

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The Effect of Sub-Lexical Phonology on P200 in Chinese Word Recognition KONG Lingyue, ZHANG Bao 2020, 18(3):  304-310.  Abstract ( )   PDF (720KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Sub-lexical processing is an important topic in word recognition. The present study examined whether or not P200 is modulated by sub-lexical phonological processing in Chinese word recognition. Participants performed a semantic judgment task on prime-target pairs of words matched in frequency, strokes, and consistency. The critical pairs shared a phonetic radical which was either pronounceable or unpronounceable. P200 elicited by the target was significantly larger in the pronounceable condition than the unpronounceable one. Combined with previous findings, the results present clearly evidence that P200 is an ERP marker for sub-lexical phonological processing in Chinese word reading.

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Is Skipping Based on Full or Partial Processing of the Parafoveal Word in Chinese Reading? ZHANG Manman, ZHANG Zhichao, ZANG Chuanli 2020, 18(3):  311-317.  Abstract ( )   PDF (591KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore whether or not word skipping is based on the full or partial processing of the parafoveal word, a high predictable word was selected as the target word, of which the preview was an identity, a low predictable word, a visually similar pseudocharacter, or visually dissimilar pseudocharacter by using the boundary paradigm. Analyses of the target words showed that the skipping rate was higher for the visually similar pseudocharacter preview than the visually dissimilar pseudocharacter preview. Total fixations were longer for high predictability preview compared with the low predictability preview, though skipping rates were similar between the two conditions. Our finding indicates that Chinese readers use orthographical information from the parafoveal word to make a skipping decision, indicating that to some extent word skipping decisions can be made on the basis of partial processing prior to fixating the word in the parafovea.

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Semantic Access is Necessary for Labeling Effects on Emotional Experience XIAO Feng, DING Ning, GUO Jingjing 2020, 18(3):  318-324.  Abstract ( )   PDF (799KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Numerous studies have confirmed that language plays an important role in the regulation of emotional experience, but there were few studies investigating the mechanism of such regulation. The present study systematically manipulated phonology, grapheme, and semantic information of verbal labels to investigate which information affects labeling effects. Two experiments were conducted to explore the mechanism of labeling effects. The results showed that only neutral real characters effectively inhibited negative emotion, indicating that semantic access is necessary for the occurrence of labeling effects, whereas phonology and grapheme information is not sufficient to elicit labeling effects.

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Processing of Homophonic Chinese Two-Part Allegorical Sayings: Effects of Homophonies and Various Lengths of Time Intervals Between First and Second Parts MA Lijun, LIANG Junyu, MA Yunxiao 2020, 18(3):  325-331.  Abstract ( )   PDF (749KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Chinese two-part allegorical sayings convey figurative meanings by activating either homophonic or conceptual associations. Homophonic associations are realized based on a conceptual connection between the two homophonic expressions: the second part of the saying and the expression of the idiomatic meaning. We intended to investigate the processing of Chinese two-part allegorical saying, considering the aspects of the homophonic association and various lengths of time intervals. The experiment adopted a 2×2 within-subjects design with two factors, that is, homophonic association (yes/no) and length of time interval (500 ms/2500 ms). The present study demonstrated empirically that the processing of homophonic Chinese two-part allegorical sayings involves three periods: the early period of paying attention and recognizing semantic relatedness; the later period of identifying the semantic differences between first and second parts; the final period of mapping from the first part to the second part through homophonic association to arrive the figurative meaning.

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False Memories of Sentences Based on Synonymous Relevance: The Developmental Reversal and the Effect of Chinese Sentence Patterns QU Xiaolan, ZENG Ping, WANG Sifei 2020, 18(3):  332-338.  Abstract ( )   PDF (629KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The phenomena of false memories in sentences based on synonymous relevance were explored by using the materials of Chinese Ba- and Bei-sentences and the learning-recognition paradigm in two experiments. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the corrected rates of false recognition for lure sentences of Grade 2 students in junior middle school and Grade 2 students in senior high school were significantly higher than those of Grade 5 students in elementary school whereas no such differences were found between the former two age groups. Meanwhile, the corrected rates of false recognition of Ba-sentences were significantly higher than those of Bei-sentences. These results indicated that false memories in sentences could be induced by synonymous relevance, along with the developmental reversal and effect of sentence patterns in false memories. The results of Experiment 2 showed that there was no difference in rates of false recognition between lure sentences and no-relevance sentences in all participants. These results indicated that false memories in sentences could be eliminated when synonymous relevance of sentences was deducted. Several conclusions have been drawn as follows: on the basis of synonymous relevance, developmental reversals in false memories could take place and false memory of sentences could be significantly influenced by the patterns of Chinese sentences.

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The Development of Vocational Personality Scale for Special Education Teachers SHEN Chenglin, LI Chenlin, YOU Xuqun 2020, 18(3):  339-345.  Abstract ( )   PDF (553KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics According to person-job fit theory and the feature of indigenous culture in China, the current study was to develop “Special Education Teachers’ Vocational Personality Questionnaire” and to analyze vocational personality of Chinese special education teachers. The results revealed that: 1) seven dimensions and 36 items were determined in the questionnaire through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis; 2) the reliability test and validity test indicated that the scale had reasonable internal consistency and construct validity; 3) the vocational personality of Chinese special education teachers was generally positive; in terms of gender, age, seniority and professional qualification, there were significant differences in vocational personality among special education teachers.

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A Peek into the Mechanisms Underlying Human Contagious Yawning SU Jinlong, XIAO Yao, SU Yanjie 2020, 18(3):  346-353.  Abstract ( )   PDF (701KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Contagious yawning was supposed to play a role in social functioning. However, relevant hypotheses have seldom received empirical support. In the current study, we aimed to examine the contagious yawning in two age groups and its psychological correlates. Results showed that contagious yawning existed in the college students but disappeared in the aged population. Moreover, we found that inhibition control covaried with contagious yawning. Besides, low-level physiological factors such as sleep quality and subjective sleepiness were more inclined to covary with spontaneous yawning rather than contagious yawning. The findings provide insight for further studies to explore mechanisms of human contagious yawing from both ontogenetic perspective and phylogenetic perspective.

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The Influence of Campus Exclusion on the Behavior of Externalization Problems of Junior Middle School Students: A Mediating Effect with Regulation ZHANG Ye, HAN Xue, ZHANG Shanshan, WANG Kai 2020, 18(3):  354-360.  Abstract ( )   PDF (657KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to investigate the psychological mechanism of the externalization problem behavior of junior middle school students, 1284 junior middle school students in Heilongjiang and Fujian provinces were investigated by using the Adolescent Behavior Self-report Scale, Adolescent Campus Exclusion Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale and Callous-unemotional Trait Scale. The results were as follow: 1) campus exclusion had a positive predictive effect on the externalization behavior of junior middle school students; 2) callous-unemotional trait played a mediating role in the relationship between campus exclusion and externalizing problem behaviors; 3) the second half path of middle school students’ callous-unemotional traits to the mediation process of campus exclusion and externalization problems behavior was regulated by perceived social support. The results provided effective support for the dynamic relationship between campus exclusion, callous-unemotional trait, perceived social support, and externalization problem behavior of junior middle school students.

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The Effects of Early Cumulative Family Risk on Internalization Problems in Adolescents: A Dual Mechanism of Resilience XU Wenming, YE Caixia, FANG Yeyi 2020, 18(3):  361-368.  Abstract ( )   PDF (697KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study explored the relationship between early cumulative family risk and internalization problem of adolescents and its psychological mechanism. A total number of 780 teenagers were surveyed by using the cumulative family risk scale, personal growth initiative scale, perceived social support scale and YSR-CV. The results indicated that: 1) the cumulative family risk was significantly associated to internalization problems of adolescents; 2) the personal growth initiative and perceived social support parallelly mediated the link between cumulative family risk and internalization problem. The present study uncovered the potential mechanisms between cumulative family risk and internalization problems, which had certain significance of preventing and intervening problem behavior among adolescents.

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Effects of Flipped Teaching Method on Cognitive Load and Academic Achievement of Senior High School Students SUN Chongyong, LIU Lili, GAO Chunyang 2020, 18(3):  369-375.  Abstract ( )   PDF (569KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the influence of flipped teaching method on cognition load and learning performance of senior high school students, the researchers used a pretest and posttest quasi-experimental research design. The results showed that: 1) the flipped classroom teaching method indeed decreased cognitive load of senior high school students and increased their learning performance; 2) there existed the expertise reversal effect on cognitive load during the implementation stage of the flipped classroom teaching method, which meant that low score group benefited more from it compared with high score one. The findings suggest that the flipped teaching method affects the learning achievement by effectively reducing the intrinsic cognitive load of the learner, which is the psychological mechanism of the excellent learning effect in the flipped classroom. Simultaneously, teachers should pay more attention to cognition load’s variation and its effect on learning performance of senior high school students in the process of the flipped classroom teaching, so that necessary measures can be taken to promote all students’ learning efficiency, especially for high achieving ones.

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The Influence of Parenting Style on College Students’ Jealousy: The Chain Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction LIU Guoqing, CHEN Wei, CHENG Gang, PAN Yun, ZHAO Shouying 2020, 18(3):  376-382.  Abstract ( )   PDF (825KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore how parenting style affects the jealousy of college students and the mediating effects of self-esteem and life satisfaction, a questionnaire survey (S-EMUB; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; Life Satisfaction Questionnaire; Questionnaire on Jealousy of College Students) was conducted among 438 college students. The results showed that as follows. 1) Parental rejection had a significant positive effect on the jealousy of college students, and it indirectly affected the jealousy through independent mediation of self-esteem and chain mediation of self-esteem and life satisfaction. 2) Parents’ emotional warmth indirectly influenced jealousy through independent mediators of life satisfaction, chain mediation of self-esteem, and life satisfaction. 3) The excessive parental intervention had a significant positive effect on jealousy (direct, indirect), however, the independent and chain mediating effects of self-esteem and life satisfaction were not significant.

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The Influence of Awe on Pro-Environmental Behavioral Intention SUN Ying, JIA Dongli, JIANG Jiang, LIU Zishuang 2020, 18(3):  383-389.  Abstract ( )   PDF (521KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study aimed to explore the relationship between awe and pro-environmental behavioral intention. The awe was triggered by different priming tasks, such as narrative recall, watching compelling video clips, reading story and recall. And the pro-environmental scales were used to measure pro-environmental behavioral intention. The results showed that, compared with the neutral condition, the participants in the awe induction condition showed more pro-environmental behavioral intention (public-sphere, private-sphere, and total pro-environmental behavioral intention). The findings indicate that awe can lead to greater pro-environmental behavioral intention.

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The Validity and Reliability of the Chinese Version of the Creative Achievement Questionnaire WANG Zhanqi, ZHANG Xingli 2020, 18(3):  390-397.  Abstract ( )   PDF (573KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To establish the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of Carson et al.’s Creative Achievement Questionnaire (CAQ), the following steps were taken. Firstly, the original questionnaire was translated into Chinese, and then translated back into English, and finally culturally adjusted. Test-retest reliability of the Chinese version of CAQ (C-CAQ; Spearman’s ρ=0.77, p<0.01) was established in a sample of 59 adults. Convergent validity of C-CAQ was established with other measures of creative potential in a sample of 107 adults, including divergent thinking tests (Unusual Uses Task, UUT, with ρs ranging from 0.19 to 0.26; Picture Completion Task, with ρ of CAQ and PCT’s elaborateness being 0.24; all results were statistically significant) and Openness to Experience (The Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory brief version, CBF-PI-B, ρ=0.29, p<0.01). Discriminant validity of C-CAQ was established against IQ (Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices, RSPM, ρ=0.20, p=0.12) in a sample of 59 adults. Construct validity of C-CAQ was established by exploratory factor analysis of CAQ’s 10 domains in a sample of 324 adults. Criterion validity of C-CAQ was established against everyday creativity performance (Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale, K-DOCS) in a sample of 122 adults, with ρs of C-CAQ’s and K-DOCS’s science, arts and total scores respectively being 0.62, 0.47 and 0.41, and all statistically significant. The study result showed that the Chinese version of CAQ had acceptable validity and reliability among Chinese adults.

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The Extroversion and Life Satisfaction of Adults: A Chain Mediating Model LI Xin, LIU Zhenhui, JIN Tonglin, WU Yuntena 2020, 18(3):  398-404.  Abstract ( )   PDF (650KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relationships among extroversion awe, self-control, and life satisfaction, the study tested 858 adults by using the Chinese Adjectives Scale of Big-Five Factor Personality, Life Satisfaction Scale, Awe Scale, and Self-control Scale. This study used bias corrected non parametric percentile Bootstrap confidence interval method and Amos 22.0 to analyze the chain mediating model. The results showed that: 1) correlation analysis showed that extroversion, awe, self-control, and life satisfaction were significantly and positively correlated with each other; 2) extroversion directly predicted life satisfaction; 3) extroversion indirectly predicted life satisfaction through two paths of mediation: the path of awe clarity to life satisfaction, and a chain mediating path including awe clarity and self-control. It is concluded that awe and self-control mediate the relations between extroversion and life satisfaction in adults.

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Female Intrasexual Competition and Selfie-Editing Behavior on SNSs: The Moderating Role of Appearance Comparison YU Moli, HAN Jinfeng, TIAN Lumei 2020, 18(3):  405-411.  Abstract ( )   PDF (640KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A total of 463 female college students were surveyed with Female Competition For Mates Measure, Physical Appearance Comparison Scale and Selfie-Editing Questionnaire to examine the relationship between female intrasexual competition and selfie-editing behavior on SNSs and the moderating role of appearance comparison in this relationship. The results indicated that after controlling for age, female intrasexual competition significantly and positively predicted online selfie-editing behavior, but this relationship was moderated by appearance comparison. Specifically, higher levels of female intrasexual competition were related to more selfie-editing behaviors only for those females with lower appearance comparison. The findings have theoretical and practical implications for understanding and intervening online behaviors on SNSs among female college students.

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The Impact of Young Police’s Self-Presentation in Social Media on Job Satisfaction: The Effect of Positive Emotions WANG Qiong, LIU Zhihong, ZHANG Meng 2020, 18(3):  412-418.  Abstract ( )   PDF (569KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore the impact of police’s positive self-presentation and real self-presentation on job satisfaction and the mediating effect of positive emotions in the use of social media, 242 police were investigated by filling in self-presentation questionnaire, positive emotions scale, and job satisfaction scale. The results showed that: 1) both positive self-presentation and real self-presentation of the police in social media had a significantly positive correlation with positive emotions and job satisfaction; moreover positive self-presentation had a higher correlation with positive emotions and job satisfaction than the real one; 2) police’s positive and real self-presentation in social media positively predicted their job satisfaction via the mediating effect of the positive emotions.

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The Effect of Honesty-Humility and Interpersonal Closeness on Fairness Norm Enforcement QI Chunhui, ZHANG Zhen 2020, 18(3):  419-425.  Abstract ( )   PDF (692KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study explored whether individuals’ prosociality and interpersonal closeness have an interactive impact on fairness norm enforcement. A mixed design of a 2 (prosociality: high/low honesty-humility)×3 (interpersonal closeness: family/friend/stranger)×2 (unfairness: high/low unfair offer) was used. Forty-three high honesty-humility students and forty-three low honesty-humility students participated as responders with family, friend, or stranger in the two-party ultimatum game. As the interpersonal closeness increasing, individuals’ expectation became higher, and more likely to accept unfair offers. All participants’ fairness norm enforcement was influenced by prosociality and interpersonal closeness, but those with high levels of honesty-humility showed a more significant effect of interpersonal closeness. In conclusion, prosocial individuals are more concerned about maintaining valuable relationships even after a conflict and are willing to forgive norm violation from significant others.

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The Workaholism and Loneliness Among Chinese Dual-Earner Couples: A Spillover-Crossover Perspective HUANG Jie, ZHU Dan 2020, 18(3):  426-432.  Abstract ( )   PDF (643KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics By drawing on the spillover-crossover model, the present study examined the effect of one spouse’s workaholism on his/her spouse’s loneliness through work-family conflict and the effect of loneliness between husbands and wives. A sample of 242 Chinese dual-earner couples completed self-report questionnaires that measuring workaholism, work-family conflict and loneliness. The hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modelling. As hypothesized, husband’s workaholism had an indirect effect on wife’s loneliness through his work-family conflict, indicating that work-family conflict completely mediated the relationship between husband’s workaholism and wife’s loneliness. However, wife’s workaholism had both direct and indirect (through her work-family conflict) effects on husband’s loneliness, indicating that work-family conflict partly mediated the relationship between wife’s workaholism and husband’s loneliness. The results also showed that there was a reciprocal relationship between husband and wife’s loneliness. However, no gender difference was found in the strength of the relationships in the proposed model. The present study may have important implications for improving the work-family balance and well-being of Chinese dual-earner couples.