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The Adaptive Effects of Language Switching Contexts on Different Cognitive Control Components: Evidence from Uyghur-Chinese-English Trilinguals Yilinuer REFUKADIJIANG, Jingjing GUO 2024, 22(5):  577-584.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1292KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics We investigated the adaptive effects of language switching on different cognitive control components among Uyghur-Chinese-English trilinguals. Participants performed a face task following a number naming task in either a double-high/high-low dominance language switching or a monolingual situation. The results revealed that: 1) the double-high dominance language-switching context did not significantly alter participants’ cognitive control levels; 2) the high-low dominance language-switching context improved response inhibition in the face task, reducing interference control performance. These findings suggest that brief language-switching experiences can adaptively modify individuals’ response inhibition and interference control, with the adaptive changes being moderated by the degree of language dominance.

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The Role of Character Positional Probability During Chinese Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements of Uyghur Readers Xin LI, Mengling LONG, Feifei LIANG, Yongsheng WANG 2024, 22(5):  585-593.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (744KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study used eye tracker technique to examine whether Uyghur readers with Chinese as second language utilizes character positional probability during Chinese reading. We manipulated the character positional probability of target words, such that half target words had both high probability of being the first character of words for the initial character and being the last character of words for the final character (HH), and the other half had both low probability of being the first character of words for the initial character and being the last character of words for the final character (LL). The results showed that Uyghur readers processed HH words more easily than LL words, with shorter regression path duration and total fixation time, lower regression in and regression out probabilities, fewer total fixation counts at HH words, and closer initial landing position to the center of HH words. Such effects were influenced by learning times of target words. In conclusion, Uyghur readers can utilize character positional probability information to facilitate their late lexical processing and saccade targeting during Chinese reading.

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The Dynamic Eye Movement Patterns in Contextual Cueing Effect: Evidence from the Hidden Markov Model Guang ZHAO, Jiahuan CHEN, Linxuan LI, Jichao ZHANG, Rongtao WU 2024, 22(5):  594-601.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (775KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, the contextual cueing effect paradigm was used and a data-driven approach with hidden Markov model (HMM) was employed to investigate differences in eye movement patterns between different scenes and individuals. The results showed significant differences in eye movement patterns between repeated and novel scenes, primarily characterized by a higher likelihood of direct saccades to the target in repeated scenes. Furthermore, the analyses of variational Bayesian expectation maximization (VBEM) for clustering fixation sequences showed that participants exhibited two distinct eye movement patterns, that is, global search mode and directed search mode, regardless of whether the scene was repeated or novel.

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The Influence of Embodied Emotion on Creative Thinking of Individuals with Depressive Tendency Jianxin CHEN, Zimeng FANG, Rong HUANG, Baoyi YE, Weiping YANG, Liuqing WEI 2024, 22(5):  602-608.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (629KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The study explored the influence of embodied emotion on creative thinking of individuals with depression tendency. Two experiments were conducted by using the facial expression manipulation paradigm and body posture manipulation paradigm separately to manipulate the participants’ embodied emotions. In Experiment 1, the results showed that embodied positive emotions that induced by facial expression manipulation enhanced the implicit positive emotions and improved the performance on the uniqueness dimension of creative thinking for depressive-tendency individuals. In Experiment 2, the results showed that the embodied positive emotions that induced by expansion posture enhanced the implicit positive emotions but reduced the explicit negative emotions for depressive-tendency individuals. The embodied positive emotions were also beneficial to depressive-tendency individuals’ performance on the uniqueness and flexibility dimensions of creative thinking, whereas the embodied negative emotion that induced by crouching posture reduced their implicit positive emotion and explicit positive emotion.

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The Effect of Horizontal and Vertical Spatial Orientations on Moral Judgments Su GUO, Shuzhen JING, Ning FAN 2024, 22(5):  609-616.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (820KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study was to investigate whether Chinese participants’ judgments of moral dilemmas is affected by spatial perception and actions in different orientations and whether the effects of horizontal and vertical axes are similar. In specific, 6 experiments were conducted to evoke participants’ spatial perception in horizontal or vertical orientation through the position of the visual field, the direction of mental walking, and the orientation of the body. The results showed that compared to the right side, the mental walking and body orientation to the left caused the participants more likely to accept utilitarian behaviors. It was easier to accept utilitarian behaviors when the vertical orientation was going up than when it was downward. The study indicates an embodied connection between spatial orientation and moral judgment among Chinese participants, with a more stable metaphorical connection in the vertical dimension.

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The Effect of Envy on Item Memory and Associative Memory in Directed Forgetting Yuanhua YIN, Ying SUN, Chaoting WENG, Can WANG, Ning CHEN, Wei LIU 2024, 22(5):  617-625.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (830KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of envy on the directed forgetting of dominant others information in item memory and associative memory, and to determine the moderating effect of the degree of affinity and information valence between individuals and dominant others. The results was that, for item materials, the directed forgetting effect showed only for positive valence information in the acquaintance group, but for both types of valence information in the stranger group and the control group. In the association material, the directed forgetting effect only appeared in the control group, but not for the two valences information in the acquaintance group nor in the stranger group. Moreover, compared with the stranger group, the acquaintance group had a higher degree of envy and a shorter reaction time on recognition of information related to the dominant person. These results suggest that envy leads to bias in processing information about dominant others, which interferes the directed forgetting of information, especially for associative information that requires processing deeply.

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The Effect of Gonadal Hormones on Aggression in Women Xu WANG, Yanling LIU, Mingyue ZHANG, Ni ZHU, Ling YAN 2024, 22(5):  626-632.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (687KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Regarding the effects of gonadal hormones on female aggression, no definitive conclusions have been drawn to date. This study employed both questionnaire and experimental methods to explore the relationship between fluctuations in female gonadal hormones and their aggression. A total of 25 regularly menstruating adult women were selected as participants, of whom the aggressive cognition, emotions, and behaviors were measured during the mid-follicular phase, late-follicular phase, and mid-luteal phase. The results showed that during the mid-luteal phase, as estradiol and progesterone levels in women increased, there was a tendency toward reduced aggressive cognition and emotional fluctuations. Additionally, no significant differences in aggressive behaviors were observed across these three phases. Our findings suggest that, across different stages of the menstrual cycle, women’s aggressive cognition and emotions may fluctuate in response to the changes in gonadal hormone levels.

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Eye Movements in Silent and Oral Sentence Reading Among Chinese First Graders Yuqing JIA, Tongqi GAO, Guoli YAN 2024, 22(5):  633-641.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (684KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Silent reading and oral reading are two important reading modes. Individual starts to systematically learn silent and oral reading skills normally from the first grade. Yet, few studies have compared these two reading modes for first graders. Therefore, the present study used EyeLink 1000 eye tracker to record the first graders’ eye movements while they were reading Chinese sentences containing high or low frequency words. The results showed that, the first graders made shorter fixations, longer saccades, and thus were more efficient at lexical and sentences processing during silent reading compared to oral reading. The reading mode modulated word frequency effect at the proportion of regressions, with larger frequency effect during oral reading than that during silent reading. Additionally, fast readers showed greater difference in reading modes effect compared to slow readers. These findings suggest that Chinese first graders show different characteristics of cognitive processing during silent and oral reading.

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Distinction Between Reactively and Proactively Aggressive Children in Attention to Emotional Faces Guangdong ZHOU, Shuang LIU, Meishuo YU 2024, 22(5):  642-649.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (626KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the different patterns of reactively and proactively aggressive children in the early stage of social information processing, and also on the dispute between the attention priority model and interpretation priority model, this study used emotional Stroop paradigm (Experiment 1) and expression recognition paradigm (Experiment 2), and combined eye movement technique to explore the attention characteristics of reactively and proactively aggressive children in processing emotional facial expressions. In Experiment 1, the results showed that the influence of angry faces on children was significantly higher than that of sad and neutral faces, but there was no difference in attention between reactively and proactively aggressive children. In Experiment 2, the results showed that the reaction time of recognizing angry and sad faces of reactively aggressive children was significantly longer than that of proactively aggressive children, and the reaction time of recognition and total fixation time of angry faces were significantly longer than that of neutral faces. The reaction time of recognizing sad faces for proactively aggressive children was significantly longer than that of recognizing neutral faces. These findings indicate that reactively aggressive children require more attention resources for angry and sad expressions, while proactively aggressive children have particular challenge to recognize sad expressions compared to neutral faces.

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Metaphorical Associations of Taste and Emotion in Children Yongxiang CHEN, Sipei SONG, Yuanyuan PENG, Jing CONG 2024, 22(5):  650-657.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (668KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Childhood is an important period for individual emotional development, in which the metaphorical associations between taste and emotion is a crucial research question. To explore children’s understanding of the associations between taste and emotion, and to reveal their internal developmental mechanisms and metaphorical associations, 110 children (aged from 3 to 5 years), 645 primary school children (aged from 8 to 13 years) and 215 adult college students were recruited as participants in the current study. Through explicit association task and association rating task, their understanding of the metaphorical associations between taste and emotion was investigated. The results showed that: 1) The taste-emotion metaphoric ability of children was developing from 3 to 5 years old, which gradually formed a two-way instead of a one-way metaphorical association. 2) The taste-emotion one-way associations ability of children in grade 2 (around 8 years old) was close to the level of adults, while the two-way associations ability of children in the sixth grade (about 12 years old) was similar to that of adults.

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The Dynamic Relationship Between Parental Psychological Control, Campus Exclusion and Junior High School Students’ Internalizing Problem: A Cross-Lagged Analysis Ye ZHANG, Zhihong LIU, Ting SHEN, Yulu ZHAO 2024, 22(5):  658-665.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (935KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the developmental contextualism, 578 middle school students in Henan Province were surveyed by three consecutive times in a longitudinal design to investigate the interaction pattern of early adolescent internalizing problem with parental psychological control and campus exclusion. The results showed that: 1) there was an interaction model between parental psychological control and junior high school students’ internalizing problem; 2) there was an interaction model between campus exclusion and junior high school students’ internalizing problem; 3) campus exclusion played a longitudinal mediating role between parental psychological control and internalizing problem; 4) there were gender differences in the cross-lagged model. The internalizing problem of boys was more likely to induce negative feedback from the external environment, while the external environment was more stable in predicting the internalizing problem of girls.

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The Relationship Between Emotional Understanding and Social Mindfulness in 3~6 Year Old Children: A Moderated Mediation Model Fei DAN, Yueyi MA, Longhao CONG 2024, 22(5):  666-672.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (642KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics A survey of 211 children aged 3~6 years old were conducted to examine the development characteristics of social mindfulness, as well as the influence mechanism between emotional understanding, theory of mind and social mindfulness. The results showed that: 1) there was a significant age difference in the development of social mindfulness in 3~6 year old children; 2) emotional understanding significantly positively predicted the development of social mindfulness; 3) theory of mind partially mediated the relation between emotional understanding and social mindfulness; 4) age moderated the first half of the mediation effect of theory of mind. These results indicate that emotional understanding affects social mindfulness through theory of mind. Furthermore, the predictive effect of emotional understanding on social mindfulness is enhanced with the increase of age.

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The Longitudinal Relationship Between Internet Addiction and Future Time Perspective Among High School Students: The Mediating Role of Depression Haoyue XIAO, Shan ZHANG, Haiping HAO, Houchao LYU 2024, 22(5):  673-681.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (829KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Internet addiction is associated with various negative outcomes. This study conducted a six-month follow-up survey using cluster sampling to explore the longitudinal relationships and underlying mechanisms among internet addiction, depression, and future time perspective in 697 high school students. The results showed that: 1) there was a reciprocal negative predictive relationship between internet addiction and future time perspective; 2) T1 internet addiction positively predicted T2 depression, and T1 depression negatively predicted T2 future time perspective; 3) the mediating effect of depression between internet addiction and future time perspective differed between male and female high school students. These findings indicate that internet addiction has a significant impact on future time perspective among high school students, with depression playing a mediating role in this relationship.

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Latent Types of Homo Economicus Beliefs and the Relationship with Self-Dehumanization Xiaofei LIU, Ziqiang XIN 2024, 22(5):  682-689.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (696KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The derogatory cognition of their own humanity by workplace workers, that is, self-dehumanization, has brought many negative consequences to both enterprises and themselves. Although many external inducements were found through previous research, it is still unknown which group of people is more prone to self-dehumanization. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between different subgroups of homo economicus beliefs, the priority of economic roles, and self-dehumanization by surveying 814 participants with work experience. The results indicated that homo economicus beliefs could be distinguished into four subgroups: moderate, cold, warm and reverse. Comparative analysis revealed that the cold subgroup exhibited the highest level of self-dehumanization, making them a high-risk group, while the warm subgroup showed the lowest level of self-dehumanization, qualifying them as an immune group. Further mediation analysis indicated that only the cold subgroup was associated with self-dehumanization through the priority of economic roles. In summary, the cold subgroup represents a high-risk group for self-dehumanization, and the priority of economic roles is a risk factor.

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Effects of Misinformation Valence on Continued Influence Effect: The Mediating Role of Misinformation Belief Hua JIN, Chao WANG, Xiaojuan YIN, Lina JIA, Xuying WANG 2024, 22(5):  690-696.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (649KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The continued influence effect (CIE) of misinformation has been extensively documented, but the impact of misinformation valence on CIE remains unclear. This study explored how misinformation valence modulates CIE through two behavioral experiments. Experiment 1 found that the CIE of negative misinformation was significantly greater than that of positive misinformation. Experiment 2 verified the results of Experiment 1 and further revealed that belief in negative misinformation was significantly greater than belief in positive misinformation. Additionally, belief in misinformation mediated the effect of misinformation valence on CIE. However, the study observed no significant difference in recognition accuracy between negative and positive misinformation conditions. The findings support the mental model updating theory, indicating that individuals are more inclined to trust negative misinformation compared to positive misinformation. This tendency complicates the integration of corrected information into their mental representation of an event, resulting in a larger CIE. The challenges associated with updating mental models provide a more comprehensive cognitive framework for understanding how the valence of misinformation affects CIE.

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Predictions of Teachers’ Incremental Mindsets on Their Classroom Goal Structure: The Mediating Role of Positive Psychological Capital and the Moderating Role of Emotion Lingling RUAN, Yijing SHI, Wenchao MENG, Yifan ZHANG, Shaojia SHI, Qun YANG 2024, 22(5):  697-703.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (699KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics This questionnaire-based study was conducted on 13,530 teachers from 26 counties in a province to examine the relationship between teachers’ incremental mindsets and the classroom goal structure. Additionally, it aimed to examine the mediating role of positive psychological capital and the moderating role of emotions (pleasantness and anxiety). The results showed that: 1) incremental mindset significantly and positively predicted teachers’ establishment of classroom mastery goal structure; 2) positive psychological capital partially mediated between incremental mindset and classroom mastery goal structure; 3) pleasantness and anxiety moderated the first half pathway from incremental mindset to classroom mastery goal structure. Specifically, incremental mindset contributed more to positive psychological capital at high levels of pleasant mood, while incremental mindset contributed less to positive psychological capital at high levels of anxiety.

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The Impact of Episodic Future Thinking on Money Intertemporal Decision Making: Evidence from Three-Level Meta-Analysis Zihan CHENG, Cuihua BI, Qi WU 2024, 22(5):  704-712.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (806KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics This meta-analysis used a three-level meta-analysis technique to explore the influence of episodic future thinking (EFT) on intertemporal decision making in the money field and the moderating variables. A total of 89 effect sizes in 46 literatures were analyzed. The results showed that the EFT group preferred delayed rewards more than the control group (g = 0.50). In addition, the role of EFT on money intertemporal decision making was moderated by EFT valence, vividness, personally relevant and other variables. This study reveals the internal mechanism about EFT valence on intertemporal decision making, and confirms the role of EFT personal relevant on this relationship, which provides the basis to intervene intertemporal decision making.

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The Impact of Group Identity Shifting on Group Identity and Intergroup Attitudes: A Recategorization Model Based on Cognitive Consistency Ning HANG, Jian GUAN 2024, 22(5):  713-720.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.05.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (734KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The present article introduced a recategorization model based on cognitive consistency to explore how new identities were assimilated into the self-concept, along with its attendant consequences on intergroup attitudes. The model specified four key concepts (self, attributes, old group, new group) as interconnected components, which explained how groups with self and shared attributes were connected through the principle of cognitive consistency, thereby forming self-concept, group stereotypes, and group identity. When group identity shifted, the degree of identification with the new group identity and the intergroup attitude depended on the (in)compatibility of the different social groups. This model expanded the scope of research on multiple identities. In addition to single recategorization and dual recategorization, there was a new way to recategorization which was transformed recategorization. And it played an important role in facilitating identity integration and thus contributed to reducing intergroup bias. Future research should provide more empirical evidence of the effectiveness of recategorization to enrich the boundary conditions of the recategorization.