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20 November 2021, Volume 19 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Positional Effect of Semantic and Grammatical Activation of Semantic Radical Under Semantic Radical Priming Paradigm ZHANG Yuzhi, GAO Yi, ZHANG Jijia 2021, 19(6):  721-727.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (719KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study used the priming paradigm to explore the influence of the position of semantic radical on the semantic and grammatical activation of phonogram. The results of experiment 1 showed that the position of semantic radical affected the semantic activation of phonogram. The activation was significant when the semantic radical was on the left/upper side, but no activation was detected on the opposite side. The results of experiment 2 showed that the semantic radical position also affected the grammatical activation. The grammatical activation was stronger when the semantic radical was on the left/upper side than when it was on the opposite position. The whole finding indicates that the semantic and grammatical activation of semantic radical show obvious position effect.

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The Processing of the Tone and the Vowel in Poems Under Different Tasks: Evidence from ERPs ZHANG Zhenghua, ZHANG Hang, WANG Bing, ZHENG Zilong, ZHAO Liming, LI Weijun 2021, 19(6):  728-735.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1125KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Tone and vowel are important components of tone language. Previous studies have found that they have different effects on speech comprehension. The present ERPs study aimed to explore tone and vowel processing in Chinese pomes using prosody judgment and passive listening tasks. The results showed that the vowel violation elicited P2 and LPC in both tasks and elicited N400 in prosody judgment task, while the tone violation elicited N400 and LPC in prosody judgment task. In conclusion, the current study suggests that native Mandarin speakers can quickly detect the vowel violation in the prosody information, and complete the reanalysis and integration of the vowel in the late stage regardless of the kind of task. In contrast to the vowel, the listener only performs the phonological analysis and reanalysis and integration of the tone in the prosody judgment task which relies on cognitive resources being allocated actively by the listeners.

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The Influence of Constrictive Context on the Processing of Unpredictable Word in Chinese Reading ZHAO Sainan, LI Lin, ZHANG Lijuan, WANG Jingxin 2021, 19(6):  736-742.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (534KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Two experiments were conducted to investigate the prediction error cost by manipulating the contextual constraint and word predictability. The results of Experiment 1 showed unpredictable words had shorter fixation times and more skipping in high contextual constraint than low contextual constraint. Experiment 2 controlled the semantic relevance of unpredictable words and predictable words. It was found that the processing of unpredictable words did not show any differences between high and low contextual constraint. Both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 indicated no prediction error cost. The results supported grade pre-activation hypothesis, suggesting readers predict upcoming word by means of hierarchical pre-activation based on previous context.

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Motor Prediction of Others in Synchronized Joint Action: The Critical Role of Feedback Cue CHEN Yixin, ZHANG Qihan, XIA Yidan, ZHAO Bingjie, BAI Xuejun 2021, 19(6):  743-749.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (784KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of task cue and feedback cue on the motor prediction of others in synchronized joint action and the key role of feedback cue in the metastable model of self-other integration. By using a joint reaching task and a 3 (cue: no cue, task cue, feedback cue) × 4 (distance differences: Δ0, Δ1, Δ2, Δ3) within-subjects design, the current study showed that: 1) Under the task cue condition, the response time of individuals was regulated by the motor distance of others rather than the motor distance of themselves. Under the no cue condition and feedback cue condition, this pattern showed an opposite effect. 2) Compared with the no cue and task cue condition, the mean absolute asynchrony was the lowest with feedback cue. This indicates that the feedback cue predicts the movement of others in a perceptual way, which plays a critical role in synchronized joint action.

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The Influence of Ego Depletion on Self-Other Risk Decision-Making Under Different Task Frames REN Yaping, SUN Yan, ZHAO Xuesong 2021, 19(6):  750-756.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (614KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This research explored the effects of ego depletion and the variation of framing effects after depletion on self-other risk-based decision-making processes. The investigation applied the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), a more realistic and dynamic measure. Meanwhile, the study assessed the participants’ appetite for risk in the context of ego depletion under different task frames. The results showed that: 1) Significant differences existed in risk-related decision-making processes that impacted the self and others. Additionally, individuals took more risks when making decisions for themselves. 2) Ego depletion affected decision-making in risky scenarios, specifically, individuals showed greater risk aversion after ego depletion. 3) Ego depletion increased the sensitivity of the framing effect in risk-related decision-making.

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The Development of Word Boundary Marking in Chinese Children with Developmental Dyslexia LIANG Feifei, XIANG Ying, WU Hao, HAN Yang 2021, 19(6):  757-763.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (716KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Given that no visual word segmentation cue (such as word spacing) exists in written Chinese text, there are huge individual differences when Chinese readers mark the boundaries between words during reading. The present study compared the characteristics of word boundary marking between developmental dyslexia (DD) children and chronological age-matched (CA) children using off-line word segmentation task to investigate whether DD children have word boundary marking deficit in Chinese. The results showed that the agreement portion of word boundaries did not differ between DD and CA group. When further considering the influencing factor - syntactic categories of words, we found, for most of words (except conjunction words), the agreement portions of word boundaries were comparable between DD and CA group. These findings strongly suggest that Chinese children with DD do not have word boundary marking deficit in reading.

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Cognitive Development Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Emotional Display Rules in Preschool Children: A Follow-Up Study WANG Junli, WEN Yanru, LIN Yi, HOU Limin 2021, 19(6):  764-770.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (881KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A three-year follow-up study was made to investigate the developmental characteristics and influencing factors of cognition of emotional display rules through story interviews with 60 preschool children in fearful, angry and happy situations. Results showed that: 1) The developmental changes in children were as follows. Ego-oriented goals and overstatement strategies increased rapidly; masking strategies increased slowly; society-oriented goals developed first fast and then slow; calming strategies developed first slow and then fast; knowledge of emotional display rules and weakening strategies developed differently by gender. 2) Children’s emotional display goals and strategies were influenced by situations. 3) In the presence of good friends, children expressed their emotions for others’ consideration, which was the exact opposite in the presence of parents. 4) The development of society-oriented goals of girls was higher than that of boys. Therefore, the factors of preschool children’s cognition of emotional display rules display different characteristics in development, which are significantly influenced by different situations, interpersonal backgrounds and genders.

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Measurement of Word Awareness and Its Predictability to Early Reading Development ZHANG Di, ZHAO Wei, LI Li, GAO Guili 2021, 19(6):  771-778.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (718KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Word awareness is one of the fundamental metalinguistic skills for early development. The study explored the facets of Chinese word awareness and their measurements, as well as the relationship between word awareness and early reading ability among 4~6 years old monolingual children. Word awareness, reading comprehension, receptive vocabulary and Chinese character recognition were tested among 150 children who were 4~6 years old. Results revealed two main facets of Chinese word awareness, that is, awareness of word boundaries and concept of word. Each facet of word awareness was significantly correlated with reading comprehension, receptive vocabulary, and word recognition, indicating that word awareness is a strong predictor for early reading development.

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Family Cumulative Risk and Problem Behavior of Migrant Preschool Children: A Moderated Mediation Model HUANG He, WANG Xiaoying, LV Bo 2021, 19(6):  779-785.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (750KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed?to explore the effect of family cumulative risk on the problem behavior of migrant preschool children and its underlying mechanism. A total of 460 migrant preschool children and their parents from 23 kindergartens were investigated with the Family Cumulative Risk Questionnaire, Devereux Early Childhood Assessment for Preschoolers Second Edition, Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The results showed that: 1) mindfulness parenting mediated the relationship between family cumulative risk and problem behavior of migrant preschool children; 2) resilience moderated the direct effect of family cumulative risk on problem behavior and the second path of the indirect association, which was more significant in the case of low family cumulative risk and high mindfulness parenting.

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Co-Parenting, Self-Expansion and Marital Quality: A Dyadic Analysis of Couples LAI Xiaolu, LIU Xuelan, LIN Liyun, ZHOU Zihan 2021, 19(6):  786-793.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (688KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics By using the actor-partner interdependence model, the current study examined the associations between parents’ co-parenting and their own and partners’ marital qualities, and explored whether these associations were mediated by their self-expansion. A questionnaire survey was conducted in a convenience sample consisting of 567 Chinese families with children in primary school. The results showed that co-parenting had significant actor and partner effects on marital qualities for both husbands and wives. In addition, the actor effects of co-parenting on the marital quality were mediated by self-expansion. Specifically, for both husbands and wives, their co-parenting were indirectly related to their own marital qualities through their own self-expansion. As for indirect partner effects, wives’ self-expansion mediated the association between their co-parenting and their partners’ marital quality while all other indirect partner effects were insignificant. The findings deepen our understanding of the links between the parental and the marital subsystems and highlight the mediating role of self-expansion in these relationships.

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Effectiveness of N-Back Working Memory Training: An Evidence from Meta-Analysis YOU Xuqun, LI Qianqin, ZHANG Zhenyu, HUANG Pujiang, LIU Zhiyuan 2021, 19(6):  794-801.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (610KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A systematic review was conducted to study the transfer effects of n-back working memory training in healthy adults aged 18~50 years and the factors affecting the transfer effects. Thirty-two studies and 69 independent effect sizes together with 1820 participants which met the inclusion criteria of meta-analysis were selected. The meta-analysis results revealed that n-back training had a significant medium effect size on the untrained n-back task (nearest transfer effect: g=0.54), while the transfer effects on both other working memory tasks (near transfer effect: g=0.20) and cognitive control tasks (far transfer effect: g=0.20) showed small effect size. The moderator analysis showed that the number of training sessions could influence nearest transfer effect. The current study indicats that a substantial part of transfer effect following n-back training is task-specific; in other words, the transfer effect is large in nearest transfer, while both near transfer effect and far transfer effect are small. Moreover, the number of training sessions influences the nearest transfer effect.

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Global Prevalence of Mobile Phone Addiction: A Meta-Analysis XIONG Sicheng, ZHANG Bin, JIANG Yongzhi, JIANG Huaibin, CHENG Yun 2021, 19(6):  802-808.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (734KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The mobile phone addiction is a unique psychological and behavioral problem in the Internet era. A number of studies have examined the prevalence of mobile phone addiction, but the results are inconsistent. In order to clarify the controversies in this field and explain the reasons affecting the prevalence of mobile phone addiction, this study used the meta-analysis method to explore the global prevalence of mobile phone addiction and its influencing factors. The current study contained 174 research literatures, including 178 independent effect sizes, with a total of 145,380 participants. Random effects model was selected for analysis, and it was found that global prevalence of mobile phone addiction was 28.3%. Furthermore, the cultural background, assessment tools and the year of publication had significant effect on the prevalence of mobile phone addiction, while the age stage had no significant effect. Compared with other behavior addictions, these results indicate that the mobile phone addiction is one of the most common addiction types in the world, supporting the relational-cultural theory and accessibility hypothesis.

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Development of the Competence Scale for Group Leaders GUO Ying, FAN Fumin, ZHANG Yingjun, LIU Yu 2021, 19(6):  809-815.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (634KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study aimed to explore the competence model of group leaders and develop the competence measurement instrument. By combining literature review and qualitative research, Study 1 conducted a questionnaire survey among 40 subjects to construct a five-factor competence model for group leaders. In Study 2, an initial scale was developed based on the sample data of 403 subjects, and the scale items were analyzed and validated among these group leaders. The formal Competence Scale for Group Leaders contained 21 items and 4 dimensions: “Knowledge”, “Skills”, “Abilities” and “Attitude”. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the scale and all sub-scales were between 0.88~0.95. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis and the validity of the criterion correlation were satisfactory. The results suggest that the Competence Scale for Group Leaders has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a tool to evaluate the competency of group leaders.

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Research on the Relationship Between Social Support and Job Burnout of Government-Supported Normal Teachers YAO Chong, HUI Qi, WANG Yuan, XI Haisha, LUO Chaoliang 2021, 19(6):  816-823.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (723KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated the relationships among social support, self-esteem, upward social comparison sensitivity, and job burnout of government-supported normal teachers. The present study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine the effect of social support on burnout and the underlying mechanisms. A total of 1729 government-supported normal teachers participated in this study. Teachers’ social support was measured by the Perceived Workplace Social Support Questionnaire. Teachers’ burnout was assessed with the Dutch version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Teachers. Upward social comparison sensitivity was assessed with the Upward Social Comparison Sensitivity Subscale. Self-esteem was assessed with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The results showed that: 1) After controlling gender and age, the social support of government-supported normal teachers had a negative direct effect on burnout. 2) The directing effect was modulated by upward social comparison sensitivity. 3) The negative association between social support and teachers’ burnout was mediated by self-esteem. 4) The mediating effect of self-esteem was moderated by upward social comparison sensitivity. This study is helpful to reveal the formation mechanism of teachers’ burnout among government-supported normal teachers and proposed corresponding solutions and suggestions.

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Career Calling and Gratitude Trait in Kindergarten Teachers: A Cross-Lagged Analysis LI Feifei, JIAO Runkai, LIU Dan, YIN Hang 2021, 19(6):  824-830.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (613KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A two-wave longitudinal study at an interval of 6 months was conducted among 223 kindergarten teachers to explore whether gratitude trait influences teachers’ level of career calling or not. Results showed cross-time stability and significant simultaneous correlation in the levels of gratitude trait, the presence of a calling, and search for a calling among kindergarten teachers. Kindergarten teachers’ gratitude trait positively predicted the presence of and search for a calling after 6 months, while the presence of and search for a calling did not predict kindergarten teachers’ gratitude trait after 6 months. Our findings suggest that the gratitude trait is an antecedent for kindergarten teachers to perceive and seek their career calling, providing practical implications for kindergarten teachers’ career calling discernment and development.

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The Prominent Effect and Compatibility Effect of Intertemporal Preference Reversal ZHOU Yanbang, LI Qiang, BAO Qing 2021, 19(6):  831-837.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (790KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Risky preference reversals can be explained by the prominent effect and the compatibility effect. In the present study, we examined whether these two effects could account for time preference reversals. In the experiment, the choice task and the bidding task were conducted and participants’ information searching process were monitored by the mouse-lab paradigm. The results revealed the difference of attention allocation between the two tasks, supporting the prominent effect and the compatibility effect. Specifically, the proportion of searching time in delay attribute in the choice task was greater than that in the bidding task; whereas, the proportion of searching time in outcome attribute in the bidding task was greater than that in the choice task. Our findings suggest that time preference reversals can be explained by the prominent effect and the compatibility effect.

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The Effect of Money Priming and Time Priming on Mate Selection HOU Juan, ZHENG Xinyi, WANG Xiu, FANG Xiaoyi 2021, 19(6):  838-844.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (612KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore how individuals choose their spouses under different feelings of money and time, 370 and 382 subjects were recruited to prime their feelings of money abundance (deprivation) and time abundance (deprivation) respectively, and then they were asked to complete the Mate Selection Criterial Scale (MSCS). The results were as follows: 1) Individuals primed with money (time) abundance feeling put forward a higher standard of mate selection than individuals primed with money (time) deprivation; individuals feeling rich in money raised the standard on the characteristics related to appearance and socio-economic status, while those feeling rich in time raised the standard on the characteristics related to personality and socio-economic status. 2)The interaction between money priming and sex was not significant. Compared with the money deprivation priming group, male did not put forward higher mate selection criteria under money abundance priming. 3) The interaction between time priming and sex was significant. Compared with the time abundance priming group, female would lower their mate selection criteria after time deprivation priming, while male would not.

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How Does Participative Leadership Impact on the Employees’ Performance? Moderated Mediating Effect DOU Yunlai, SHEN Yimo 2021, 19(6):  845-852.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (608KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Drawing on the self-categorization theory and the fairness heuristic theory, the present study proposed a moderated mediation model to explain the impacting mechanism and boundary conditions of participative leadership in the work engagement and initiative of employees. Analyses of multilevel, multisource and lagged data from 62 team leaders and 282 employees indicated that: 1) participative leadership by means of perceived insider status impacts positively the relationship between employees’ work engagement and initiative; 2) organizational justice climate can positively moderate the relationship between participative leadership and employees’ perceived insider status; 3) the mediating function of perceived insider status between participative leadership and employees’ work engagement and initiative can be moderated by organizational justice climate. Thus, a moderated mediation model can be witnessed.

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The Relationship Between the Congruence of Boundary Management and the University Counselors’ Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Job Engagement YANG Huai, GONG Shaoying, MIAO Tianchang, LI Weihe 2021, 19(6):  853-860.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (709KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics From the perspective of person-organization fit, this study not only examined the direct effect of congruence in segmentation preference and organizational segmentation supply on the university counselors’ job satisfaction, but also tested the mediating role of job engagement on the relationship between them. A survey was conducted among 553 university counselors from different universities in China. The results showed that: the congruence of segmentation preference and organizational segmentation supply affected job engagement and satisfaction. Especially, the job engagement of “high preference-low supply” group was lower than the group of “low preference-low supply”. There was no significant difference between “high preference-high supply” and “low preference-low supply” on job satisfaction. Job engagement and satisfaction of the “high preference-low supply” group were lower than those of “low preference-high supply” group. In addition, job engagement partially mediated the association between the congruence of segmentation preference and organizational segmentation and job satisfaction.