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20 March 2018, Volume 16 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Effect of Morpheme Frequency on Chinese Compound Word Recognition---Evidences From Intermediate Indonesian-Chinese Learners CHEN Lin, XU Guiping, WENG Feifei 2018, 16(2):  145-149.  Abstract ( )   PDF (497KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of morpheme frequency on compound word recognition for intermediate Indonesian-Chinese learners by using a word decision task. The study found that morpheme frequency affected Chinese compound word recognition for intermediate Indonesian-Chinese learners. In addition, the morpheme frequency effect was modulated by the position of morpheme. High frequency of initial morpheme gave rise to higher word decision accuracy than low frequency. The effect of final morpheme frequency on word recognition was modulated by the frequency of the initial morpheme. Final morpheme frequency affected word recognition only when the initial morpheme frequency was high. No significant effect was found when the initial morpheme frequency was low. The results supported that intermediate non-native Chinese learners have established morphemic representation with vocabulary development, and the frequency of initial morpheme played a more important role in Chinese compound word recognition than final morpheme.

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The Activation of Tone Information and Context during Chinese Spoken Words Recognition: An Eye Movement Research WANG Lu, WAN Peng, REN Guiqin 2018, 16(2):  150-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (653KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In two experiments, we investigated the role of context and phonology on Mandarin word recognition by using a method of eye tracking combined with visual-world paradigm. Participants were required to finish a semantic judgment task. The results showed that:(1) the total fixation duration for three kinds words was significantly longer than the control; (2) gaze duration on the high frequency words presented in low constrained sentence context was significantly shorter than the low-frequency words;(3) word frequency effect was found in the context of low constrained sentence context. Those results indicated that both tone information, segmental information can influence Mandarin spoken word recognition.Our results supported the TRACE model.

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Experimental Study on Facial Expression Recognition of Children with Autism by Facial Expression Intensity GUO Wenbin, CHEN Jiadan, ZHANG Liang 2018, 16(2):  157-163.  Abstract ( )   PDF (772KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore the ability and the difference of the emotion types of the children with autism in the recognition of low intensity (10%, 30%), moderate intensity (40%, 60%) and high intensity (70%, 90%) of anger and happy facial expressions. The expression label paradigm, using E-Prime software on the computer show different strength of synthetic 3D facial expression stimulus, respectively for 10 autistic disorder children and 10 normal child development and 10 mentally retarded children were experimentally investigated. Results found that autistic disorder children in low intensity expression is a dysfunction in recognition of emotional facial expressions, the different strength of facial expression recognition correct rate was significantly lower than that of mentally retarded children and normal development of children; autistic disorder children with facial expression recognition correct rate and facial expression intensity was positively related, facial expression intensity bigger, autistic disorder children with facial expression recognition correct rate is higher; autistic disorder in children of low intensity of facial expression recognition, to happy expression recognition correct rate is higher than the expression of anger, however, in strength and high strength for facial expression recognition, there significant anger superiority effect.

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The Effect of Ambiguity Tolerance on Web Information Searching Performance: The Mediating Role of Disorientation Wang Zhaoxia, Xu Lei, Liu Huashan, Chen Jingjun, Gong Xun 2018, 16(2):  164-169.  Abstract ( )   PDF (621KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the impact of ambiguity tolerance (AT) on web information searching performance and the inner mechanism, 241 students were tested the AT Scale, Disorientation Scale and the self-prepared Web Search system and the corresponding exam. The results showed that:1) AT scores and disorientation were significantly negatively correlated with the web information searching performance when some variables were controlled. 2) AT has effect on web information searching performance through the completely mediated role of disorientation.

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The Automaticity of Adults' Spatial Perspective-taking ZUO Tingting, HU Qingfen 2018, 16(2):  170-179.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1111KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, we designed a new spatial perspective-taking task to examine the automaticity of adults' spatial perspective-taking. The results showed that in the other task, as the angular disparity between the doll and the subject increased, the response time and error rate increased. In the self task, the correct rate was higher when the spatial relationship was consistent than when the spatial relationship was inconsistent, and the consistency effect between 150° and 180° was not significant. Besides, in the self task, as the angular disparity between the doll and the subject increased, the response time increased. At the same time, the interaction between the spatial relationship between the ball and the doll and the consistency of the spatial relationship was not significant. These results indicate that this spatial perspective-taking task is effective for adults. Besides, adults can take the spatial perspective automatically. Finally, the angular disparity between the doll and the subjects influences the automaticity of adults' spatial perspective-taking, and the spatial relationship between the ball and the doll doesn't influence the automaticity of adults' spatial perspective-taking. The results above prove that the spatial perspective can be processed automatically for the first time.

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Embodying Emotion Regulation: The Effect of Facial Expression on Implicit Affect BAO Jing, FU Na 2018, 16(2):  180-187.  Abstract ( )   PDF (770KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In study 1, we developed a Chinese version of Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT). The final test involves two dimensions-implicit positive affect and implicit negative affect, including 36 items, and having a good reliability and validity. In study 2, all participants underwent negative mood induction, after which they were divided into three groups and required to perform a facial manipulation task:"Smile group" participants had a chopstick horizontally between the teeth; "Non-smile group" participants pouted and held a chopstick in their lips; "Control group" participants had no chopstick. Analysis of both scores and reaction time in IPANAT showed that:Non-smile group had a better recovery from implicit negative affect, compared with smile and control groups. The findings highlight the importance of facial expressions in implicit emotion regulation, and broaden the "appropriateness hypothesis" of embodying emotion regulation.

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Reminders Facilitate the Time-Based Prospective Memory Task: Internalizing Versus Externalizing Control HU Weiyu, QI Bing 2018, 16(2):  188-194.  Abstract ( )   PDF (700KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study adopted a 4 between-subject (no reminder & 2 min reminder & 6 min reminder & 10 min reminder)×2 within-subject (high cognitive load & low cognitive load) mixed design to investigate the effect of reminders on time-based prospective memory (TBPM). The results showed:1) TBPM task performance:reminders improved PM accuracy. 2) internal control:the interaction between reminder and cognitive load was significant, the costs were greater for the 10min reminder condition compared with the no reminder condition under high cognitive demand. 3) external control:A main effect of reminder condition indicated that participants in the 10min reminder condition and the 6 min reminder condition checked the clock more frequently than participants in the no reminder condition. To conclude, reminders can improve the task performance of the TBPM by increasing individuals' internal and external control of the TBPM task, but the effect is regulated by factors such as cognitive load and reminder condition.

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The Effect of Incremental Belief about Intelligence on Self Evaluation in High Threat Condition: the Influence of Order and Self-Esteem HU Xinyi, CHEN Yinghe 2018, 16(2):  195-201.  Abstract ( )   PDF (611KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study, based on incremental belief about intelligence, aimed at exploring the effect of a belief in improvable intelligence on self evaluation of participants with different self-esteem. Participants were 207 undergraduate students. The results indicated as follows:1)when incremental belief about intelligence was introduced prior to threat condition, participants who were intervened by the belief significantly exhibited higher intrinsic self evaluation after finishing practice about given ability in high threat condition. Particularly, the intervention significantly predicted low self-esteem participants' intrinsic self evaluation in high threat condition positively. 2)when incremental belief about intelligence was introduced after threat condition, the intervention significantly predicted high self-esteem participants' intrinsic self evaluation in high threat condition positively. 3)incremental belief about intelligence had no influence on participants' extrinsic self evaluation in high threat condition after finishing practice.

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The Development of Practical Ability of World Knowledge in Speech Comprehension on Children Aged 4 to 6 Years Old ZHAO Ming, HUANG Yingying, LIU Tao 2018, 16(2):  202-208.  Abstract ( )   PDF (609KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study investigated the developmental characteristics of practical ability of world knowledge in speech comprehension on pre-school children. A total of 90 pre-school children aged 4- to 6-years-olds were chosen as research subjects. They were asked to confirm the antecedent noun of the anaphor TA in experimental test sentences and the antecedent noun were decided by the relevant world knowledge. The results showed that:1) Increasing ability to use world knowledge in speech comprehension is related to age. 2) 4-years-old children have the relative poor ability of applying world knowledge, which leads to a significant difference compared with 5- to 6- years-olds children. There has no significant difference between 5- and 6-years-old group. 3) These children have a significant difference of operational ability for different types of world knowledge. Compared with the ability of applying real-life related world knowledge, all groups show more flexible performance in applying fairy-tale related world knowledge. 4- and 5-years-old group showed more significant differences.

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The Relationship between Parental Style and School Adjustment amomg Primary School Student: Cross-legged Regression Analysis LU Furong, LIU Dandan, LI Dufang, WANG Yun 2018, 16(2):  209-216.  Abstract ( )   PDF (653KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the correlation between parental style and school adjustment in children. 319 students were conducted a 6-month follow-up study by questionnaire. The results indicated as follows:1)There was significant correlation between parental style and school adjustment; 2) Cross-lagged regression analysis indicate that Time 1 children's peer relationships positively predicted Time 2 authoritative parental style, Time 1 authoritarian parental style can be significantly negative to predict the Time 2 children's peer relationships, Time 1 authoritarian parental style can be significantly positively predicted Time2 school avoidance; Time 1 academic behavior can be negative to predict the Time 2 permissive parental style.And there was a significant cross-lagged effect between permissive parental style and school liking, peer relationships.

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The Effects of Ego-Depletion on Children's Sharing Behavior FU Cong, HAN Rensheng 2018, 16(2):  217-224.  Abstract ( )   PDF (682KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study intends to examine the application of the "resistance to temptation" paradigm in children's ego-depletion research and to explore the effects of ego-depletion on preschool children's sharing behavior. The "resistance to temptation" situation and seven consecutive sharing tasks were administered to 144 preschool children, recording the number and the priority in sharing process. All participants were randomly selected from the kindergarten affiliated to a normal university. The results indicated that, consistent with previous research, there was no significant gender differences on children's sharing behavior, and all participants behaved altruistically. The "resistance to temptation" paradigm can be effectively applied to the research of children's ego-depletion. Ego-depletion made children more likely to act selfishly in the sharing situation. The effects of ego-depletion on children's altruistic sharing behavior affected younger kindergarteners most, and had no obvious influence on the older preschool children.

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Influence of Self-control on Interpersonal Trust: Analysis of Multiple Mediation Effect DONG Jun, FU Shuying, WANG Yang, LI Zhaoyu, YANG Shaofeng, QI Chunhui 2018, 16(2):  225-230.  Abstract ( )   PDF (659KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the relationship and mechanism of self-control, value orientation, cognitive empathy and interpersonal trust, a sample of 271 students were assessed with the self control scale, the interpersonal reactivity Index-C, the slider measures, and the propensity to trust survey. Results were as follows:1) various significant positive correlations were found among self control, value orientation, cognitive empathy, and interpersonal trust; 2) self control, value orientation and cognitive empathy had positive effect on interpersonal trust; 3) value orientation and cognitive empathy played multiple mediation effect between self control and interpersonal trust.

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Collective Intelligence and Influencing Factors in Long Term Cooperative learning Group ZHOU Xiang, ZHANG Zeyu, ZENG Hui 2018, 16(2):  231-237.  Abstract ( )   PDF (580KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Cooperative learning is an effective way to cope with learning difficulties in the information age. Study one explored the existence of collective intelligence among cooperative learning groups. Study Two compared the performance of the interactive group and the nominal group in the task of creating innovative ideas. Study three examined the performance of cooperative learning groups in group decision-making and its members' opinions and subjective self-confidence. The results revealed that:like the single statistical factor - often called "general intelligence", a similar kind of "collective intelligence" exists in long term cooperative learning group, which is "c factor". In the process of creating innovative ideas, social impact is harmful to the work of collective intelligence. In the judgment and decision-making of solving difficult problems, collective intelligence plays a more obvious role, less subject to the subjective self-confidence, strength and opinion of the majority of individual members. It is recommended that collective intelligence be used to play a role in group activities such as cooperative learning through tactical choice and rule setting.

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Development and Validation of Chinese High School Students' Career Learning Experiences Questionnaire LIU Lili, JIAO Runkai 2018, 16(2):  238-246.  Abstract ( )   PDF (601KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on Holland's (1997) Theory and the Social Cognitive Career Theory, we developed the Career Learning Experiences Questionnaire for Chinese high school students. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that, the questionnaire has a multi-dimensional factor structure, included four learning experiences (performance accomplishments, vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal) that might occur in each of Holland's (1997) six RIASEC domains. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were good. Criterion related validity was achieved by correlations with the career self-efficacy subscales of the Personal Globe Inventory-short in China. The result indicated that career learning experiences was significantly correlated to career self-efficacy in each of Holland's RIASEC themes. This questionnaire could be used as a tool for measuring the high school students' career learning experiences in China.

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Family Socioeconomic Status Impact on Derprssion Among College Freshman: Moderated Mediating Effect CHENG Gang, ZHANG Dajun 2018, 16(2):  247-252.  Abstract ( )   PDF (672KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the social class psychology and social label theory, the study investigated the relationship among family socioeconomic status, subjective social status, impoverished students identity and depression. 1042 college freshmen from the east, middle and west of China were investigated with questionnaire. By means of difference test, correlation analysis and moderated mediation model test, the results showed:1) The family socioeconomic status and subjective social status of the impoverished students were significantly lower than those of the non-impoverished students; the impoverished students had significantly higher levels of depression than the non-impoverished students. 2) Subjective social status partially mediated the influence of family socioeconomic status on depression among college freshman. 3) Impoverished students identity moderated the mediation role of subjective social status. The conclusion of this study is that family socioeconomic status affect depression through subjective social status's mediation effect and impoverished students identity's moderation effect.

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The Impact of Actual-Ideal Self-Discrepancies on Adolescents' Game Addiction: The Serial Mediation of Avatar Identification and Flow Experience HENG Shupeng, ZHOU Zongkui, LEI Yuju, NIU Gengfeng 2018, 16(2):  253-260.  Abstract ( )   PDF (648KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on self-discrepancy theory and the previous researches, a survey was conducted on 421 adolescents, and a serial mediation model was constructed to analyze the mediating effects of avatar identification and flow experience in the association between actual-ideal self-discrepancy (AISD) and game addiction. Results showed that:1) AISD was significantly correlated with avatar identification, flow experience and game addiction. 2) AISD could positively predict game addiction and avatar identification directly. 3) AISD could affect game addiction through the mediation of avatar identification as well as the serial mediation of avatar identification and flow experience. This study uncovered the mechanism underlying the relationship between AISD and game addiction. Our results may also provide new treatment approaches aiming at the improvement of self-acceptance and self-identity in order to help addicts to find their own way in the real world.

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The Relationship Between Customization, Flow Experience and Loyalty to Online Games: From the Perspective of Gamer DING Qian, ZHOU Zong-kui, ZHANG Yong-xin, WEI Hua, XIONG Jie 2018, 16(2):  261-265.  Abstract ( )   PDF (598KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the influence of customization and flow experience on loyalty to online games, 500 male college students who played online games were recruited to complete the questionnaires. The results revealed that 1) customization was significantly positively related to flow experience and loyalty to online games, and flow experience was significantly positively related to loyalty to online games; 2) customization not only directly affect loyalty to online games, but also indirectly affect loyalty to online games through flow experience. The conclusion reveals the establishment and maintenance of loyalty in online games, which has great significance for development and design of online games.

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Relationship between Stress and Internet Addiction: The Moderating Effects of Family Support and Friend Support WEI Hua, ZHOU Zong-kui, ZHANG Yong-xin, DING Qian 2018, 16(2):  266-271.  Abstract ( )   PDF (622KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Through a investigation of 546 college students, this study examined the effects of stress and social support on Internet Addiction, analyzed the moderating effects of social support and compared the differences of family support and friend support. The results showed that:(1) stress was significantly negatively related to social support and significantly positively related to Internet Addiction. Social support was significantly negatively related to Internet Addiction. (2) stress had a significant negative impact on Internet Addiction. Family support can play a buffer role, moderating the relationship between stress and Internet Addiction, but friend support had no moderating effects. Specifically, compared to the individuals with low parental support, the ones with high parental support had a smaller prediction of stress to Internet Addiction. That was to say, a higher parents supports can buffer the impact of stress on Internet Addiction.

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The Influence of Neuroticism on the Excessive Use of Mobile Social Networks in Adolescents: The Dual Mediating Effects of Impulsive and Interpersonal Disturbance JIANG Yongzhi, WANG Haixia, JING Huaibin, LIU Yong 2018, 16(2):  272-282.  Abstract ( )   PDF (811KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The use of mobile social network based on smart phone has play an important role in teenagers' study and life. In order to explore the relationship between neuroticism, impulsive, interpersonal disturbance and the excessive use of mobile social network, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 2056 middle school students and college students. This study use bias corrected non parametric percentile Bootstrap confidence interval method and PROCESS plug-in components to analyze multiple mediation effects. The results showed:1) There was a significant positive correlation between neuroticism, impulsive, interpersonal disturbance and the excessive use of mobile social network; There was a significant positive correlation between neuroticism, impulsive and interpersonal disturbance. 2) Neuroticism, impulsive and interpersonal disturbance have a positive predictive effect on the excessive use of mobile social networks. 3) The relationship between neuroticism and the excessive use of mobile social network can be mediated through three indirect paths, which are impulsive, interpersonal disturbance, and both impulsive and interpersonal disturbance.

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A Research on the Relationship Between Small Self Acquisitive Face Orientation, Big Self Acquisitive Face Orientation and Social Exclusion LIANG Fenghua 2018, 16(2):  283-288.  Abstract ( )   PDF (572KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study explored the relationship between Small Self-Acquisition Face Orientation, Big Self-Acquisitive Face Orientation and Social Exclusion through a sample of 599 college students. Correlation analysis found that small self-acquisition face orientation was positively related with direct social exclusion, indirect social exclusion and the entire score of social exclusion significantly. While big self acquisition face orientation related significantly negatively with direct social exclusion, indirect social exclusion and the entire score of social exclusion. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that small self-acquisition face orientation could positively predict direct social exclusion, indirect social exclusion and the entire social exclusion, while big self-acquisition face orientation could negatively predict direct social exclusion, indirect social exclusion and the entire social exclusion. ANOVAs analysis found that senior year college students got significantly higher scores on small self-acquisition face orientation and lower scores on big self-acquisition face orientation than junior year students. And senior year college students had higher scores at direct social exclusion, indirect social exclusion and the entire social exclusion. The findings suggest that interventions addressing big self-acquisition face orientation may be benefit for students who are experiencing social exclusion. Directions for future research are suggested.