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20 September 2020, Volume 18 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The More Flexible You Are, the Faster You Can Understand Sentences QI Bing, LI Qiuying, LI Yuwei, SONG Yaowu 2020, 18(5):  577-582.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (560KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated the relationship between cognitive flexibility and sentence comprehension. Forty-seven college students completed the Wisconsin card sorting test, the syntactic-semantic flexibility task and the sentence affirmation task. After controlling for the role of gender, the regression analysis showed that: 1) General cognitive flexibility only predicted latencies of affirmative sentence comprehension. Syntactic-semantic flexibility predicted latencies of affirmative, negative, double negative, triple negative and rhetorical sentence comprehension. 2) The predictive effect of syntactic-semantic flexibility on latencies of affirmative sentence comprehension was greater than that of general cognitive flexibility. 3) The predictive effect of syntactic-semantic flexibility on latencies of affirmative rhetorical sentence comprehension was greater than on that of negative rhetorical sentence comprehension. In summary, syntactic-semantic flexibility contributes more to latencies of sentence comprehension than general cognitive flexibility. Furthermore, cognitive flexibility produces different predictive effects on latencies of different sentence comprehension.

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Doesn’t Lateralized Categorical Perception of Color Depend on Language? ZHONG Weifang, GUO Yongxing 2020, 18(5):  583-589.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (719KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated whether lateralized categorical perception (CP) of color depends on language or category. In a behavioral experiment, three groups of participants were recruited and asked to perform a visual search task a) without interference, b) with verbal interference, or c) with categorical interference, respectively. The reaction time data in the visual search task showed that there was a left hemisphere lateralized color CP for the non-interference group, a left hemisphere disadvantaged color CP for the verbal interference group, and a non-lateralized color CP for the categorical interference group. These results suggested that the left hemisphere lateralized CP of color reflects the effect of lexical category on color perception as a special category, but the linguistic properties of lexical category might also affect color perception.

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Bilingual Advantage of Bilingualism in Emotional Attention Bias JIAO Jiangli, LIU Yi, WEN Suxia 2020, 18(5):  590-595.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (604KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We adopted an improved dot-probe paradigm to investigate the dominant?effect of information?processing during emotional attention bias for proficient bilinguals and the reason for such effect. A 2(proficient bilinguals vs. nonproficient bilinguals)×3(the position of target stimuli and negative words: consistency vs. inconsistency vs. neutral)×2(cues presentation time: 100ms vs. 400ms) mixed design was conducted, where the reaction times and error rates of target stimuli were recorded. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between proficient and nonproficient bilinguals in attention orienting scores when the presentation time of cues was 100ms and 400ms. There was also no significant difference between these two groups in attention disengagement scores when the presentation time of cues was 100ms. However, the attention disengagement scores of proficient bilinguals were significantly lower than those of nonproficient bilinguals when the presentation time of cues was 400ms. These results suggest that proficient bilinguals relative to nonproficient bilinguals show high-level ability in attentional inhibition control on emotional information during the attention bias task and exhibit the bilingual dominant?effect of emotional information?processing. The reason for this dominant effect could be that proficient bilinguals relative to nonproficient bilinguals have high-level ability in attention disengagement on emotional information in the late stage of attention.

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The Development of Children’s Story Retelling Skills and Their Relationship with Verbal Working Memory WANG Song, LI Su 2020, 18(5):  596-602.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (551KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study explored the development of story retelling skills and their relation to verbal working memory in typically developing young Chinese children. Children aged 5~6 years old were asked to retell the story after they listened to a story. The results showed significant age effects and significant developmental trends in the macrostructure and microstructure scores. Also, children’s story retelling skills showed significant gender differences. Moreover, the score of verbal working memory, which had unique contributions to children’s narrative, was significantly correlated to that of various indicators of the macrostructure and microstructure. These results indicate that verbal working memory is an important cognitive factor related to children’s story retelling skills.

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The Brain Gray Matter Basis of the Decline of Global Motion Sensitivity in Elderly Adults JIN Hua, ZHU Ziliang, YAN Shizhen, LIANG Ziping, AIKEDAN Aisikaer, YIN Jianzhong, JIANG Yunpeng, LIN Lin 2020, 18(5):  603-610.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1130KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) and random dots kinematograms paradigm, the relationship between the decline of global motion sensitivity (GMS) and the decline of brain gray matter volume in the elders was investigated. The results showed that, compared to young adults, the GMS and the gray matter volume in V5/MT, V3, and the frontal and parietal regions were significantly lower in elderly adults; the gray matter volume in V5/MT and V3 could efficiently predict individual’s GMS. The results suggested that the decline of the gray matter volume in V5/MT, V3, and especially V3 may account for a substantial part of the decline of GMS in elderly adults. And the decline of GMS may be somewhat due to the decline of gray matter volume in other brain regions based on “dedifferentiation hypothesis”.

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The Effect of Irrelevant Speech on Chinese Word Processing YU Jinwang, MENG Zhu, QIN Zhao, DENG Zhizhou, ZHAO Shaochen, YAN Guoli 2020, 18(5):  611-617.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (540KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the irrelevant speech effects in the word processing by using lexical task. In Experiment 1, we used a 4 (background speech: meaningful speech, meaningless speech, white noises, silence)×2 (word type: concrete word, abstract word) within-subjects design. Forty-four college students were required to perform visual lexical decision tasks on words and pseudowords under four conditions. The results showed that only meaningful words interfered with word recognition, which was mainly reflected in the response to the judgment of abstract words. However, there was no significant influence on the judgment of concrete words. Experiment 2 adopted the semantic category judgment task which is more dependent on semantic processing, and it was also found that the response time of subjects in meaningful speech condition was significantly higher than that in other acoustic conditions. The results show that there is irrelevant speech effect in the process of Chinese word processing, and when the task emphasizes semantic processing, the interference mainly comes from the semantic component of irrelevant speech, which supports the semantic-interference hypothesis.

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The Facilitation of Contextual Cues on Foreign Students’ Incidental Vocabulary Learning: Evidence from Eye Movement WANG Yongsheng, LUO Yujiao, HAN Yang, LIU Nina, LI Xin, BAI Xuejun 2020, 18(5):  618-623,651.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (923KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore the effects of contextual clues on incidental vocabulary learning for second language learners, the present study manipulated the strength of contextual clues, and asked two groups of foreign students who were different in Chinese reading proficiency to learn Chinese novel words. Their eye movements were recorded by an eye-tracker. Results showed that the learning effect with strong contextual clues was significantly higher than that with weak contextual clues. As the times of learning increased, the decreases in fixation durations on target words learning with contextual clues were significantly greater than those of learning with weak contextual clues. Such pattern was also observed for students with different Chinese reading proficiency, that is, there was a larger decline in fixation durations for students with high Chinese proficiency than that of students with low reading proficiency. These results suggest that contextual clues facilitate students’ incidental vocabulary learning, that is, the more times students learn the new words, the greater promotion of contextual clues promotes incidental vocabulary learning.

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Development, Psychometric Reliability and Validity of Pupils’ Creative Personality Questionnaire Based on Teacher’s Descriptions LIU Wen, MENG Xiangrui, CHE Hanbo, ZHANG Jiaqi, SHEN Yi 2020, 18(5):  624-630.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (580KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, we developed a teacher’s version questionnaire to explore elementary student’s creativity. The draft questionnaire was distributed to 5141 elementary students across 14 cities. The completed samples were collected and studied with project analysis, exploring factor analysis, and validation factor analysis. After validation, the draft questionnaire was optimized. The final questionnaire contained 7 dimensions, that is, independence, collaboration, confidence, accomplishment, sensitivity, novelty, curiosity. The newly developed questionnaire showed good effectiveness to study elementary student’s creativity. It can be used as a standard evaluation tool for elementary students across country.

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A Short Form of the Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale: Development and Validation in a Large Sample CHAI Xiaoyun, LI Xiaoyan, CAO Juan, LIN Danhua 2020, 18(5):  631-637.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (664KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale (CPYDS) is a 98-item multidimensional measure of adolescents’ positive attributes (i.e., character, competence, confidence, and connection). Yet, its application was limited by length. In the present study, by using a large sample (n=16317, Mage=13.13, SD=2.52), we created and validated a 48-item short version of the scale (CPYDS-S) through a series of CFA models, item selection, reliability and validity analyses and cross-validation. The results indicated that the CPYDS-S possessed enough conceptual overlap and profile similarity to the original one. Also, the CPYDS-S exhibited acceptable reliability, validity, and measurement invariance.

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The Exploration of the Structure of Perseverance: Based on the Measurement of Undergraduates BAI Xuejun, DU Xu, NIU Hongwei, HAO Jiajia 2020, 18(5):  638-644.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (634KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study was aimed to explore the structure of perseverance as well as the relationships among the components of perseverance by using qualitative and quantitative research methods. Study 1 used qualitative research method in which 23 participants were interviewed in depth. The results of Study 1 showed that the perseverance consisted of four components, namely, conviction, optimism, controllability and enlightenment. Conviction, controllability and enlightenment jointly influenced optimism. Study 2 used quantitative research method by using the Undergraduate Perseverance Scale which was developed based on the findings of Study 1. The results of Study 2 showed that the fitting indexes for the four-factor structure of the perseverance were good. Enlightenment could positively predict conviction, and then positively predict controllability, and further positively predict optimism. In conclusion, the perseverance consists of conviction, optimism, controllability and enlightenment. Moreover, the Undergraduate Perseverance Scale has good reliability and validity, and can be used as an effective tool for measuring perseverance in future.

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The Relationship Between Interparental Conflicts and Adolescents’ Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Effect of Adolescents’ Behavioral Response ZHU Yuchun, ZHANG Shuo, ZHANG Xinhe 2020, 18(5):  645-651.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (797KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study examined the impact of interparental conflicts on children from the perspective of life satisfaction of adolescents, and explored the possible mediating role of adolescents’ behavioral response in interparental conflicts. The study was based on questionnaire data collected from a sample of 366 Chinese junior school students that were recruited randomly from Chongqing city and Hebei province. The results demonstrated that: 1) the frequency of interparental conflict had a significant negative correlation with the life satisfaction among adolescents; 2) adolescents’ interventional behavior in interparental conflicts had a significant positive correlation with adolescents’ life satisfaction, while adolescents’ avoidant behavior in interparental conflicts had a significant negative correlation with adolescents’ life satisfaction; 3) in the advocate-avoidance scenario, adolescents’ avoidant behavior in interparental conflicts mediated the relationship between the frequency of interparental conflict and adolescents’ life satisfaction; the mediating effect accounted for 22.90% of the total effects. This study reveals that the avoidant behavior of adolescents in interparental conflicts acts as an important mediator in the relationship between the frequency of interparental conflict and adolescents’ life satisfaction in the scenario of advocate-avoidance interparental conflicts.

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Adolescents’ Peer Selection and Peer Influence: A Vertical Social Network Analysis Based on Academic Engagement and Academic Achievement SHA Jingying, ZHANG Xiangkui 2020, 18(5):  652-658.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (579KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A total of 756 adolescents were tracked to complete the questionnaires of academic engagement, academic achievement, and peer nomination. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of peer selection and peer influence on adolescent academic engagement and academic achievement. The results showed that: 1) Adolescents’ academic engagement presented a decreasing trend in the period of 1-year, and the initial levels were negatively related to the growth rate. Besides, adolescents’ academic achievement presented an increasing trend, and the initial levels were not related to the growth rate. 2) Peer selection effects of academic engagement and academic achievement were significant. Adolescents tend to select peers with similar academic engagement and academic achievement. 3) Peer influence effects of academic engagement and academic achievement were significant as well. Adolescents’ academic engagement and academic achievement became more and more similar to their peer groups.

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The Association Between Family Functioning and Externalizing Behavior in Early Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Resilience and Moderating Effect of Gender WANG Qiuying, HUANG Qiaomin, LIU Xiaofeng, CHI Xinli 2020, 18(5):  659-665.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (690KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between family functioning and externalizing behaviors in adolescents, as well as the mediating role of resilience and the moderating role of gender. In the current study, 1287 seventh-grade students were recruited from 5 middle schools. Students filled in questionnaires of the Family Function Scale, Resilience Scale, and Adolescent Externalizing Behavior Scale. It was found that: 1) family functioning was negatively associated with adolescent externalization behaviors; 2) resilience partially mediated the relationship between family functioning and externalized behaviors; 3) gender moderated the relationship between family functioning and resilience and the relationship between family functioning and adolescent externalizing behaviors. With respect to resilience, female students benefited more from family functioning than their male counterparts, whereas family functioning had a greater negative impact on externalizing behaviors of male participants than that on those of females.

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The Impact of Parental Involvement on Children’s Academic Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model HUANG Xitong, ZHANG Minqiang, FANG Junyan, LI Tuoyu, FANG Yan, GAN Lu 2020, 18(5):  666-672.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (757KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study aimed to investigate the association between parental involvement and children’s academic performance, as well as the mediating effect of children’s academic engagement and the moderating effect of parenting style. A sample of 1628 sixth-grade students completed Academic Engagement Questionnaire and Academic Performance Tests, while their parents completed questionnaires regarding parental involvement and parenting style. The results indicated that: 1) parental involvement positively predicted children’s academic performance; 2) children’s academic engagement mediated the association between parental involvement and children’s academic performance; 3) the first stage (the predicting effect of parental involvement on children’s academic engagement) of the mediation effect of children’s academic engagement was moderated by parenting style, specifically, under a positive parenting style, parental involvement had greater positive effects on children’s academic engagement.

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The Impact of Model Facial Expression and Product Luxuriousness on the Effectiveness of Print Advertisement ZHOU Xuelun, YANG Jinmian 2020, 18(5):  673-678.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (522KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Combining eye movement technology and a questionnaire measuring subjective attitudes, the current study was designed to examine the influence of model facial expression and product luxuriousness on advertising effectiveness and the time course of these effects. Eye movement data showed that model expression exerted a relatively weak effect on the advertising effect of products with different levels of luxuriousness as the effect was only significant in total viewing time in the interest area of model. The interaction between model facial expression and product luxuriousness was primarily reflected in subjective evaluation data. Specifically, smiling expressions improved participants’ attitudes towards less luxurious products, but made no difference on their reaction to luxurious products. This pattern of effects is consistent with the hierarchical effect model, which assumes that in the early stage of advertisement browsing, model expressions and product luxuriousness did not affect subjects’ information processing. The interaction between these two factors mainly occurs in the later stage of advertisement browsing or in the subjective evaluation stage. The results of this study will help people understand the influence of model facial expression on different product advertisements, and provide a certain theoretical basis for luxury goods companies to improve advertising effects.

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The Age Characteristics of the Scene Affect the Gaze Pattern of Children with ASD Wei Ling, Yu Youyi, Liu Renhao, Cheng Yizhi 2020, 18(5):  679-685.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (558KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to investigate the effect of age characteristics on ASD children’s gaze mode in the scene, 14 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children and 19 typically developing (TD) children matched with their intellectual age were selected as subjects. The subjects freely watched the pictures of children’s scenes and adult’s scenes, and their eye movements were recorded. The results showed that the ASD children’s visit time to the whole picture, face, eyes and mouth was significantly less than that of the TD children, while their visit time to the background was significantly more than the TD children. The percentage of visit time of ASD and AD children to face and body was significantly higher than that to regions of interest in the foreground and background. ASD children had higher percentage of visit time to regions of interest in face, eyes and mouth in children’s scene than in adult’s scene, but TD children did the opposite. Both groups of children showed preference to the background in children’s scenes. The results show that both ASD and TD children have similar tendency of social attention in gazing scenes, with more attention to social information, but ASD children behave weaker. The age characteristics in the scene would affect the gaze mode of ASD children and TD children. Compared with the adult’s scene, ASD children are prone to gaze at face and background in children’s scene.

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The Influence of Alexithymia on College Students’ Mobile Addiction Tendency: The Role of Loneliness and Mindfulness HUANG Mingming, ZHAO Shouying 2020, 18(5):  686-692.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (736KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to investigate the influence mechanism of alexithymia on college students’ mobile addiction tendency, a total of 1224 college students were investigated by using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. The results were as follows: 1) College students’ alexithymia, mobile addiction tendency and loneliness had significant correlations with each other. 2) Loneliness played a partial mediating role in the relationship between alexithymia and mobile addiction tendency. 3) Mindfulness significantly moderated the influence of loneliness on college students’ mobile phone addiction tendency. Mindfulness and loneliness formed a moderated mediating model between alexithymia and college students’ mobile phone addiction tendency.

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The Effect of Breast Cancer Survivors’ Body Image on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Growth: The Mediating Effect of Rumination SUN Xiaoran, ZHAO Yue, LI Wenhao, AN Yuanyuan 2020, 18(5):  693-699.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (672KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to explore the potential mediating role of rumination in the relationship between body image and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among Chinese breast cancer survivors. We used the Body Image Scale (BIS), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Chinese Version (CERQ-C), the PTSD Symptom Scale (PSS), and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) to explore the possible mediation linkage. One hundred and fifty postoperative breast cancer patients were recruited in this study. The results showed that: 1) the body image positively predicted PTSD and PTG; 2) the rumination played a mediating role in the association between body image and intrusive symptoms and avoidance symptoms of PTSD, but the rumination did not mediate the relation of body image and PTG. The results demonstrate that body image could not only positively predict the PTSD and PTG of breast cancer survivors, but also influence PTSD through the possible mediating effect of rumination.

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The Influence of Touch and Attachment on Jealousy in Romantic Relationships BAO Wenhui, ZHOU Guangdong 2020, 18(5):  700-706.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1338KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study selected young people in romantic relationships to explore the relationship between touch type, attachment, and the experience of jealous emotions. Fifty undergraduates were involved in Experiment 1. Touch type was divided into three types (i.e., face touch, lower back touch and no touch) to explore the relationship between touch type and jealousy. This study selected fear, anger, embarrassment, sexual arousal, sadness, and envy as the measures of jealous emotion. There were no significant differences in the six jealousy emotions under the three touching types. In Experiment 2, one hundred and thirteen participants were selected. Touch type was divided into four types, that is, face touch, lower back touch, no touch with near-distance and no touch with long-distance. Each participant completed Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory (ECR), which contained attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance to measure adult attachment. Results showed that: 1) under the no-touch condition with long-distance, anxiety attachment was positively related to sad, fear, envy, and anger; 2) under the condition of no touch with near-distance, attachment avoidance was negatively related to sad, envy and anger; 3) under the face touch condition, anxiety attachment was positively related to fear and sexual arousal. In general, the influence of attachment on jealousy is moderated by touch type.

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The Relationship of Exercise Habits and Cognitive Function of Community-Dwelling Older Adults TAO Ran, FU Jiangning, LI Juan 2020, 18(5):  707-713.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (585KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To evaluate the relationship between exercise habits and cognitive function of the community-dwelling older adults, 732 older adults over 60 years old from Beijing were enrolled by a convenience sample. The demographics and exercise habits (exercise or non-exercise, exercise frequency, and exercise duration) of the participants were collected through questionnaires, and the cognitive functions of older adults were assessed by using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Beijing Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-BJ). The results showed that: 1) general cognitive function scores, visual space and orientation scores in the exercise group were higher compared with the non-exercise group; 2) the exercise habit (exercise or not) was positively associated with general cognitive function scores, visual space, and orientation scores; 3) general cognitive function scores for the group with exercise duration of 10 years or more than 10 years were higher than those for the group with exercise duration of less than 10 years. The findings suggest that compared with the community-dwelling older adults without exercise habits, the community-dwelling older adults with exercise habits may have better general cognitive function, visual space, and orientation abilities. Also, long exercise duration may promote the cognitive function of community-dwelling older adults.

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The Effects of Cultural Stereotypes and Similarity of Parental Filial Piety on Intergenerational Transmission of Filial Piety LI Qiming 2020, 18(5):  714-720.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (545KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to estimate the cultural stereotype and the similarity of parental filial piety effect on parent-child filial piety similarity. Participants were 591 children and their fathers, and mothers. Results showed that there was no significant Pearson correlation (r) and profile similarity correlation (q) of authoritarian filial piety and reciprocal filial piety within pseudo dyads, but all were significant within the real parents and children. There was a medium level of the absolute difference scores (d) of authoritarian filial piety and reciprocal filial piety within pseudo dyads, but this was significantly higher than real parents and children. And after removing stereotype effects, fathers’ and mothers’ authoritarian filial piety and reciprocal filial piety could positively predict authoritarian filial piety and reciprocal filial piety of children respectively. The similarity of parental reciprocal filial piety could only positively predict reciprocal filial piety of children, while the similarity of parental authoritative filial piety could not predict authoritative filial piety and reciprocal filial piety of children. In conclusion, the similarity of parent-child filial piety mainly comes from intergenerational transmission, and the similarity of parental reciprocal filial piety can positively predict reciprocal filial piety of children.