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20 July 2020, Volume 18 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Influence of Emotional Compatibility on Creative Thinking CHEN Jianxin, WU Li, HUANG Rong, WANG Zhe, CHEN Yue, YANG Weiping 2020, 18(4):  433-439.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1021KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study aimed to explore the impact of compatibility and incompatibility between embodied implicit emotions and explicit emotions on creative thinking. In the experiment, the emotional video priming paradigm and facial expression manipulation were used to induce positive or negative explicit emotions and embodied implicit emotions. Then the participants were asked to complete the alternative use tasks (AUT) and Chinese character riddles in the creative thinking test. The results showed that under positive emotion conditions, the AUT fluency score in the emotionally compatible group was significantly higher than that in the emotionally incompatible group, whereas under negative emotion conditions, the AUT originality and Chinese character riddles scores in the emotionally compatible group were significantly higher than the emotionally incompatible group. The AUT flexibility score was not significantly different in both emotional conditions. These findings indicate that the compatibility of the embodied implicit emotions and the explicit emotions contributes to creative thinking. Moreover, the emotional compatibility in positive and negative emotion conditions affects different components of creative thinking.

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A Study on the Group Differences of Undergraduates with High-Level Creativity LI Yongjie, LIU Chunhui, JIN Hua 2020, 18(4):  440-445.  Abstract ( )   PDF (511KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The categorisation of high creative groups is an important issue in creativity researches. However, the homogeneity problem between different groups has been neglected in numerous studies, which was examined in the present study. There were 975 students from two universities (moe-administrated university and local university) with different academic ranks were involved in the study. Their creativity power was measured with the Creativity Questions Proficiency Test. Participants were divided into lower and higher creative groups in each college by using the extreme groups approach (EGA). The results showed that higher creative individuals from the moe-administrated university were more creative than the local university in the fluency, flexibility, and originality of creativity. This suggests that high-creation subjects from different pools may have greater heterogeneity and the corresponding experimental results may not have compelling comparability. Our findings suggest that school levels may play a decisive role in inducing such differences between the higher creative groups of undergraduates from different studies. Therefore, researchers should pay attention to the homogeneity of the samples when doing relevant study or discussing the comparability of the previous studies.

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The Effect of Ego-Depletion on Time-Based Prospective Memory LIU Hong, CHU Zheng, LI Huanhuan, ZHAO Xiaomei 2020, 18(4):  446-451,459.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1025KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study used the Stroop task and the prospective memory dual-task paradigm to compare the effect of ego-depletion conditions on Time-Based Prospective Memory (TBPM), as well as its effects on the processing stages and components of TBPM. By adding external clock monitoring, the present study examined whether the external clock reduces the negative impact of ego-depletion on TBPM and the effect of self-depletion levels on clock monitoring style. The results showed that: 1) With internal controls, ego-depletion would seriously affect the performance of TBPM. The TBPM outcome of the high ego-depletion group was significantly lower than that of the low ego-depletion group. In addition, ego-depletion mainly interfered with the prospective component and the third stage of TBPM processing. 2) With external controls, the TBPM performances were not significantly different between the two ego-depletion groups, indicating that the external clock could reduce the negative effect of ego-depletion on TBPM. 3) Ego-depletion levels could lead to different clock monitoring styles, and the numbers of clock monitoring around the target time were positively correlated with the performance of TBPM.

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The Influence of Language Differences on the Cross-Modal Priming Effect of Emotion ZHANG Fangwen, MA Xiao, MA Xie 2020, 18(4):  452-459.  Abstract ( )   PDF (711KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The cross-modal priming paradigm was used to investigate the interactive effects of speech and facial emotion processing as well as the influences of linguistic differences (native language: Chinese; non-native language: English). In experiment 1, the emotional verbal word was served as the prime stimulus and the emotional face was served as the target stimulus. The results showed that participants achieved better performances on judging facial emotion under the condition of Chinese prime stimulus than that under the condition of English prime stimulus. Besides, under the circumstance of positive stimulus priming, the processing of verbal emotion could influence that of facial emotion. As for experiment 2, the emotional face was adopted as the prime stimulus while the emotional verbal word was used for the target stimulus. It was found that under Chinese target stimulus, participants had better performances on judging the verbal emotion than that under the English target stimulus. Moreover, the processing of facial emotion was able to activate that of verbal emotion in condition of positive stimulus priming. The results indicate that verbal emotion and facial emotion processing interacts with each other; however, such interaction is only reliable with positive primes. In addition, the emotional function of the native language is different from that of the non-native language.

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The Effect of Second Language Reading Skill and Sentence Difficulty on the Perceptual Span of Chinese-English Bilinguals While Reading English Sentences WU Jingen, LIU Zhifang, LIU Nina, HUANG Fajie 2020, 18(4):  460-465.  Abstract ( )   PDF (617KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated the perceptual span of Chinese-English bilinguals while reading English sentences by using the gaze-contingent moving window paradigm. The results indicated that English reading skills and sentence difficulty affected the reading rate but not the perceptual span, which includes one word to the right and left of the point of fixation, of Chinese-English bilinguals. This finding is inconsistent with the foveal load hypothesis and suggests that the strategy of a relatively fixed attention range might be adopted by Chinese-English bilinguals while reading English sentences.

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Positive Emotion’s Effect from Nostalgia on Pain Empathy: An ERP Study SONG Juan, DU Meng, LIAN Tao, ZHANG Qian 2020, 18(4):  466-473.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1094KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We used the Event-Related Potentials technology to investigate nostalgia’s effect on empathy for pain and its neural mechanisms by comparing the difference of neural response between participants under nostalgic and neutral emotion conditions. Participants were asked to judge if it was painful or not in the pictures during pain empathy task. We found that under the nostalgic emotion condition, the amplitude of P2, P3 elicited by painful pictures were larger than that under the neutral emotion condition. Painful pictures elicited larger N2, P2, P3 and 400～600 ms positive component than non-painful pictures. The results consistently showed that nostalgia does have an effect on pain empathy, which can facilitate individual’s empathy for pain.

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Effects of Interesting Auditory Materials on Driving Fatigue: Evidence from EEG TIAN Ye, HE Luning, LIU Tianjiao, CHANG Ruosong, MA Jinfei 2020, 18(4):  474-481.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2890KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Driving fatigue can cause huge casualties and property losses. It is of great significance to devise effective methods to reduce driving fatigue. In this experiment, drivers were asked to complete a monotonous driving task for one hour in a driving simulator to induce driving fatigue, while subjective fatigue, driving performance and theta wave power of brain were recorded to explore whether interesting auditory materials could alleviate driving fatigue. The results showed that drivers who listened to the auditory material had higher theta wave power than the control group did, indicating that listening to the auditory material is not conducive to reducing driving fatigue.

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The Influencing Mechanism of Autonomy Support, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction on Internalizing and Externalizing Problems of First-Year Vocational High School Students DENG Linyuan, GAO Shiqing, ZHAO Hongli, WANG Xiaoting, FANG Xiaoyi 2020, 18(4):  482-488.  Abstract ( )   PDF (743KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A survey was conducted among 1137 first-year vocational high school students to investigate the relationship between perceived teacher and parental autonomy support, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and internalizing and externalizing problems. The results showed that: 1) Girls’ internalizing problems such as depression were more than boys’, and externalizing problems were less. 2) Teacher and parental autonomy support were positively related to satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Moreover, teacher and parental autonomy support and satisfaction of basic psychological needs were negatively related to internalizing and externalizing problems. 3) Satisfaction of basic psychological needs played a full mediating role in the relationship between teacher and parental autonomy support and internalizing problems. As for externalizing problems, it played a partial mediating role. 4) The effect of teacher autonomy support on the externalizing problems of first-year vocational high school students was moderated by parental autonomy support. For students who perceived higher parental autonomy support, there was a relatively stronger negative prediction of teacher autonomy support on externalizing problems.

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The Effect of Cumulative Ecological Risk on Aggressive Behaviors for Rural Junior School Students: A Moderated Mediation Model TAN Qianbao, LI Jiayuan, LIU Xu 2020, 18(4):  489-495.  Abstract ( )   PDF (644KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between cumulative ecological risk and aggressive behaviors among rural junior school students, and the mediating role of moral disengagement and the moderating role of empathy therein. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 845 rural junior school students. The results revealed that: 1) cumulative ecological risk, moral disengagement and aggressive behaviors were positively correlated with each other; 2) moral disengagement partially mediated the relationship between cumulative ecological risk and aggressive behaviors; 3) empathy moderated the mediation effect of moral disengagement between cumulative ecological risk and aggressive behaviors. The mediating effect was found to be more significant among rural junior school students with low level of empathy than among those with high level of empathy.

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The Prediction of Parent-Child Relationship and Empathy on Adolescents’ Social Creativity: The Mediating Role of Friendship Quality LI Ang, ZHANG Jinghuan 2020, 18(4):  496-502.  Abstract ( )   PDF (633KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study explored the influences of parent-child relationship and empathy on social creativity and the mediating role of friendship quality on such effects. A series of questionnaires, including the Social Creative Tendency Questionnaire for Children, Closeness to Parents Scale, Interpersonal Reactivity Index-C (IRI-C), and Friendship Quality Questionnaire (FQQ), were used to survey 588 middle school students. The results was showed as follows: 1) mother-child relationship, father-child relationship, and empathy directly predicted social creativity of adolescents; 2) friendship quality mediated the prediction of social creativity by mother-child relationship and empathy. The present study reveals various mechanisms on how parent-child relationship and empathy impact the social creativity of the adolescents, which would provide parents and educators with valuable insights on promoting the creativity of adolescents.

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How Spatial Contiguity Influence 7- and 9-Year-Old Children’s Text-Picture Reading: Evidence from Eye-Movement WANG Fuxing, YANG Xiaomeng, FAN Yingping, HU Xiangen 2020, 18(4):  503-509.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2263KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Although the spatial contiguity principle has been tested in multimedia learning environment with adults from many countries, little is known about the effect on children’s text-picture integration (e.g., reading, animation). In this study, we manipulated the distribution of text-picture (integrated, separated) in the storybook, and used the Tobii T120 eye tracker to record children’s eye movements during reading a storybook in order to investigate the effect of spatial contiguity on 7- and 9-year-old children. The results showed that children in the integrated condition had a higher proportion of fixation duration on the text, more integrative saccades between text and picture, and got higher scores in the detailed recollection test than the separated condition. But there was no significant difference on the topic comprehension test or interaction between the distribution of text-picture and age. The findings of this study are consistent with the spatial contiguity principle which was mostly confirmed in adults.

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Effects of Gap and Semantics on Crowding Effects in Children with Dyslexia MENG Hongxia, BAI Xuejun, TAN Ke, YANG Yu 2020, 18(4):  510-516.  Abstract ( )   PDF (626KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, 14 Chinese children with developmental dyslexia and 32 Chinese children that were matched with their age and reading level were selected to investigate the effects of gap and semantic information on the crowding effect of Chinese dyslexic children. The results showed that Chinese dyslexic children were more significantly affected by crowding effects than normal children, indicating that Chinese children with developmental dyslexia had visual processing deficits. Gap and semantic information influenced the crowding effect of Chinese children with developmental dyslexia, indicating that both low-level visual features and high-level linguistic information affect the size of the crowding effect, and the relationship between gap and crowding effect of Chinese children with developmental dyslexia may be U-shaped.

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Characteristics of Inhibition Control and Its Relation with Mathematics Ability in Children with Hearing Loss ZENG Tongao, BU Xiaoou, WANG Tingzhao, MA Hailin 2020, 18(4):  517-523.  Abstract ( )   PDF (545KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, the Flanker paradigm and the Chinese elementary rating scale of pupils’ basic mathematical abilities were used to investigate the performance of inhibitory control and mathematical ability of 97 children-with-hearing loss (CHL) and 97 children-with-normal hearing (CNH), with the purpose of exploring the influence of inhibitory control of CHL on mathematics ability. The results showed that: 1) the inhibitory control of CHL was significantly lower than CNH; 2) the score of CHL was significantly lower than CNH in mathematical ability test; 3) the inhibitory control of CHL was significantly correlated with mathematics ability, and the inhibitory control ability could predict the logical thinking and the spatial vision ability of CHL.

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The Relationship Between Primary School Students’ Growth Mindset, Academic Performance and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Academic Self-Efficacy DIAO Chunting, ZHOU Wenqian, HUANG Zhen 2020, 18(4):  524-529.  Abstract ( )   PDF (618KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated the relationship between growth mindset, academic self-efficacy, academic performance and life satisfaction of 1161 pupils from grades 4 to 5 in five public elementary schools. The results showed that: 1) the growth mindset of elementary school students was positively related to academic self-efficacy and academic performance, while the academic self-efficacy was positively related to their academic performance and life satisfaction; 2) the growth mindset had a significant positive prediction on academic self-efficacy and academic performance; 3) the academic self-efficacy was a significant predictor for life satisfaction; 4) the academic self-efficacy played a mediating role between growth mindset and students’ academic performance.

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Establishing National Norms for the Adolescents’ Well-Being Scale for Chinese Middle School and College Students WU Xiaojing, GAI Xiaosong, WANG Wen, XIE Xiaochun, WANG Hong, GU Tingyu 2020, 18(4):  530-536.  Abstract ( )   PDF (585KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study aimed to establish national norms for the Adolescents’ Well-being Scale for Chinese junior high school students, senior high school students, and college students based on a sample of 43536 students recruited from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities in China. The results showed that: 1) the scale had good Cronbach α coefficient reliability and construct validity; 2) the level of the general well-being of senior high school students was significantly lower than that of junior high school students and college students; 3) the level of the general well-being of junior and senior high school students living in urban city areas was significantly lower than that of students living in counties and towns. The well-being norms established in the present study can be used as reference standards to evaluate the level of well-being of students in junior high school, senior high school, and college.

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Psychological Entitlement and Online Cheating Behavior in College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model DING Qian, LIU Yilin, ZHANG Yongxin, ZHOU Zongkui 2020, 18(4):  537-543.  Abstract ( )   PDF (659KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the limited resource model of self-control, the present study investigated the relationship between psychological entitlement and online cheating behavior and its inner mechanism. A sample of 738 college students, who had experience in Internet use, was recruited to fill in the psychological entitlement scale, implicit theories of personality (ITP) scale, a short version of ego depletion scale and the scale for adolescent Internet deviance. The results showed that: 1) psychological entitlement positively predicted online cheating behavior while controlling the gender; 2) ego depletion partially mediated the association between psychological entitlement and online cheating behavior; 3) ITP moderated the first path of the mediating effect of ego depletion, to be more specific, the relationship between psychological entitlement and ego depletion was stronger for students who were entity theorists than for those who were incremental theorists.

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The Effect of Power on Moral Dilemma Judgment: An Exploration with the CNI Model YUN Xiang 2020, 18(4):  544-551.  Abstract ( )   PDF (719KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of power on moral dilemma judgments by using the CNI model. Experiment 1 explored the influence of the personal sense of power on moral dilemma judgments. The results showed that high personal power sense significantly increased sensitivity to moral norms, and thus promoted deontological moral judgments. Experiment 2 examined the effect of the priming power on the moral dilemma judgments. It was found that compared with the participants with low power priming, those with high power priming displayed increased sensitivity to consequences and reduced sensitivity to moral norms. This suggested that power priming promoted utilitarian moral judgments and inhibited deontological moral judgments. Our findings indicate that different types of power have different influences on moral dilemmas judgments.

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The Influence of Time Pricing and Subjective Time Speed on Altruistic Behaviors ZHAO Dongmei, LIU Zhiya 2020, 18(4):  552-556.  Abstract ( )   PDF (513KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study investigated whether putting a price on time modulated the effect of subjective time progression on altruistic behaviors. To address this issue, participants were asked to make personnel decisions (i.e., hire, retirement, and transfer) for different offices. After the decisions, half of the participants were assigned to a billing time condition, in which they had to calculate the total money charged to each office according to charged rates and spent time. This manipulation did not apply to the participants in the non-billing condition. Subsequently, all the participants were asked to help the experimenters to classify several pictures into scene and animal pictures, without any compensations. Subjective time progression was manipulated by accelerating (time flies) or decelerating the timer (time drags). The results showed that participants in the billing time condition generally spent less time in finishing pictorial classification than participants in the non-billing condition. More importantly, the spent time in the billing time condition was even less in the “time flies” condition than in the “time drags” condition, whereas this difference was not significant in the non-billing condition. The findings might indicate that putting a price on time enhances individuals’ subjective value of time, particularly when time flies.

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The Influence of Repeated Two-Syllable Names on Interpersonal Trust: The Moderating Role of Feedback Types WU Peng, YUAN Quan, FAN Jing 2020, 18(4):  557-563.  Abstract ( )   PDF (720KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We investigated the mechanism of repeated two-syllable names on interpersonal trust. Study 1 revealed that compared with non-repeated ones, repeated two-syllable names were more baby-like. The results of study 2 showed that people experienced stronger positive emotions when they saw repeated two-syllable names. These results indicated that repeated two-syllable names can activate baby schema effect. Study 3 examined whether repeated two-syllable names have directly affected on interpersonal trust. The result showed that there was no significant difference in college students’ interpersonal trust between repeated and non-repeated two-syllable names. In order to test another hypothesis, we introduced feedback types in study 4. The analysis found that in the positive feedback condition, the investment amount between repeated and non-repeated two-syllable names had no difference. On the contrary, in the negative feedback condition, participants would invest more to the non-repeated two-syllable names. The results demonstrated that repeated two-syllable names could activate baby schema effect. And it stated that the influence of positive emotions on interpersonal trust was moderated by cognitive factors.

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A Case Study of Sandplay Therapy for Tic Disorder YUAN Limin, MENG Yao 2020, 18(4):  564-569.  Abstract ( )   PDF (655KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of the present study was to explore the psychotherapeutic process and effect of sandplay therapy for tic disorder. Observations, interviewers, artifacts, and survey data were collected through 15 sessions of individual sandplay therapy with a child diagnosed as tic disorder. The results indicated that the child’s sandtrays went through three stages: problem presentation, transformation, and self-sufficiency. The freedom and protective space provided by sandplay therapy, corrective emotional experience, and good relationship between the counselor and the child reduced the child’s symptoms of tics disorder by improving his emotional adjustment, and increased his interpersonal skills.

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Effects of Beneficiaries’ Facial Expressions and Donor-Beneficiary Relationship on Donations Towards Online Crowdfunding for Charity ZHU Hao, YIN Keli, YANG-LI Huizi 2020, 18(4):  570-576.  Abstract ( )   PDF (695KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Online crowdfunding for charity is the practice of obtaining financial contributions from online communities. In this study, three experiments were conducted to investigate how the beneficiaries’ facial expressions and the donor-beneficiary relationship influence donation behavior toward charitable crowdfunding on the social platform. The results indicated that happy facial expressions had a greater impact on donation amounts and the willingness to share than sad expressions. Compared with strangers on the social platform, donors who were acquainted with the beneficiaries tended to contribute more and were also more willing to share messages among their friends. There was a significant interaction between facial expressions and donor-beneficiary relationships on donor behavior toward charitable crowdfunding, and there was no significant impact on the willingness to share. The findings suggest that, on the social platform, beneficiaries with happy facial expressions can receive more donations from online charitable crowdfunding. Indirectly shared relationships or “acquaintances” with weak social exchange expectations have a greater influence on donor behavior.