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The Effect of Word Segmentation and Font Size on Perceptual Span in Chinese Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements Meihua GUO, Zebo LAN, Jingen WU, Sainan LI, Junjie WU, Guoli YAN 2024, 22(1):  1-7.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Using a moving window paradigm and eye tracker, the present study primarily investigated the effect of word segmentation and font size on perceptual span in Chinese reading. The experiment employed a within-subject experimental design with three factors, that is, word segmentation (no-segmentation, correct-segmentation, wrong-segmentation), font size (large, small), and window condition (L1R2, L1R3, L1R4, Full line). The results showed that there was no significant interaction between font size and window condition, nor significant interaction among word segmentation cues, font size and window condition. These findings suggest that the influence of font size on perceptual span in Chinese reading may be very limited, and word segmentation cues do not moderate this effect.

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Effects of Emotional Faces on Inhibition of Return in Three-Dimensional Space Cheng QIAN, Yue ZHAO, Xixi NIU, Jiacan GU, Aijun WANG 2024, 22(1):  8-14.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated the interaction between inhibition of return (IOR) and emotional faces processing in 3-D space by incorporating the Posner exogenous cueing paradigm into a virtual three-dimensional (3-D) space. Three independent variables of cue validity (valid vs. invalid), target depth (near vs. far) and valence of emotional face (positive vs. negative) were manipulated. In Experiment 1, emotional faces (positive/negative) were used as the target, and the participants were asked to judge the gender of emotional faces quickly and accurately. In Experiment 2, we used emotional faces (positive/negative) as the cue, and asked the participants to detect the location of the blue ball. The results showed that: 1) When emotional faces were used as targets and appeared in near space, there was an interaction between the valence of emotional face and IOR, showing that IOR decreased under negative faces condition. 2) When emotional faces were used as cues and the target appeared in far space, there was an interaction between the valence of emotional face and IOR, showing that IOR increased under negative faces condition. The results indicate that IOR is affected by the emotional face processing when attention is oriented or reoriented in the depth.

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The Effect of Expectation and Temporal Attention on Visual Perception Chunye FU, Yong LYU 2024, 22(1):  15-22.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Two experiments were undertaken to explore the interaction between temporal attention and expectations rooted in conditional probabilities concerning visual perception by using the attentional blink paradigm. The results showed that visual sensitivity was higher for expected stimuli whereas it was lower for unexpected stimuli when the stimuli were in the attentional blank phase compared to the neutral condition. Additionally, the decision criteria was lower for expected stimuli and the subjective visibility was higher for unexpected stimuli, regardless of whether the stimuli were in the blink phase or not. These findings provide support to a synergistic model of expectation and attention within the framework of predictive coding theory.

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The Mapping Mechanism of Social Role Metaphors in Geometric Shapes: Behavioral and ERPs Study Yuanqing YAO, Yi’an GUO, Chunmei LI, Yanan WU, Lei SHI, Guangping ZHAO 2024, 22(1):  23-30.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the metaphorical associations and mapping dynamics between geometric shapes and social roles, the study used two Stroop experiments for bidirectional validation. It was found that there was a metaphorical consistency effect between the square and the social role “father/male”, the circle and the social role “mother/female”, which emphasized the bidirectional mapping of the relationship between geometric shapes and social role in the cognitive system and provided new insights into the complexity of metaphors. The Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) results demonstrate that incongruent conditions elicit more pronounced N450 and Late Positive Component (LPC) responses compared to congruent conditions, which provided clues for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying metaphorical effects.

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Is there Dialect Effect in Moral Decision-Making? Siyuan LIU, Lin ZHU, Ruibing WANG, Chuyan XU, Yunping WANG, Conghui LIU 2024, 22(1):  31-38.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics In the same moral dilemma scenario, when presented in different languages (native vs. foreign), people tend to make more utilitarian choices in the foreign language condition, known as the moral foreign language effect. Does present moral dilemmas in different dialects affect individuals’ moral decision-making tendencies? In order to examine this issue, Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 employed within-participants design, and presented moral dilemmas under conditions of no audio (Experiment 1), Mandarin, local dialect, and non-local dialect. The participants in both experiments were Chinese university students and non-university adults, who completed moral dilemma decisions in the laboratory and online, respectively. The study validated that the local dialect condition caused fewer utilitarian moral choices compared with the conditions of non-local dialect conditions (Experiment 1) and Mandarin (Experiment 2). This study first found a moral dialect effect that was similar to the moral foreign language effect.

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The Effect of Moral Self-Perception on Deceptive Behavior: The Moderating Role of Construal Level Yan MA, Zhenhong WANG 2024, 22(1):  39-45.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics There are two contradictory phenomena in the impact of the improvement of moral self-perception on moral behavior: moral consistency effect and moral psychological licensing effect, which may be caused by the moderating role of construal level. The present research therefore explored the moderating role of construal level in the relationship between moral self-perception and deceptive behavior through two experiments. We recruited 179 and 192 college students in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 respectively. A paper-and-pencil matrix task was used to measure deceptive behavior, and past and future temporal distance was used to activate the corresponding construal level separately. The results showed that under the condition of high construal level (i.e., distant past and distant future), the deceptive behavior of the moral self-perception priming group was significantly lower than that of the moral self-perception non-production group, which discloses moral consistency effect. While under the condition of low construal level (i.e., near past and near future), the deceptive behavior of the moral self-perception priming group was significantly higher than that of the moral self-perception non-production group, which discloses moral psychological licensing effect. These findings reveal that construal level moderates the relationship between moral self-perception and deceptive behavior, that is, under the condition of high construal level, the improvement of moral self-perception produces a moral consistency effect; while under the condition of low construal level, the improvement of moral self-perception produces a moral psychological licensing effect.

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The Relationship Between General Attachment, Parental Attachment, and Depression and Behavioral Problems Among Adolescents Xiancai CAO, Shuwei PAN, Dahua WANG, Xuejun BAI 2024, 22(1):  46-54.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics According to the hierarchical model of the attachment system, the current study employed quadratic polynomial regression with response surface analysis methods to investigate how general attachment and parental attachment jointly influence adolescents’ depression and behavioral problems. The study recruited 488 junior and senior high school students and utilized Relationship Structure Questionnaires, Parental Attachment Scales, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires, and Self-Rated Depression Scales for assessment. The results showed that the correlation between general attachment and parental attachment was positively significant. Both general attachment and parental attachment negatively predicted the levels of depression and behavioral problems in adolescents, with an interaction between general attachment and parental attachment. Moreover, general attachment and mother attachment had a matching effect in predicting behavioral problems.

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The Reciprocal Effects Among Parental Autonomy Support, Peer Relationships and Executive Function in Children Aged 10 to 12: A Developmental Cascading Model Xinyu ZHAO, Xiaoguang QIAO, Xiaopei XING 2024, 22(1):  55-63.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics This longitudinal study examined cascading effects among parental autonomy support, children’s peer relationships and executive function, and whether the above effects would change over time or would differ by parental gender. A total of 514 third- and fourth-grade students and their parents were assessed at three time points, six months apart. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models revealed that at the between-person level, the random intercepts of executive function were significantly related with the random intercepts of parental autonomy support and peer acceptance/rejection, and the correlations between the random intercepts of paternal autonomy support and peer acceptance were significant. At the within-person level, executive function and parental autonomy support were reciprocally predicted between T1 and T2, and executive function at T2 predicted parental autonomy support at T3. At the same time, executive function at T1 predicted peer acceptance at T2, and executive function and peer acceptance were reciprocally predicted between T2 and T3. In addition, maternal rather than paternal autonomy support and peer relationships were reciprocally predicted. These findings suggest that during mid-late childhood, there are potential cascading effects among parental autonomy support, children’s peer relationships and executive function, which change over time and across parental gender.

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The Association Between Parental Autonomy Support and Learning Engagement of Senior High School Students: The Roles of Intentional Self-Regulation and School Connectedness Li WU, Yuanxiang GUO 2024, 22(1):  64-70.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To examine the association between parental autonomy support and learning engagement, as well as the underlying mechanism among senior high school students, 977 students were recruited to complete a set of scales measuring parental autonomy support, intentional self-regulation, school connectedness and learning engagement. The results showed that: 1) parental autonomy support could positively predict high school students’ learning engagement; 2) the mediating role of intentional self-regulation in parental autonomy support and learning engagement was significant; 3) both the direct relation between parental autonomy support and learning engagement, and the mediating effect of intentional self-regulation (the association between parental autonomy support and intentional self-regulation) were moderated by school connectedness. These findings not only highlight the important role of family and school coordination in promoting students’ adaptation and the underlying mechanism, but also have practical implications to promote family education and students’ adaptation.

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The Mediating Role of Early Adolescent’s Depressive Symptoms on the Association Between Parental Warmth and Unsociability: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study Kejun ZHENG, Yan LI, Xinyin CHEN, Yufang BIAN 2024, 22(1):  71-78.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Using the cross-lagged panel model and longitudinal multilevel mediating effect model, the mediating effect of adolescent’s depressive symptoms on parental warmth and unsociability was investigated. The results showed that: 1) After controlling for gender, T1 maternal and paternal warmth negatively predicted T2 depressive symptoms, and T2 depressive symptoms positively predicted T3 unsociability. The mediating effect of T2 depressive symptoms was significant in the association between T1 maternal warmth and T3 unsociability. 2) Depressive symptoms mediated the association between maternal warmth and unsociability at both the within- and between-person levels. 3) At the between-person level, depressive symptoms mediated paternal warmth and unsociability, but at the within-person level, the mediating effect was non-significant.

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The Influence of Positive Moral Emotions on Sharing Behavior in 3- to 5-Year-Old Children Shuyue ZHANG, Feng ZHAO, Junqing HUANG, Chunhua PENG, Junli WANG 2024, 22(1):  79-85.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Sharing behavior plays a crucial role in promoting positive social adaptation among children. Previous studies have demonstrated that negative moral emotions enhanced children’s sharing behavior; however, the influence of positive moral emotions on such behavior remains to be explored. This study employed two priming paradigms (imaginative and actual priming) to investigate the influence of positive moral emotions on sharing behavior in children aged 3 to 5 years old. The results showed that: 1) children experiencing induced positive moral emotions demonstrated significantly increased sharing behaviors compared to the control group; 2) age-related difference in sharing behavior was evident, with 5-year-old children exhibiting more sharing behaviors than 3-year-old children.

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Grandparent-Grandchild Intergenerational Contact and Attitudes Toward Older People: The Chain Mediating Effects of Intergroup Anxiety and Empathy Tiansi LIAO, Yan HUANG, Xiaochen CHEN 2024, 22(1):  86-92.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study examined the linkage between grandparent-grandchild intergenerational contact and attitudes toward older people, as well as the mediating roles of intergroup anxiety and empathy in attitude change. Six hundred and five middle school students filled out measures on grandparent-grandchild contact, intergroup anxiety, empathy, and attitudes toward older people. Results indicated that contact with grandparents was positively related to attitudes toward older people; intergroup anxiety and empathy both independently and sequentially mediated the link between contact and attitudes. Current findings contribute to the intergroup contact literature and provide practical implications for ageism reduction.

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Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Harsh Discipline: Parental Interdependence and the Moderating Effect of Child’s Gender Zu’er LI, Jinqin HOU, Zhiyan CHEN 2024, 22(1):  93-99.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the family system theory and interdependent theory, this study examined the parental interdependence and the moderating effect of child’s gender on the intergenerational transmission of harsh discipline. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 388 pairs of school age pupils’ mothers and fathers. Actor-partner interdependence modeling analyses revealed that: 1) The actor associations were significant, that is, mothers and fathers who had more experiences of being harsh disciplined in childhood engaged in more harsh disciplinary behaviors towards their own children. 2) Only fathers’ partner association was significant, that is, mothers’ experiences of being harsh disciplined in childhood predicted fathers’ harsh disciplinary behaviors. 3) The combination effects were also significant, that is, mothers’ and fathers’ actor associations were intensified by his or her partners’ experiences of being harsh disciplined in childhood. 4) Several associations above were moderated by child’s gender. Mothers’ actor association was stronger when their children were boys rather than girls, while mothers’ combination effect was significant only when their children were girls rather than boys. The findings suggest that the intergenerational transmission of harsh discipline within parents is non-independent and is moderated by child’s gender.

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Aerobic Exercise, Emotion, and Creativity: The Moderating Role of Fluid Intelligence Yingchun HAN, Linxuan WANG 2024, 22(1):  100-107.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To delve into the relationship between aerobic exercise and creativity, the daily average aerobic exercise duration of 226 college students and their creativity performance were collected. Additionally, the roles of emotions and fluid intelligence in this relationship were explored. The results showed that: 1) Aerobic exercise could positively predict divergent thinking (uniqueness) and convergent thinking. 2) Negative emotions mediated the relationship between aerobic exercise and divergent thinking (uniqueness) or convergent thinking. 3) Fluid intelligence moderated the latter part of the pathway of the negative emotion mediation effect. The findings provide evidence that aerobic exercise can promote divergent thinking(uniqueness) and convergent thinking of some individuals by alleviating negative emotions. Neither the divergent thinking(uniqueness) of higher fluid intelligence individuals nor the convergent thinking of lower fluid intelligence individuals are affected by negative emotions.

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Childhood Maltreatment and Adolescents’ Bullying: The Roles of Adolescents’ Moral Disengagement and Fathers’ Moral Disengagement Xingchao WANG, Fangfang TIAN 2024, 22(1):  108-115.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the cycle of violence hypothesis and social learning theory, this study explored the mechanisms underlying the influence of childhood maltreatment on adolescents’ bullying perpetration, and examined the mediating role of adolescents’ moral disengagement in such relation as well as the moderating role of fathers’ moral disengagement in this process. This study used a short-term longitudinal design with 423 adolescents and 423 fathers who were effectively matched as the study participants. The results showed that: 1) T1 childhood maltreatment positively predicted T2 adolescents’ bullying perpetration. 2) T1 fathers’ moral disengagement significantly and positively influenced T2 adolescents’ moral disengagement, and there was a significant intergenerational transmission effect between the two factors. 3) T2 adolescents’ moral disengagement partially mediated the relation between T1 childhood maltreatment and T2 adolescents’ bullying perpetration. 4) T1 fathers’ moral disengagement significantly moderated the pathways of influence of T1 childhood maltreatment on T2 moral disengagement and T2 bullying perpetration, but did not moderate the relation between T2 adolescents’ moral disengagement and T2 bullying perpetration.

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The Effect of Parental Helicopter Parenting on Subjective Well-Being of College Students: The Chain Mediating Effect of Self-Control and Depression Zifu SHI, Huohong CHEN, Yihan ZHANG, Jinliang GUAN, Biqi XIA, Ziyang JIN 2024, 22(1):  116-122.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relationship between parental helicopter parenting and subjective well-being of college students and the mediating role of self-control and depression in it, a sample of 948 college students were enrolled in the present study to fill out the Helicopter Parenting Scale, The Self-Control Scale, the Depression Self-Rating Scale, and the Subjective Well-Being Scale. The results showed that: 1) Parental helicopter parenting significantly and negatively predicted college students’ subjective well-being. 2) Depression played an independent mediating role between parental helicopter parenting and college students’ subjective well-being. 3) Self-control and depression had a chain-mediated effect on parental helicopter parenting and college students’ subjective well-being. This study reveals the effect of parental helicopter parenting on college students’ subjective well-being, which provides implications for improvement of college students’ subjective well-being.

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Psychological Resilience Buffers Against the Curvilinear Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and School Burnout in Adolescence Yaohua ZHANG, Min XU, Yunyun HUANG, Sufei XIN 2024, 22(1):  123-129.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Stressful life events have harmful effects on adolescents’ adaptive development. The current study focused on school burnout, to further investigate the association of stressful life events with school burnout, and whether psychological resilience served as a buffer. On a large sample of 3309 adolescents, we demonstrated that there existed a curvilinear relationship between stressful life events and school burnout. Rather, as stressful life events accumulated, the rate of elevation of school burnout shifted from fast to slow. The pattern of change was characterized by saturation model. Psychological resilience could buffer the implications of stressful life events for school burnout. In specific, the relationship between stressful life events and school burnout was weaker for adolescents with low level of psychological resilience than for the adolescents with high level of psychological resilience. Also, psychological resilience could become more protective against school burnout as adolescents are exposed to more stressful life events. However, psychological resilience could not moderate the curvilinear relationship between stressful life events and academic efficacy. These findings support the saturation model rather than the thresh model, and provide evidences for the framework of positive and negative adaptive indicators.

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A Study of Gaze Behavior for Decision-Making of Race-Walking Referees in the Multi-Person Scenarios Huijing ZHI, Yang LIU 2024, 22(1):  130-136.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Race-walking referees make penalty decisions based on visual observation. Understanding their attentional bias toward relevant cues during the game is crucial for assessing these penalty decisions. This study used eye tracking technology to investigate the differences in gaze behavior and to compare penalty decisions between the expert race-walking referees and the novices. The results showed that the experts outperformed the novices in accuracy and reaction times while making decisions during multi-athlete race-walking scenarios. Compared with the novices, the experts also exhibited shorter fixation times, fewer fixation counts, fewer saccades, and clearer fixation trajectories. For task-related regions, experts performed longer fixation times, more fixation counts, and shorter fixation elapse times. Notably, fixation hotspots for experts predominantly clustered around the knees and ankles of a fouled athlete. These results support the hypothesis of a cognitive advantage for experts and emphasize the crucial role of conducting fast, accurate, and rational visual search strategies for trained referees to make high-quality penalty decisions.

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Artificial Intelligence Narcissism Enhances Human-Agent Collaborative Innovation Willingness and Its Mechanisms Boren BAI, Xiang ZHOU, Jingjing ZHANG, Yuxin CUI 2024, 22(1):  137-144.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has underscored the necessity of human-agent collaboration. However, collaboration between humans and intelligent agents in the domain of innovation continues to encounter numerous challenges. AI exhibiting narcissistic traits may offer a solution to this dilemma. Two simulation experiments were conducted to manipulate AI with high/low narcissism and to examine how it influences individuals’ perceived creativity, perceived emotional capacity, and human-agent collaborative innovation willingness to AI. The results showed that: 1) AI narcissism enhanced individuals’ perceived creativity, perceived emotional capacity, and human-agent collaborative innovation willingness to AI. 2) Individuals’ perceived creativity and perceived emotional capacity parallelly mediated the relationship between AI narcissism and human-agent collaborative innovation willingness. The findings demonstrate the positive role of AI narcissism, which provides empirical support for the sub-component structure of human-agent inner compatibility theory, as well as offers practical guidance for utilizing AI narcissistic traits to promote human-agent collaborative innovation.