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    20 September 2015, Volume 13 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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    Original Articles
    Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Striving to be Creative Talents: An Address for New College Students in School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University
    Lin Chongde
    2015, 13(5):  577-584. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1125KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    The present review was summarized from the address that I have made for new college students at Beijing Normal University in October 2014. I would like to focus on answering three questions in this article, from a viewpoints of psychology: 1)What is the meaning of college life? 2)How can one to be an excellent college student? 3)How can one to be a high-calibre and creative talents for the future? To be specific, the present review suggests: 1)the main mission for college students' developmental, 2)the way that college students can enhance their social adaption capacity, and 3)the essential psychological factors and training methods of being a creative talent.
    Mental Health Services in China: Research on the Relationship between Demands and Services
    Huang Xiting, Zheng Yong
    2015, 13(5):  585-590. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (804KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Mental health services in China are still at a nascent stage and in urgent need of further development. In terms of meeting the demand for mental health services, there is a pressing need to promote mental health service-seeking behavior, further the diversification of mental health services, and strengthen the content of developing services. With regard to improving the quality of mental health services, issues yet to be addressed include raising the entry requirement standards of the profession, adopting a structured method for training mental health service personnel, strengthening the regulation and supervision of counselors, and increasing the percentage of full-time mental health service professionals. Future efforts should closely focus on the relationship between mental health demands and services to further the construction of a national mental health service system, foster theoretical breakthroughs and innovative methods, and forge a uniquely Chinese path of development.
    The Neural Basis of the Effects of Social Contexts on Fairness Perception and Fairness-Related Behaviors
    Zhou Xiaolin, Hu Jie, Peng Lu
    2015, 13(5):  591-598. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (733KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Fairness norm, as one of the most important social norms in social interaction, is widely shared sentiment about what constitutes appropriate behavior under specific social contexts. Given that social contexts play critical roles in fairness perception and fairness-related behaviors, they have been one of the central research topics in social and moral psychology. With the advances in neural imaging technology, psychologists and neuroscientists begin to look more closely into the neural basis of the effects of social contexts on fairness perception and fairness-related behaviors. Here we review the findings of this trend of research and point out some directions which will further our understanding of fairness norm, namely, combining computational modeling, molecular genetics, and neuroscience methods to reveal the computational, genetic and neural principles underlying the effects of social contexts on fairness perception and fairness-related behaviors.
    A Review on the Author's Research in Human Reasoning
    Hu Zhujing
    2015, 13(5):  599-605. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (768KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    The author reviewed his own 30 years long-time research on human reasoning in this paper. The research results could be divided into three parts: 1)the experimental researches on human reasoning; 2)the introduces and comments on famous theories and classical experiments which were conducted by foreign psychologists; 3)the development of ″Dual Structure Model of Reasoning Item and Reasoner's Reasoning Knowledge″ which proposed by the author.
    The Functional Differentiation of the Lateral Prefrontal on the Behavior Control in the Context of Emotional and Non-emotional: A fNIRS Study
    Bai Xuejun, Liu Ying, Zhang Peng, Zhang Qihan
    2015, 13(5):  606-613. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (865KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    The right inferior frontal gyrus is generally considered a critical region for response inhibition. Recent studies, however, suggest that the role of this cortical area in response inhibition may be overstated and that the contributions of other regions of the prefrontal cortex(PFC)are often overlooked. To identify regions of the prefrontal cortex beyond the right inferior frontal gyrus which may serve to support response inhibition, the present study used fNIRS to record the change of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration of the lateral PFC, when our college students(right-handed)completed the go/no-go task under the non-emotional and the emotional contexts. As a result, under the non-emotional context, during response inhibition, the oxygenated hemoglobin concentration decreased in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC)and the right orbito-frontal cortex(OFC); under the emotional context, the oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the DLPFC and the bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(VLPFC)and OFC significantly deactivated. These results suggested that under the non-emotional and emotional context, bilateral DLPFC may work in behavioral inhibition in the form of neural activity inhibition. The VLPFC may not be the important area of behavioral inhibition, but the bilateral VLPFC is very important in the integration of emotional and behavioral control especially in the background of negative emotions. The VLPFC may be in the form of a greater degree of neural activity inhibition to finish the inhibition task.
    Worked-Examples Learning of the Rules: Experiment Study and Theoretical Exploration
    Zhang Qi, Cai Chen
    2015, 13(5):  614-620. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (713KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    First, the present study described the relationship between laws and rules, also introduced primary approach and teaching method of worked-examples learning of rules. Furthermore, a empirical study about worked-examples learning of rules was reported. Results showed that by using appropriate samples design methods, students can understand new rules base on rules that has already known and such learning can be generally used. Last, the present study discussed nature, functions, conditions and future research directions of worked-examples learning of rules.
    Relationship between Teacher Expectations and Positive Bias of Self Perception in Preschool Children: The Mediated Effects of Teacher-Child Relationship
    Yang Lizhu, Xu Min
    2015, 13(5):  621-626. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (621KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    To explore the relationship between teacher expectations and positive bias of self perception, and the mediating effects of teacher-child relationship, the scales for teacher expectations, positive bias of self perception and teacher-child relationship were performed and 400 preschool children aged 4-6 years took part in the investigation. The results showed that preschool children's positive bias of self perception could be negatively predicted by the teacher expectations.Teacher-child relationship had mediating effects in the influence of teacher expectations on positive bias of self perception. In other words, teacher expectations not only directly influence on positive bias of self perception, but also indirectly influence on positive bias of self perception through the mediating effect of teacher relationship.
    The Characteristics and Development of Moral Emotion and Its Influence on Moral Behavior
    Chen Yinghe, Bai Liu, Li Longfeng
    2015, 13(5):  627-636. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (932KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Moral emotions arise when a person recognize that one's behavior transgresses moral norms or standards. Based on different criterions, moral emotions can be classified into different clusters. Among them, self-conscious emotions, which involve self-awareness and self-evaluation, have been concerned. Research has suggested that the development of moral emotions might be influence by various factors,such as temperament and parenting. Besides, both behavioral and neurological evidences have documented that moral emotions have a key effect on moral behaviors and the factors related to moral behaviors. Although it is believed that different moral emotions are associated with different behaviors, no consistent conclusions have been drawn. Thus, we proposed that future studies should focus on the potential mechanisms of the link between moral emotions and behaviors. Neuroscience studies were also suggested. Additionally, more attention should be paid to the dynamic associations between moral emotions and moral behaviors among young children, and more practical applications are needed.
    Preliminary Study on the Development of Reasoning Ability of Chinese Children
    Li Hong
    2015, 13(5):  637-647. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1245KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    The psychological characteristic between Chinese children and foreign children have its commonalities and differences. To follow the footsteps of Mr Zhu Zhixian and under the guidance of Professor Lin Chongde, We conducted a series of studies to explore the reasoning ability of Chinese children. Along the way, a series of researches were taken to explore the Chinese children's physical world of reasoning ability(including transitive inference, causal reasoning, analogy reasoning and inductive reasoning, etc), theory of mind, which is the important cornerstone of the development of children's social reasoning, and the affective decision making(social reasoning which point to ego), and the factors affecting the development of children's reasoning ability. Some important and interesting results were found, however, complete and accurate conclusions were still not obtained which giving an overall perspective of the development of Chinese children's reasoning ability. That is because the difficulty of the research of children's cognitive development. However, from the perspectives of the scientific research need, the social demand for children's education, the national strategic development for the future talented person's demand, children's cognitive development research are so significant. Therefore, the research on child psychology need to be strengthened, the scientific research input and human resources support must also be strengthened as well.
    The Cultivation of Primary School Students' Thinking Ability: A Five-year Longitudinal Study
    Hu Weiping, Liu Jia
    2015, 13(5):  648-654. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (696KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    The present study adopted cross-sequential design, explored the effects of the“Learn to Think”curriculum on primary school student's thinking ability. 164 primary school students from Grade 1 to Grade 3 participanted, They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Experimental group students attended the LTT for four years, and the delayed effects were measured one year after the intervention. Results suggested that: 1)after the intervention, levels of the experimental group students' thinking ability were significantly higher than control group students, and the ascending speed of thinking ability of experimental group students were significantly faster than control group students; 2)On the specific dimensions, experimental group students' inductive reasoning, deductive inference, spatial cognition, analogical reasoning and abstract-generalization ability were significantly higher than control group students. The ascending speed of experimental group students' inductive reasoning, deductive inference, spatial cognition and analogical reasoning ability were significantly faster than control group students; 3)the delayed effects were significant.
    A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Adolescents' Dispositional Optimism and Mental Health
    Zhou Zongkui, Liu Lizhong, Tian Yuan, Niu Gengfeng
    2015, 13(5):  655-663. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (804KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dispositional optimism and mental health with meta-analysis among adolescents. Through literature retrieval and filtering, 63 studies met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis(including a total of 110 independent samples, 45084 participants)and there were 46 studies relevant to the relationship of dispositional optimism and the positive standards of mental health, 30 studies relevant to the relationship of dispositional optimism and the negative standards of mental health. The results showed that dispositional optimism was positively correlated with the positive standards of mental health, and negatively correlated with the negative standards of mental health.
    The Relationship between the Use of Mobile Social Media and Friendship Quality in Adolescents'
    Lei Li, Wang Wei
    2015, 13(5):  664-670. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (812KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    This study tried to explore the relationship between adolescents' mobile social median use and friendship quality. In this study a sample of 560 adolescents was drawn from three middle schools. The results showed: 1)There was a significant positive relationship between the using behaviors on the mobile social media and the adolescents' friendship quality, and the using behaviors could positively predict the friendship quality. Results from natural grouping research also showed that the friendship quality of adolescent group who used the mobile social media was obviously better than non-use group; 2)Use of mobile social media had more influence on male adolescents' friendship quality than on female adolescents'; 3)The social anxiety had no moderate effect between the using behavior and the friendship quality. These indicate that, no matter whether or not adolescents have social anxiety, their using behavior on mobile social media has the same influence on their friendship quality.
    Inhibitory Control in Dai-Han Bilingual Children in Lexical Selection
    Tao Yun, Chen Rui, Liu Zhi, Wang Xiaoxi, Ma Xie, Chen Hong
    2015, 13(5):  671-677. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (712KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    The lexical selection of two languages for bilinguals is called language switching. Experiment 1 used language-switching paradigm to investigate the switching costs of proficient and non-proficient Dai-Han bilinguals. The results revealed that switching cost of both proficient and non-proficient bilinguals were asymmetrical. Moreover, cost of switching into Han were larger than cost of switching into Dai. In order to further study the asymmetrical of switch costs in lexical selection, Experiment 2 used a combined stimulus-stimulus and stimulus-response compatibility paradigm that investigated the mechanism of inhibitory control. The result indicated a difference of inhibitory control that emerged in the response inhibition stage with interference by Han lexicons. Compared to NPB, PB showed inhibition control advantage.
    The Influence of Moral Self-Control on Altruistic Tendencies: A Study of Attention Bias
    Nie Yangang, Liu Li, Zeng Yanling, Ning Zhijun
    2015, 13(5):  678-683. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (658KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    To investigate whether individual preference of moral information begins from the attention stage, the current study examined whether individuals with high level of moral self-concept would have an attention bias on altruistic words while those with low level of moral self-control were more likely to pay attention to selfish words. Point detection tasks were carried out to study the effect of moral self-concept on the attention bias of altruistic information. Results showed that: 1)When the altruistic words paired with selfish words and the probe point appeared in the same side with altruistic words, the reaction time of participants with higher level of moral self-concept was significantly lower than those with lower level of moral self-control. 2)When altruistic words paired with neutral words and the probe point appeared in the same side with the neutral words, the reaction time of participants with lower moral self-concept was significantly lower than those with higher moral self-concept. Such result was the same for when selfish words paired with neutral word and the probe point appeared in the same side with the selfish words. 3)Participants with higher level of moral self-concept were more alert to altruistic words than those with lower level of moral self-control. Both people with high and low moral self-concept avoided selfish words, but no significant difference was found. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrated that moral self-concept influenced the attention bias to altruistic or selfish information.
    The Relationship Between Persuasion Understanding and Persuasion Behavior Among 3-6 Years Old Children: The Role of Theory of Mind
    Jiang Weili, Liu Ruolin, Su Yanjie
    2015, 13(5):  684-690. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (639KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between persuasion understanding and persuasion behavior among children, while considering theory of mind(ToM). Seventy-two 3- to 6- year-olds(Mage=4 years 10 months, SD=9.72 months)took part in persuasion understanding tasks, forced-choice persuasion task, naturalistic interactive persuasion task and were also given a batter of ToM tasks. After controlling for their age, gender and verbal ability, the regression analysis showed that only ToM influenced children's persuasion choice, and ToM moderated the relationship between their persuasion understanding and the number of positive persuasion arguments children produced. These results indicated that both ToM and persuasion understanding contributed to children's persuasion behavior.
    Study on the Recognition of Facial Expressions in Patients with Major Depression
    Fu Xiaolan, Wang Hui, Fan Wei
    2015, 13(5):  691-697. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (848KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Emotional information processing in depression patients has become the forefront of scientific issues and research focus, its specific model may be used as an effective indicator for depression. Previous studies have revealed that the level of response to positive emotional information was reduced and the ability to identify emotional expressions(especially sad expression)was impaired, not only the ability to restrain negative emotions was impaired but also the ability to accurately detect micro expression in the social context. In the current paper we provide an overview on the main findings and advances in previous research on the recognition of facial expressions in depression patients, and draw on the results of the training of micro expression recognition in patients with schizophrenia, and then investigate the feasibility of the development of the micro expression recognition training in patients with depression. Finally, we analyse the problems in the field and put forward the future research directions.
    An Analysis on Unnatural Deaths of College Students
    Yang Zhenbin, Li Yan
    2015, 13(5):  698-701. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (408KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    The purpose of this research is to identify the features and patterns of unnatural deaths of college students in China. The data of 475 students' unnatural deaths from the key universities of the country during 2006 to 2010 was collected. From the data, the following consequences were observed and concluded: 1)The unnatural-death rate of college students was 4.94 and the suicide rate was 2.37. The percentage of suicides in unnatural deaths was 47.2%. 2)The unnatural-death rate was 4.69 in bachelor's degree students, 5.97 in master's degree students, and 4.82 in doctoral students. The rate in master's degree students was the highest. 3)The unnatural-death rate of college students was much lower than same age group, so was the suicide rate. 4)The reasons of unnatural deaths were classified into five categories including diseases, accidents, purposed death,suicides and unknown reasons. The rate of suicides was the highest among the five. 5)Among the deaths caused by accidents, the percentage of traffic accidents was the highest which was 47.4%. The second highest was accidental drowning. The percentages of the deaths caused by toxicosis, accidental falls, fire and electric shockswere lower. The following measures would be focused on to reduce unnatural death: Providing students with more psychological education and service and intervention for psychological crisis to lower the suicide rate; providing pertinent education to students about how to avoid traffic accidents and be more conscious of self-protection may reduce students' unnatural deaths.
    The Construction and Discussion of the Multi-level Teaching System for Experimental Training in Psychology
    Guo Xiuyan, Ling Xiaoli, Li Lin
    2015, 13(5):  702-705. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (523KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Experimental training is of great importance for educating students majored in psychology. Some have provided constructive suggestions on developing a teaching system for experimental training that is appropriate to Chinese universities. In the present article, we introduced a multi-level teaching system for experimental training in psychology. The system consisted of three different levels of experimental training: fundamental level training, integrative level training, and training on original research level. We also explored how to practice the training system with new courses and new scoring methods.
    Studies on Chinese Physical Self and Eating Behavior: A Decade Review
    Chen Hong, Todd Jackson, Gao Xiao
    2015, 13(5):  706-712. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (731KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    During the past 10 years, a substantial body of theory and empirical has been generated on the Chinese physical self and eating behavior. In a series of initial studies, we developed and validated self-report scales designed to measure dimensions of the Chinese physical self and eating behavior. Second, we proposed the concept of a negative physical self(NPS)and tested the hypothesis that negative physical self-schema guide information processing related to body information in groups having specific body image concerns. Third, both cross-sectional and longitudinal research were conducted, respectively, to identify correlates of and risk factors for the development of a negative physical self concept and elevations in eating disorder symptom in samples of adolescent and young adult Chinese females and males in addition to cognitive biases in restrained eaters, and intervention for students struggling with body image problems. Finally, brain mechanism underlying the processing of food and physical attractiveness cues have been explored in samples with a negative physical self concept, restrained eating, binge-eating disturbances, or bulimia nervosa.
    Positive Aging: Research and Practice of the Mental Health of Elderly from a Global View
    Fu Hong, Cheng Qingrong
    2015, 13(5):  713-720. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1013KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Psychological support for the elderly is one of the most prominent sociel issues nowadays. This article compared the related studies of the mental health of elderly from a global view, pointed out the potential problems in this field and clarified the importance of positive aging for the elderly. Furthermore, this article listed the major tasks in the future research and practice.