Developmental Trajectories of Adolescent Resilience and the Role of Gender: A Dynamic Developmental Approach

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2026.03.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Resilience, a key focus in positive psychology, plays a vital role in helping individuals cope with stress, improve mental health, and enhance social adaptation. This study was the first to operationalize resilience as a dynamic outcome variable and investigated its developmental trajectories and gender differences among Chinese adolescents using a longitudinal design. A cohort of 1789 adolescents was tracked over 18 months, with resilience assessed via self-reports at four time points. Latent growth modeling analysis revealed that: 1) adolescents’ resilience increased in a linear trajectory over time; 2) with respect to the developmental rate of resilience, boys developed significantly faster than girls, despite no gender difference at the initial levels. These findings elucidate the dynamic developmental patterns of stress-coping and gender-specific characteristics in resilience, offering novel theoretical and practical insights for fostering resilience during the critical developmental period.

Key words: adolescent, psychological resilience, gender difference, developmental trajectories

摘要：

心理复原力是积极心理学的研究热点，在帮助个体应对压力，促进心理健康和增强社会适应方面发挥着重要作用。本研究首次将心理复原力操作化为动态的结果变量，通过纵向追踪设计考察了青少年心理复原力的发展趋势及性别差异。研究对1789名青少年进行历时18个月共四次的追踪调查，采用潜变量增长模型分析，结果显示：(1)青少年心理复原力呈显著增长趋势；(2)在心理复原力的发展速度上，女生的发展速度显著慢于男生，而在起始水平上，男女之间的差异不显著。研究结果揭示了青少年应对压力的动态发展规律及性别差异特征，为发展关键期青少年心理复原力的培育提供了新的理论依据和实践路径。

关键词: 青少年, 心理复原力, 性别差异, 发展趋势

CLC Number:

B844

Haiyan ZHAO, Yan MA, Aibao ZHOU. Developmental Trajectories of Adolescent Resilience and the Role of Gender: A Dynamic Developmental Approach[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2026, 24(3): 335-342.

赵海燕, 马燕, 周爱保. 青少年心理复原力的发展趋势及性别的作用：基于动态发展视角[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2026, 24(3): 335-342.

Figures/Tables 5

References 0

	陈程, 陈方方, 刘晓宇, 杨一飞, 吴明飞. 大学生神经质与抑郁的关系: 人际关系敏感和性别的作用. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2020, 28 (7): 1095- 1100. DOI
	陈子循, 李金文, 王雨萌, 刘霞. 累积环境风险与大学生自伤的关系: 情绪调节策略的作用. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39 (1): 109- 120. DOI
	池丽萍, 辛自强. 儿童对婚姻冲突的感知量表修订. 中国心理卫生杂志, 2003, 17 (8): 554- 556. DOI
	楚克群, 王志卉, 马超超, 宋国萍. 学习的付出-回馈失衡评价量表的修订. 中国心理卫生杂志, 2015, 29 (11): 848- 851.
	蒋奖, 鲁峥嵘, 蒋苾菁, 许燕. 简式父母教养方式问卷中文版的初步修订. 心理发展与教育, 2010, 26 (1): 94- 99.
	李国强, 陈杰, 王旭红, 谢四元. 348例9~16岁城乡结合部青少年家庭社会资本与心理弹性关系. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2018, 26 (5): 753- 756.
	马文燕, 高朋, 黄大炜, 邹维兴. 留守青少年疏离感对心理韧性的影响: 领悟社会支持和自尊的链式中介作用. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2022, 30 (1): 148- 152.
	生笑笑, 李静雅, 牛骅, 王美芳. 父母严厉管教与青少年外化问题行为的关系: 青春发育时相与性别的调节作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2019, 27 (6): 1199- 1204, 1209. DOI
	万宇辉, 刘婉, 郝加虎, 陶芳标. 青少年非自杀性自伤行为评定问卷的编制及其信效度评价. 中国学校卫生, 2018, 39 (2): 170- 173.
	王艳荣, 林萍珍, 曹枫林. 中文儿童期不良经历问卷修订版的效度与信度. 中国心理卫生杂志, 2018, 32 (9): 760- 764.
	王玉龙, 王丹云, 舒梓玥, 贺娟. 父母粗暴养育对早期青少年自杀意念的影响: 心理韧性的纵向调节作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2024, 32 (3): 549- 554.
	张峰, 张永水, 孙厚才. 农民工随迁子女一般自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系: 心理韧性的中介作用. 中国特殊教育, 2016, (2): 63- 68. DOI
	张锦涛, 刘勤学, 邓林园, 方晓义, 刘朝莹, 兰菁. 青少年亲子关系与网络成瘾: 孤独感的中介作用. 心理发展与教育, 2011, 27 (6): 641- 647. DOI
	邹泓, 屈智勇, 叶苑. 中小学生的师生关系与其学校适应. 心理发展与教育, 2007, 23 (4): 77- 82.
	Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Vecchione, M., Caprara, G. V., & Milioni, M. Ego-resiliency development from late adolescence to emerging adulthood: A ten-year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 2016, 50 (1): 91- 102. DOI
	Bergeman, C. S., & Nelson, N. A. Building a dynamic adaptational process theory of resilience (ADAPTOR): Stress exposure, reserve capacity, adaptation, and consequence. American Psychologist, 2024, 79 (8): 1063- 1075. DOI
	Borsboom, D. A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 2017, 16 (1): 5- 13. DOI
	Cajada, L., Stephenson, Z., & Bishopp, D. Exploring the psychometric properties of the Resilience Scale. Adversity and Resilience Science, 2023, 4 (3): 245- 257. DOI
	Chai, X. Y., Wang, J., Li, X. Y., Liu, W., Zhao, G. X., & Lin, D. H. Development and validation of the Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale. Applied Developmental Science, 2022, 26 (1): 127- 140. DOI
	Derogatis, L. R. (2001). Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) 18: Administration, scoring and procedure manual. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson.
	Dutcher, J. M., & Creswell, J. D. The role of brain reward pathways in stress resilience and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2018, 95, 559- 567. DOI
	Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 458–476). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
	Eshel, Y., & Majdoob, H. Posttraumatic recovery to distress symptoms ratio: A mediator of the links between gender, exposure to fire, economic condition, and three indices of resilience to fire disaster. Community Mental Health Journal, 2014, 50 (8): 997- 1003. DOI
	Happer, K., Brown, E. J., & Sharma-Patel, K. Children’s resilience and trauma-specific cognitive behavioral therapy: Comparing resilience as an outcome, a trait, and a process. Child Abuse & Neglect, 2017, 73, 30- 41. DOI
	Heiman, T. Examination of the salutogenic model, support resources, coping style, and stressors among Israeli university students. The Journal of Psychology, 2004, 138 (6): 505- 520. DOI
	Heller, A. S., Cohen, A. O., Dreyfuss, M. F. W., & Casey, B. J. Changes in cortico-subcortical and subcortico-subcortical connectivity impact cognitive control to emotional cues across development. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2016, 11 (12): 1910- 1918. DOI
	Hu, T. Q., Zhang, D. J., & Wang, J. L. A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 2015, 76, 18- 27. DOI
	Kairyte, A., Truskauskaite, I., Daniunaite, I., Gelezelyte, O., & Zelviene, P. Resilience trajectories and links with childhood maltreatment in adolescence: A latent growth modeling approach. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2023, 17 (1): 10. DOI
	Kalisch, R., Müller, M. B., & Tüscher, O. A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2015, 38, e92. DOI
	Köber, G., Pooseh, S., Engen, H., Chmitorz, A., Kampa, M., Schick, A., … Binder, H. Individualizing deep dynamic models for psychological resilience data. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12 (1): 8061. DOI
	Lighthall, N. R., Sakaki, M., Vasunilashorn, S., Nga, L., Somayajula, S., Chen, E. Y., ... Mather, M. Gender differences in reward-related decision processing under stress. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2012, 7 (4): 476- 484. DOI
	Lightsey, O. R., Jr, & Smith IV, B. N. Resilience, generalized self-efficacy, and mindfulness as moderators of the relationship between stress and well-being. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2024, 38 (1): 3- 23. DOI
	Malhi, G. S., Das, P., Bell, E., Mattingly, G., & Mannie, Z. Modelling resilience in adolescence and adversity: A novel framework to inform research and practice. Translational Psychiatry, 2019, 9 (1): 316. DOI
	Matud, M. P. Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 2004, 37 (7): 1401- 1415. DOI
	McEwen, B. S. Glucocorticoids, depression, and mood disorders: Structural remodeling in the brain. Metabolism, 2005, 54 (5): 20- 23. DOI
	Notebaert, L., Clarke, P. J. F., Meeten, F., Todd, J., & van Bockstaele, B. (2025). Cognitive flexibility and resilience measured through a residual approach. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 38(1), 125–139.
	Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2008, 9 (12): 947- 957. DOI
	Petri-Romão, P., Mediavilla, R., Restrepo-Henao, A., Puhlmann, L. M., Zerban, M., Ahrens, K. F., … Kalisch, R. Positive appraisal style predicts long-term stress resilience and mediates the effect of a pro-resilience intervention. Nature Communications, 2025, 16 (1): 10269. DOI
	Renk, K., & Creasey, G. The relationship of gender, gender identity, and coping strategies in late adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 2003, 26 (2): 159- 168. DOI
	Romeo, R. D. Perspectives on stress resilience and adolescent neurobehavioral function. Neurobiology of Stress, 2015, 1, 128- 133. DOI
	Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Welcome, S. E., Henkenius, A. L., Toga, A. W., & Peterson, B. S. Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Lancet, 2003, 362 (9397): 1699- 1707. DOI
	Thakkar, K. N., McCleery, A., Minor, K. S., Lee, J., Humpston, C. S., Chopik, W. J., ... Park, S. Moving from risk to resilience in psychosis research. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2023, 2 (9): 537- 555. DOI
	Tusaie, K., Puskar, K., & Sereika, S. M. A predictive and moderating model of psychosocial resilience in adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2007, 39 (1): 54- 60. DOI
	Wang, P. C., Li, R. H., & Chen, Y. H. (2025). Longitudinal trajectories of psychological resilience and cognitive impairment among older adults: Evidence from a national cohort study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 80(6), gbaf035.
	Wang, S., Yang, C., Zhao, Y. J., Lai, H., Zhang, L., & Gong, Q. Y. Sex-linked neurofunctional basis of psychological resilience in late adolescence: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2020, 29 (8): 1075- 1087. DOI
	Yalcin-Siedentopf, N., Pichler, T., Welte, A. S., Hoertnagl, C. M., Klasen, C. C., Kemmler, G., ... Hofer, A. Sex matters: Stress perception and the relevance of resilience and perceived social support in emerging adults. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 2021, 24 (3): 403- 411. DOI
	Zhang, J. Q., Ding, C., Tang, Y., Zhang, C. Y., & Yang, D. A measure of perceived chronic social adversity: Development and validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 2017, 8, 2168. DOI
	Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1988, 52 (1): 30- 41. DOI
	Zimmerman, M. A. Resiliency theory: A strengths-based approach to research and practice for adolescent health. Health Education & Behavior, 2013, 40 (4): 381- 383. DOI

变量	测量工具	题项数	计分方式	Α(T0/T1/T2/T3)	结构效度
父母婚姻冲突	儿童对婚姻冲突的感知量表−冲突频率、冲突强度和冲突解决 (池丽萍, 辛自强, 2003)	13	1～4点	0.91/0.95/0.96/0.95	χ²/df=11.84, CFI=0.96, TLI=0.94, RMSEA=0.08
亲子关系	亲子亲密度量表 (张锦涛等, 2011)	9	1～5点 (反向计分)	0.88/0.91/0.92/0.92	χ²/df=18.25, CFI=0.94, TLI=0.93, RMSEA=0.09
消极教养方式	简式父母教养方式问卷−消极教养方式维度 (蒋奖等, 2010)	12	1～4点	0.87/0.91/0.91/0.91	χ²/df=8.70, CFI=0.95, TLI=0.93, RMSEA=0.07
学校联结	积极青少年发展量表−学校联结子量表 (Chai et al., 2022)	6	1～5点 (反向计分)	0.86/0.86/0.85/0.86	χ²/df=12.64, CFI=0.93, TLI=0.90, RMSEA=0.08
师生冲突	师生关系问卷−冲突性维度 (邹泓等, 2007)	6	1～5点	0.80/0.82/0.84/0.83	χ²/df=10.36, CFI=0.98, TLI=0.95, RMSEA=0.07
同伴拒绝	领悟社会支持量表−朋友支持分量表 (Zimet et al., 1988)	4	1～7点	0.81/0.84/0.84/0.84	χ²/df=7.33, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.98, RMSEA=0.06
学业压力	学习的付出−回馈失衡评价量表 (楚克群等, 2015)	12	0～3点	0.88/0.92/0.91/0.91	χ²/df=10.33, CFI=0.94, TLI=0.93, RMSEA=0.07
社会逆境	社会逆境感知问卷 (Zhang et al., 2017)	10	1～5点	0.88/0.90/0.90/0.90	χ²/df=15.84, CFI=0.95, TLI=0.92, RMSEA=0.09
童年不良经历	儿童期不良经历问卷 (王艳荣等, 2018)	14	是/否	0.80/0.82/0.82/0.80	χ²/df=6.66, CFI=0.91, TLI=0.90, RMSEA=0.06
心理症状	简易症状自评量表 (Derogatis, 2001)	18	0～4点	0.94/0.94/0.95/0.95	χ²/df=12.64, CFI=0.92, TLI=0.91, RMSEA=0.08
非自杀性自伤行为	青少年非自杀性自伤行为评定问卷−行为问卷 (万宇辉等, 2018)	12	0～4点	0.92/0.94/0.91/0.94	χ²/df=13.54, CFI=0.90, TLI=0.89, RMSEA=0.05

变量	测量工具	题项数	计分方式	Α(T0/T1/T2/T3)	结构效度
父母婚姻冲突	儿童对婚姻冲突的感知量表−冲突频率、冲突强度和冲突解决 (池丽萍, 辛自强, 2003)	13	1～4点	0.91/0.95/0.96/0.95	χ²/df=11.84, CFI=0.96, TLI=0.94, RMSEA=0.08
亲子关系	亲子亲密度量表 (张锦涛等, 2011)	9	1～5点 (反向计分)	0.88/0.91/0.92/0.92	χ²/df=18.25, CFI=0.94, TLI=0.93, RMSEA=0.09
消极教养方式	简式父母教养方式问卷−消极教养方式维度 (蒋奖等, 2010)	12	1～4点	0.87/0.91/0.91/0.91	χ²/df=8.70, CFI=0.95, TLI=0.93, RMSEA=0.07
学校联结	积极青少年发展量表−学校联结子量表 (Chai et al., 2022)	6	1～5点 (反向计分)	0.86/0.86/0.85/0.86	χ²/df=12.64, CFI=0.93, TLI=0.90, RMSEA=0.08
师生冲突	师生关系问卷−冲突性维度 (邹泓等, 2007)	6	1～5点	0.80/0.82/0.84/0.83	χ²/df=10.36, CFI=0.98, TLI=0.95, RMSEA=0.07
同伴拒绝	领悟社会支持量表−朋友支持分量表 (Zimet et al., 1988)	4	1～7点	0.81/0.84/0.84/0.84	χ²/df=7.33, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.98, RMSEA=0.06
学业压力	学习的付出−回馈失衡评价量表 (楚克群等, 2015)	12	0～3点	0.88/0.92/0.91/0.91	χ²/df=10.33, CFI=0.94, TLI=0.93, RMSEA=0.07
社会逆境	社会逆境感知问卷 (Zhang et al., 2017)	10	1～5点	0.88/0.90/0.90/0.90	χ²/df=15.84, CFI=0.95, TLI=0.92, RMSEA=0.09
童年不良经历	儿童期不良经历问卷 (王艳荣等, 2018)	14	是/否	0.80/0.82/0.82/0.80	χ²/df=6.66, CFI=0.91, TLI=0.90, RMSEA=0.06
心理症状	简易症状自评量表 (Derogatis, 2001)	18	0～4点	0.94/0.94/0.95/0.95	χ²/df=12.64, CFI=0.92, TLI=0.91, RMSEA=0.08
非自杀性自伤行为	青少年非自杀性自伤行为评定问卷−行为问卷 (万宇辉等, 2018)	12	0～4点	0.92/0.94/0.91/0.94	χ²/df=13.54, CFI=0.90, TLI=0.89, RMSEA=0.05

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6
1.心理复原力T1
2.心理复原力T2	0.43**
3.心理复原力T3	0.34**	0.42**
4.年级	−0.10**	−0.12**	−0.17**
5.性别	−0.02	−0.05*	−0.08**	0.03
6.独生子女身份	−0.04	−0.05	−0.02	0.21**	−0.08**
7.家庭结构类型	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.17**
M	1.93	2.10	2.52
SD	0.67	0.72	0.90

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6
1.心理复原力T1
2.心理复原力T2	0.43**
3.心理复原力T3	0.34**	0.42**
4.年级	−0.10**	−0.12**	−0.17**
5.性别	−0.02	−0.05*	−0.08**	0.03
6.独生子女身份	−0.04	−0.05	−0.02	0.21**	−0.08**
7.家庭结构类型	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.17**
M	1.93	2.10	2.52
SD	0.67	0.72	0.90

变量	截距		斜率
变量	β	SE	β	SE
年级	−0.14***	0.03	−0.19***	0.05
性别	−0.04	0.03	−0.11*	0.05
独生子女身份	−0.06	0.04	0.06	0.05
家庭结构类型	0.03	0.03	0.01	0.05