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20 March 2020, Volume 18 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Effects of Enactment and Bizarreness on Associative Recognition ZHAO Minfang, FU Xiaolan, LI Kaiyun, Hubert D. ZIMMER 2020, 18(2):  145-152.  Abstract ( )   PDF (593KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Memory for actions is usually better after subject performed tasks (SPT) than verbal tasks (VT), which is known as the “SPT effect”. In the current study, we aimed to investigate whether the SPT effect in associative recognition was influenced by the strength of the pre-existing associations between an action and an object. During the study phase, participants studied ordinary and bizarre verb-object pairs (action phrases) in a SPT or VT condition. During testing, they discriminated between intact (old), recombined, and new items and made Remember/Know judgments. Results showed that associative recognition for ordinary verb-object pairs (but not bizarre verb-object pairs) was better following SPT than VT. Only in the VT condition (but not SPT), bizarre verb-object pairs were better recognized than ordinary verb-object pairs. These results demonstrate that enactment and bizarreness both could improve associative recognition of verb-object pairs, but these two factors together cannot produce an additive benefit to associative recognition.

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The Influence of Mapping Concreteness and Contextual Clues on Novel Metaphor Processing LI Chengshi, BAI Xuejun, WANG Yongsheng 2020, 18(2):  153-160.  Abstract ( )   PDF (809KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of contextual clues on novel metaphor processing. The results of Experiment 1 showed the RTs of metaphors under the contextual condition were significantly longer than the non-contextual condition, and the RTs of sensorial metaphors were longer than psycho-physical metaphors. ERP results showed that, comparing with non-contextual condition, sensorial metaphors under the contextual condition induced more negative N400 in the anterior position and more positive LPC in the middle position. Comparing with non-contextual condition, psycho-physical metaphors under contextual condition induced more positive LPC in the front and top position. In Experiment 2, the metaphors with multiple mapping paths were processed slowly than the metaphors with single mapping path no matter what the mapping concreteness was. The results indicate that contextual clues interfere with the processing of the novel metaphors which with abstract mapping, at late processing stage. However, the interference on the novel metaphors which with concrete mapping run through the middle and late processing stages. The number of mapping path must be considered when exploring the relationship between mapping concreteness and novel metaphor processing.

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You Own Something Because of Paying Attention to Them: Exploring the Internal Mechanism of Mere Ownership Effect WU Huifen, LI Xiaona, ZHANG Qiong, TANG Yichun, LIU Huashan 2020, 18(2):  161-167,175.  Abstract ( )   PDF (882KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study applied 4 experiments to investigate the role of attention in the generation of the mere ownership effect (MOE) by using the new paradigm of the holistic presenting stimulus. In experiment 1 the experimenter asked the participants to write down their own names in the back of the word list. The result showed MOE and positive effects. In experiment 2 the experimenter did not ask the participants to write down their own name in the back of word list but asked participants to add the action of touching and the result did not show MOE. Experiment 3 used the action of the experimenter’s “exchanging the word list repeatedly” to inspire participants more attention resources to strengthen the connection between the self and the word list, and the result showed MOE and positive effect. Experiment 4 used neutral nouns with object names as experimental materials to control the influence of positive effect in MOE and adopted the procedure of Experiment 1 and Experiment 3. The result shows obvious MOE. The conclusion is that the new paradigm of presenting stimulus integrally can be used to explore MOE; and attention may be the mechanism of MOE.

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The Effect of Word Length on Saccade Target Selection in Chinese Reading: Eye Movement Evidence TONG Wen, REN Mengxue, LIU Zhifang, FENG Xiao 2020, 18(2):  168-175.  Abstract ( )   PDF (606KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Research has shown that word length plays an important role on the selection of the saccade targeting during English reading. When the word length becomes shorter, the preferred saccade length is also shorter. However, there are no interword spaces marking word boundaries in Chinese text, so it is unclear whether or not the results based on English reading are applicable to Chinese reading. In the present study, a uniform-word-length sentence reading paradigm was used to investigate how word length influences saccade target selection in Chinese reading. The uniform-word-length sentence which composed entirely of one or two-character word and mixed sentences which composed of words of various lengths were used as experimental materials. The results showed that the saccade length in Chinese reading varied with word length. The incoming and outcoming saccade length of two-character word sentences were significantly longer than that of one-character word sentences, which supported the Centre-Based Saccade Length hypothesis. And, we found that there was no significant difference in outcoming saccade length and incoming saccade length of two-character word between mixed sentences and two-character word sentences, which supported the processing-based strategy of saccade target selection. Combining the two strategies, it could be concluded that saccade target selection may be based on the processing of word-length information on the parafoveal in Chinese reading.

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Neural Mechanisms of Group Differences in Visuospatial Working Memory TANG Dandan, FU Yu, WU Yanjing, ZHU Hai 2020, 18(2):  176-184.  Abstract ( )   PDF (939KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate group differences in visuospatial working memory (WM) maintenance (low-execution) and manipulation (high-execution) and to clarify the neural mechanisms underpin them, the pair-wise task of delayed recognition task (maintenance) and mental rotation task (manipulation) were carried out on both low and high WM groups while event-related brain potentials were recorded. The results revealed that 1) a significant shorter response time (RT) was made by high WM group relative to low WM group in the manipulation task, and 2) a comparable RT were made by the two groups in the maintenance task. In the maintenance task, the high WM group showed significant larger positive slow waves in the middle frontal regions. In the manipulation task, the high WM group showed significant larger positive slow waves in the middle frontal regions and greater negative slow waves in the bilateral posterior parietal regions; moreover, a significant negative correlation was found between the slow-wave amplitudes in the middle frontal and bilateral posterior parietal regions. These findings indicate that a high WM group with strong executive attention may be expert in modulating and allocating processing resources.

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The Effect of Valence and Arousal of Emotional Contexts on Source Memory HU Zhe, ZHANG Jie, LI Cuihong, GUO Chunyan 2020, 18(2):  185-192.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1367KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Recent studies have shown that source memory can be modulated by emotional context. Here, we used ERPs techniques to explore the cognitive and neurological mechanisms of source retrieval under different valence and arousal contexts. During the learning phase, participants encoded a series of Chinese words superimposed on pictures of four different kinds of emotion. During the test phase, only the Chinese words were presented. Participants were instructed to press one of five buttons to indicate whether the word had been presented at the learning phase with a highly positive background, a mildly positive background, a highly negative background, a mildly negative background, or was a new word. Behaviorally, successful source retrieval showed a significantly higher ratio and shorter reaction time than the unsuccessful source retrieval. Higher memory performance was observed for positive contexts than negative contexts, and for highly arousal contexts compared to mildly arousal contexts. The ERP results showed that, there were significant FN400 and LPC old/new effects, which represented familiarity and recollection respectively. Meanwhile, we found greater LPC old/new effects for the retrieval of positive and highly arousal contexts compared to the negative and mildly arousal contexts. However, there was no significant interaction between valence and arousal. Together, these results suggest both the positive context and the high arousal context can facilitate the recollection of the source information. Valence and arousal may influence source memory via different cognitive mechanisms.

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The Word Boundary Effect of Chinese Character Position Processing GU Junjuan, GAO Zhihua, QU Qingqing 2020, 18(2):  193-199.  Abstract ( )   PDF (534KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, we endeavored to explore whether the word boundary affects Chinese character position processing in Chinese. We used four-character words (the one-word condition) and two two-character words (the two-word condition) as our targets. In Experiment 1, we used the masked priming paradigm. In Experiment 2, we embedded the targets into sentences and manipulated the displays of the targets. The display was either identical to the target word (identity condition) or had the two middle characters of the target word transposed (TC condition). The reaction times (RTs) and fixation durations on the targets in the TC condition were much longer than those in the identity condition for the two-word condition but were not significantly different for the one-word condition. These results indicate that transposing two characters across word boundaries inhibits word recognition, and the word boundary effect exists in character position processing. Word segmentation occurs at a very early stage of word recognition, before or coinciding with the character position processing.

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The Time Courses of Stop Consonant Category Activation: Evidence From Context Effects LIU Wenli, LI Zhiyi, WANG Xiaowen, ZHOU Xiang 2020, 18(2):  200-207.  Abstract ( )   PDF (663KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics With Chinese listeners as participants, the study examined the time courses of stop consonant activation using context effect tasks. Experiment 1 examined the context effects of stop acoustic features. A /ta/-/ka/ continuum acted as target stimuli, the acoustic analogues of initial 80-ms segments of syllables /ta/ and /ka/, and acoustic analogues of syllables /ta/ and /ka/ acted as context stimuli. The results showed that neither syllable analogs nor stop segment analogs exhibited context effects. Experiment 2 examined the context effects of stop phonetic categories. Syllables /ta/ and /ka/, and 80-ms stop segments acted as context stimuli. The results found that both endpoint syllables and 80-ms segments showed contrastive context effects. Experiment 3 varied ISI between stop segments and target stimuli to examine the time courses of stop category activation. The results showed that the transition from auditory processing to phonetic processing stage occurs about 120 ms after stimuli processing. The present findings disclose the time courses of stop auditory and phonetic processing.

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The Effect of Children’s Mother-Child Attachment on Problem Behavior Under the Mode of Grandparents’ Co-Parenting: The Mediating Role of Grandparent-Grandchild Attachment WEN Mingjing, TENG Shuyuan, FENG Xiaohang, TIAN Jinlai, ZHANG Xiangkui 2020, 18(2):  208-213.  Abstract ( )   PDF (636KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The research used the Young Child Attachment Scale to investigate the mother-child attachment and the grandparent-grandchild attachment of the 265 children under the mode of grandparents’ co-parenting. The Child Behavior Checklist was used to measure the problem behavior of the 265 children under the mode of grandparents’ co-parenting. The research explored the grandparent-grandchild attachment played a mediating effect in the relationship between the mother-child attachment and the problem behavior. The results showed that: 1) The mother-child attachment of the children under the mode of grandparents’ co-parenting was positively related to the grandparent-grandchild attachment, and the mother-child attachment of the children was negatively related to the internalizing problem behavior and the externalizing problem behavior; The grandparent-grandchild attachment of the children was negatively related to the internalizing problem behavior and the externalizing problem behavior. 2) The grandparent-grandchild attachment of the children under the mode of grandparents’ co-parenting played a full mediating effect in the relationship between the mother-child attachment and the internalizing problem behavior/the externalizing problem behavior.

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The Relationship Between Online Social Media Use and Life Satisfaction of Adolescents: Mediating Effect of Self-Identity Status QU Ran, NI Xiaoli 2020, 18(2):  214-219.  Abstract ( )   PDF (611KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to investigate the adolescent’s psychological mechanism of the influence of online social media use on life satisfaction, 2634 adolescents were recruited to participate in this survey. The results showed that: 1) the variable of online social media use did not predict the variable of life satisfaction directly, but self-identity status mediated the relationship between online social media use and life satisfaction of adolescents; 2) life satisfaction could be impacted in a positive or negative way by strengthening the achievement or diffusion status of self-identity, while adolescents using online social media.

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The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Aggressive Behavior Among Juvenile Delinquents: A Moderated Mediation Model MA Shutao, CHEN Shaohua, MA Yankun 2020, 18(2):  220-226.  Abstract ( )   PDF (636KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study aimed to explain the association between childhood trauma and aggressive behavior among juvenile delinquents by investigating the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of sensation seeking. A total of 458 juvenile delinquents in Guangdong juvenile delinquency management institutes participated in the questionnaire survey. The results showed that: 1) by controlling gender, age, family monthly income, and parents’ education level, childhood trauma could positively predict aggressive behavior; 2) self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and aggressive behavior; 3) the indirect effect of childhood trauma on aggressive behavior through self-esteem was moderated by sensation seeking. Specifically, the indirect effect was significant among juvenile delinquents with high sensation seeking, while the effect among those with low sensation seeking was nonsignificant. The present study can be beneficial to our understanding of key mechanisms underlying the association between childhood trauma and aggressive behavior among juvenile delinquents.

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The Relationship Between Self-Handicapping and Academic Engagement: The Mediating Effect of Academic Buoyancy and Moderating Effect of Parental Support JIA Xuji, LI Yaqian, CAI Lin, WANG Qingjin, LIN Lin 2020, 18(2):  227-233.  Abstract ( )   PDF (738KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using questionnaires survey, the relation between self-handicapping and academic engagement was explored, and the mediating effect of academic buoyancy and the moderating effect of parental support were investigated among 498 high school students. The instruments included self-handicapping scale, academic engagement scale, academic buoyancy scale and parental support scale. The results showed that: 1) self-handicapping had a significant negative prediction on academic engagement; 2) the academic buoyancy played a mediating role in the relationship between self-handicapping and academic engagement; 3) the relationship between self-handicapping and academic engagement was moderated by parental support. Compared with the students who have lower parental support, self-handicapping was a stronger predictor of academic engagement among students who have higher parental support.

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The Grandparenting and Mental Health of Middle Aged and Elderly People: The Mediating Effect of Family Cohesion SHEN Linlin, ZHANG Zhen 2020, 18(2):  234-240.  Abstract ( )   PDF (567KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study examined the association between the grandparenting and mental health, and the mediating role of family cohesion. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Family Cohesion subscale of Family Environment Scale (FES) were used to assess depressive symptoms, life satisfaction and family cohesion, respectively. A self-developed questionnaire with a single item measured frequency of grandparents’ caring for grandchildren. Data were collected through a community survey. A total of 325 community-dwelling grandparents (aged ≥ 45) years were investigated. The results showed that caregiving frequency was negatively associated with both depressive symptoms and life satisfaction, which indicated that the grandparenting had both positive and negative effects on grandparents’ mental health. Moreover, family cohesion partially mediated the relationship between caregiving frequency and depressive symptoms, and the relationship between caregiving frequency and life satisfaction. In conclusion, the grandparenting had both positive and negative roles in mental health of middle aged and elderly people as grandparents, and family cohesion partially mediated the above relationship.

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The Influence of Public Education Policies Satisfaction on Teachers’ Professional Identity in State-Financed Normal Students: The Mediating Role of Social Cognitive Factors YAO Chong, ZHAO Kexin, ZHOU Chenchen, CUI Mengxiao, WANG Dang, YOU Xuqun 2020, 18(2):  241-247.  Abstract ( )   PDF (618KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Recently the state-financed educational policy for normal university students has been adopted as a revision of the former tuition-free policy. The present study aimed to explore the influence of state-financed educational policy satisfaction on the professional identity of pre-service teachers. Based on the perspective of social cognitive career theory, we conducted a questionnaire survey on 839 normal university students to investigate their satisfaction with the policy of state-financed education, career decision self-efficacy, vocational outcome expectation and teacher professional identity. Results showed: 1) satisfaction with the policy of state-financed education significantly and positively predicted teacher professional identity; 2) satisfaction with the policy predicated teacher professional identity through career decision self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectation sequentially. Specifically, career decision self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectation completely mediated the relationship between satisfaction with the supportive policy and teacher professional identity was, while partly mediating the relationship between satisfaction with the limited policy and teacher professional identity. The present study explained the possible mechanism of the effect of satisfaction with the state-financed educational policy on normal university students’ teacher professional identity according to the social cognitive career theory. This provided several feasible ways for teachers’ professional identity improvement.

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Research on the Influence of Career Calling on Inclusive Education Teachers’ Work Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy ZHANG Ming, CHEN Gai, HAN Mei, WANG Jingyi 2020, 18(2):  248-254.  Abstract ( )   PDF (658KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the influence mechanism of career calling of teachers in inclusive education on their work well-being, a total of 378 teachers of inclusive education in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei region were selected by cluster sampling method and tested by career calling scale, self-efficacy questionnaire and work well-being scale. The results showed that: 1) career calling, self-efficacy and work well-being were significantly positively correlated; 2) career calling had a significant positive impact on the work well-being; 3) teachers’ self-efficacy in inclusive education played a partial intermediary role in the influence of career calling on work well-being. The research showed that positively shaping teachers’ career calling, improving self-efficacy can effectively enhance their work well-being experience.

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The Psychological Reality of the Rate of Learning and Its Impact on Item Selection JIA Ning, LIU Wei, DAI Jinghua 2020, 18(2):  255-260,267.  Abstract ( )   PDF (854KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Item selection is one of the hot issues in metacognitive control. In the present study, the experimental materials were composed of calculation questions with different scores and difficulty. Two experiments were conducted to explore the psychological reality of the rate of learning (ROL) and its impact on item selection. In Experiment 1, under the condition of unlimited-time, participants were asked to complete calculation questions with different difficulty and then assigned scores. In Experiment 2, the ROL of the items was set by changing the difficulty and score. The participants were asked to calculate the items to get more scores within a limited time. The results showed that: 1) The longer the calculation time was, the higher the score of the item was. However, the ratio of time (difficulty) and score was not change, that is, the ROL was consistent. 2) The participants tended to choose the items with higher ROL to calculate. When the ROL was the same, items with higher scores and more difficult were preferred. In sum, the results confirm the psychological reality of ROL and indicate that ROL is the main basis of item selection.

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The Influence of Contextual Communication Orientation and Advice Type on Advice Taking DUAN Jinyun, XU Yue, REN Xiaoyun, WU Qiaomin 2020, 18(2):  261-267.  Abstract ( )   PDF (604KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study adopted the JAS paradigm to investigate the effect of the fit between contextual communication orientation and advice type on advice taking, as well as the mediation mechanism. Experiment 1 measured participants’ contextual communication orientation with questionnaires, and Experiment 2 used an experimental method to prime participants’ contextual communication orientation. The results of both experiments showed that individuals with high contextual communication orientation preferred implicit advice while those with low contextual communication orientation preferred explicit advice. Furthermore, the fit between contextual communication orientation and advice type had a positive effect on advice taking via processing fluency. At last, we discussed the implications of these findings for theory and practice.

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The Relationship Between Personality and Nomophobia: A Mediating Role of Solitude Behavior LIU Tuo, GULI Geina, YANG Ying, REN Shixiu, CHAO Miao 2020, 18(2):  268-274.  Abstract ( )   PDF (644KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study intended to test the association between big five personality and nomophobia and to test the mediating role of solitude behavior in the association. A total of 678 undergraduates (48% were male and 52% were female) participated in the current survey. The result showed that: 1) nomophobia were positively associated with neuroticism, openness and solitude behavior; 2) solitude behavior played a mediating role between neuroticism and nomophobia, and also played a mediating role between openness and nomophobia. Specifically, the positive solitude, seclusiveness, social avoidance and loneliness dimension of solitude behavior significantly mediated the relationship between neuroticism and nomophobia, respectively. Also, positive solitude significantly mediated the relationship between openness and nomophobia.

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The Relation Between the Neuroticism of Big Five Personality and Heart Rate Variability: A Correlation Study LI Changzhu, ZHENG Shichun, LU Suo, ZHANG Yuqing, LIU Zhengkui 2020, 18(2):  275-280.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1538KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study aimed to find out if heart rate variability (HRV) features are neuroticism level predictors in stressed status. Two hundred subjects were recruited, and they participated in a stress induction experiment. Researchers collected their HRV data and neuroticism scores. LASSO regression was used to build prediction models. The results showed multiple HRV features were positively associated with neuroticism scores, and pairwise comparisons showed predictions were more accurate under high-stress settings. These findings suggest HRV features are powerful neuroticism predictors in stressed status.

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The Effect of PTSD Symptoms on Executive Function of Police Officers: Exploration Based on Stroop Paradigm HUANG Qi, XIN Ziqiang, AN Yuanyuan, ZHAO Yue 2020, 18(2):  281-288.  Abstract ( )   PDF (865KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Confronting dangerous and stressful situations frequently, police officers are the susceptible population of traumatic events. However, there is still a lack of researches on the impact of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) on executive function among police officers. Previous studies have found that patients with post-traumatic stress symptoms have a defective executive function, which is manifested in impaired ability on suppressing conflict information, also manifested in attention bias and emotional arousal to trauma-related information. We recruited police officers as the experimental group, and divided them into two groups according to their PTSS level, while the college students were recruited as the control group. Stroop paradigm was adopted to explore the influence of post-traumatic stress symptoms on the “cold” and “hot” executive functions of police officers. Results indicated that the police officers with PTSS didn’t have a deficiency in executive function, however, they were still affected by PTSS. It is suggested that researchers should pay more attention to the severity of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress and seek more effective interventions according to the “hot” executive function.