眼动追踪技术与婴幼儿研究：程序、方法与数据分析

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 眼动技术在婴幼儿研究中成为一种流行的研究工具。如何合理地选择和使用眼动仪进行数据收集及分析，是婴幼儿眼动研究者需要考虑的重要问题。本文从眼动仪使用的流程出发，主要对婴幼儿眼动研究过程中所涉及的四个方面的问题进行了梳理和分析：（1）正确选择仪器；（2）合理校准；（3）提高数据质量；（4）有效分析和挖掘数据。同时，针对这些方面提出了相应的操作性建议。

关键词: 眼动, 婴幼儿, 校准, 数据挖掘。

Abstract: Eye tracking has become a popular tool especially among children′s studies. In this article, we reviewed how to use eye tracking techniques to explore infants and children′s cognitive development. First, researchers should know how to choose remote or head-mounted eye trackers based on their research purposes, sampling rate, dark pupil corneal reflection, and bright pupil corneal reflection. Second, five points calibration is the most common calibration procedure in infant studies. Researchers also choose to use two points or three points to reduce the calibration time. The quality of calibration can influence the quality of the data. The eye movement data depends on precision, robustness, spatial accuracy, and temporal delay. Researchers should pay much attention to temporal resolution, spatial resolution, calibration, and head movements to improve the quality of the data. Third, researchers should learn how to filter the raw data and use interpolation to map the missing data. In infants study, pupil dilation, saccade latency, and smooth pursuit are special parameters to explore young children′s cognition. Finally, we suggest that researchers should pay much more attention to mining visual data and interactive data analysis techniques to develop the temporal and spatial information of eye tracking data.

Key words: eye movement, infant and preschooler, calibration, data mining.

中图分类号:

B844

王福兴, 童钰, 钱莹莹, 谢和平. 眼动追踪技术与婴幼儿研究：程序、方法与数据分析[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2016, 14(4): 558-567.

Wang Fuxing, Tong Yu, Qian Yingying, Xie Heping. Eye Tracking in Infancy and Preschooler Research: Procedure, Method and Data Analysis[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2016, 14(4): 558-567.

参考文献

[1] 范颖平.(2013). 临近和通道原则对儿童图文加工的影响: 来自眼动的证据(硕士学位论文). 华中师范大学, 武汉.
[2] 谷莉, 白学军.(2014). 成人与幼儿面部表情注意偏好的眼动研究. 心理科学, 37(1), 101-105.
[3] 韩映虹, 刘妮娜, 闫国利, 刘健.(2011). 自主阅读和伴读方式下3～4岁幼儿图画书阅读的眼动研究. 心理发展与教育, 27(4), 394-400.
[4] 韩映虹, 闫国利.(2010). 眼动分析法在学前儿童认知研究中的应用. 心理科学, 33(1), 191-193.
[5] 荆伟, 方俊明, 赵微.(2014). 自闭症谱系障碍儿童在多重线索下习得词语的眼动研究. 心理学报, 46(3), 385-395.
[6] 刘宝根, 周兢, 高晓妹, 李林慧.(2011). 4—6岁幼儿图画书自主阅读过程中文字注视的眼动研究. 心理科学, 34(1), 112-118.
[7] 王福兴, 李文静, 颜志强, 段朝辉, 李卉.(2015). 幼儿对威胁性刺激蛇的注意觉察：来自眼动证据. 心理学报, 47(6), 774-786.
[8] 王福兴, 周宗奎, 赵显, 白学军, 闫国利.(2012). 文字熟悉度对电影字幕偏好性影响的眼动研究. 心理与行为研究, 10(1), 50-57.
[9] 王向博, 丁锦红.(2011). 平滑追踪眼动及其对运动物体时空特征表征和预测的影响. 心理科学进展, 19(5), 682-691.
[10] 闫国利, 熊建萍, 臧传丽, 余莉莉, 崔磊, 白学军.(2013). 阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述. 心理科学进展, 21(4), 589-605.
[11] Adler, S. A., & Orprecio, J.(2006). The eyes have it: Visual pop-out in infants and adults. Developmental Science, 9(2), 189-206.
[12] Amso, D., Haas, S., & Markant, J.(2014). An eye tracking investigation of developmental change in bottom-up attention orienting to faces in cluttered natural scenes. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e85701.
[13] Ariel, R., & Castel, A.(2014). Eyes wide open: Enhanced pupil dilation when selectively studying important information. Experimental Brain Research, 232(1), 337-344.
[14] Aslin, R. N.(2012). Infant eyes: A window on cognitive development. Infancy, 17(1), 126-140.
[15] Aslin, R. N., & McMurray, B.(2004). Automated corneal-reflection eye tracking in infancy: Methodological developments and applications to cognition. Infancy, 6(2), 155-163.
[16] Biro, S.(2013). The role of the efficiency of novel actions in infants′ goal anticipation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116(2), 415-427.
[17] Blignaut, P., & Wium, D.(2014). Eye-tracking data quality as affected by ethnicity and experimental design. Behavior Research Methods, 46(1), 67-80.
[18] Bornstein, M. H., Mash, C., & Arterberry, M. E.(2011). Young infants′ eye movements over “natural” scenes and “experimental” scenes. Infant Behavior and Development, 34(1), 206-210.
[19] Brandone, A. C., Horwitz, S. R., Aslin, R. N., & Wellman, H. M.(2014). Infants′ goal anticipation during failed and successful reaching actions. Developmental Science, 17(1), 23-34.
[20] Bremner, J. G.(2011). Four themes from 20 years of research on infant perception and cognition. Infant and Child Development, 20(2), 137-147.
[21] Bulf, H., & Valenza, E.(2013). Object-based visual attention in 8-month-old infants: Evidence from an eye-tracking study. Developmental Psychology, 49(10), 1909-1918.
[22] Chua, H. F., Boland, J. E., & Nisbett, R. E.(2005). Cultural variation in eye movements during scene perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(35), 12629-12633.
[23] Corbetta, D., Guan, Y., & Williams, J. L.(2012). Infant eye-tracking in the context of goal-directed actions. Infancy, 17(1), 102-125.
[24] Di Giorgio, E., Turati, C., Altoè, G., & Simion, F.(2012). Face detection in complex visual displays: An eye-tracking study with 3- and 6-month-old infants and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113(1), 66-77.
[25] Duchowski, A. T.(2007). Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice(2nd ed.): Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
[26] Durand, F., & Dorsey, J.(2002). Fast bilateral filtering for the display of high-dynamic-range images. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 21(3), 257-266.
[27] Elsner, B., Pfeifer, C., Parker, C., & Hauf, P.(2013). Infants′ perception of actions and situational constraints: An eye-tracking study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116(2), 428-442.
[28] Elsner, C., Bakker, M., Rohlfing, K., & Gredebck, G.(2014). Infants′ online perception of give-and-take interactions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 126, 280-294.
[29] Falck-Ytter, T., Gredebck, G., & Von Hofsten, C.(2006). Infants predict other people′s action goals. Nature Neuroscience, 9(7), 878-879.
[30] Feng, G.(2011). Eye tracking: A brief guide for developmental researchers. Journal of Cognition and Development, 12(1), 1-11.
[31] Franchak, J. M., & Adolph, K. E.(2010). Visually guided navigation: Head-mounted eye-tracking of natural locomotion in children and adults. Vision Research, 50(24), 2766-2774.
[32] Franchak, J. M., Kretch, K. S., Soska, K. C., & Adolph, K. E.(2011). Head-mounted eye tracking: A new method to describe infant looking. Child Development, 82(6), 1738-1750.
[33] Franchak, J. M., Kretch, K. S., Soska, K. C., Babcock, J. S., & Adolph, K. E.(2010). Head-mounted eye-tracking of infants′ natural interactions: A new method. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications.
[34] Frank, M. C., Vul, E., & Johnson, S. P.(2009). Development of infants′ attention to faces during the first year. Cognition, 110(2), 160-170.
[35] Frank, M. C., Vul, E., & Saxe, R.(2012). Measuring the development of social attention using free-viewing. Infancy, 17(4), 355-375.
[36] Frankenhuis, W. E., House, B., Clark Barrett, H., & Johnson, S. P.(2013). Infants′ perception of chasing. Cognition, 126(2), 224-233.
[37] Gaither, S. E., Pauker, K., & Johnson, S. P.(2012). Biracial and monoracial infant own-race face perception: An eye tracking study. Developmental Science, 15(6), 775-782.
[38] Goldinger, S. D., & Papesh, M. H.(2012). Pupil dilation reflects the creation and retrieval of memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(2), 90-95.
[39] Grnqvist, H., Gredebck, G., & Von Hofsten, C.(2006). Developmental asymmetries between horizontal and vertical tracking. Vision Research, 46(11), 1754-1761.
[40] Gredebck, G., Eriksson, M., Schmitow, C., Laeng, B., & Stenberg, G.(2012). Individual differences in face processing: Infants′ scanning patterns and pupil dilations are influenced by the distribution of parental leave. Infancy, 17(1), 79-101.
[41] Gredebck, G., Johnson, S., & Von Hofsten, C.(2010). Eye tracking in infancy research. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(1), 1-19.
[42] Griffey, J. A. F., & Little, A. C.(2014). Infant′s visual preferences for facial traits associated with adult attractiveness judgements: Data from eye-tracking. Infant Behavior and Development, 37(3), 268-275.
[43] Holmqvist, K., Nystrm, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., & Van de Weijer, J.(2011). Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures: Oxford University Press.
[44] Jackson, I., & Sirois, S.(2009). Infant cognition: Going full factorial with pupil dilation. Developmental Science, 12(4), 670-679.
[45] Kolling, T., turai, G., & Knopf, M.(2014). Is selective attention the basis for selective imitation in infants? An eye-tracking study of deferred imitation with 12-month-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 124, 18-35.
[46] Kramer, A. F., Gonzalez de Sather, J. C. M., & Cassavaugh, N. D.(2005). Development of attentional and oculomotor control. Developmental Psychology, 41(5), 760-772.
[47] Laeng, B., & Sulutvedt, U.(2014). The eye pupil adjusts to imaginary light. Psychological Science, 25(1), 188-197.
[48] Leppnen, J., Forssman, L., Kaatiala, J., Yrttiaho, S., & Wass, S.(2014). Widely applicable MATLAB routines for automated analysis of saccadic reaction times. Behavior Research Methods, 47(2), 538-548.
[49] Liu, S., Quinn, P. C., Wheeler, A., Xiao, N., Ge, L., & Lee, K.(2011). Similarity and difference in the processing of same- and other-race faces as revealed by eye tracking in 4- to 9-month-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(1), 180-189.
[50] McMurray, B., & Aslin, R. N.(2004). Anticipatory eye movements reveal infants′ auditory and visual categories. Infancy, 6(2), 203-229.
[51] Morgante, J. D., Zolfaghari, R., & Johnson, S. P.(2012). A critical test of temporal and spatial accuracy of the Tobii T60XL eye tracker. Infancy, 17(1), 9-32.
[52] Morita, T., Slaughter, V., Katayama, N., Kitazaki, M., Kakigi, R., & Itakura, S.(2012). Infant and adult perceptions of possible and impossible body movements: An eye-tracking study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113(3), 401-414.
[53] Nawrot, E., & Nawrot, M.(2013). The role of eye movements in depth from motion parallax during infancy. Journal of Vision, 13(14), 1-13.
[54] Oakes, L. M.(2010). Infancy guidelines for publishing eye-tracking data. Infancy, 15(1), 1-5.
[55] Oakes, L. M.(2012). Advances in eye tracking in infancy research. Infancy, 17(1), 1-8.
[56] Rayner, K.(1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
[57] Richmond, J. L., Zhao, J. L., & Burns, M. A.(2015). What goes where? Eye tracking reveals spatial relational memory during infancy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 130, 79-91.
[58] Ronconi, L., Facoetti, A., Bulf, H., Franchin, L., Bettoni, R., & Valenza, E.(2014). Paternal autistic traits are predictive of infants visual attention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(7), 1556-1564.
[59] Shukla, M., Wen, J., White, K., & Aslin, R.(2011). SMART-T: A system for novel fully automated anticipatory eye-tracking paradigms. Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 384-398.
[60] Shuwairi, S. M., & Johnson, S. P.(2013). Oculomotor exploration of impossible figures in early infancy. Infancy, 18(2), 221-232.
[61] Sirois, S., & Jackson, I. R.(2012). Pupil dilation and object permanence in infants. Infancy, 17(1), 61-78.
[62] Taylor, G., & Herbert, J. S.(2013). Eye tracking infants: Investigating the role of attention during learning on recognition memory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(1), 14-19.
[63] Von Hofsten, C., & Rosander, K.(1996). The development of gaze control and predictive tracking in young infants. Vision Research, 36(1), 81-96.
[64] Von Hofsten, C., & Rosander, K.(1997). Development of smooth pursuit tracking in young infants. Vision Research, 37(13), 1799-1810.
[65] Wass, S. V., Forssman, L., & Leppnen, J.(2014). Robustness and precision: How data quality may influence key dependent variables in infant eye-tracker analyses. Infancy, 19(5), 427-460.
[66] Wass, S. V., Smith, T. J., & Johnson, M. H.(2013). Parsing eye-tracking data of variable quality to provide accurate fixation duration estimates in infants and adults. Behavior Research Methods, 45(1), 229-250.
[67] Yu, C., Yurovsky, D., & Xu, T.(2012). Visual data mining: An exploratory approach to analyzing temporal patterns of eye movements. Infancy, 17(1), 33-60.