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The Sub-Word Boundary Effect of Chinese Character Position Processing in Incremental Words GU Junjuan, GAO Zhihua, MA Shaoyang 2022, 20(1):  1-7.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (536KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, we endeavored to explore whether the sub-word boundary effect exists in character position processing of incremental words in Chinese. We used the head-embedded incremental word (e.g., 历史系) and tail-embedded incremental word (e.g., 核技术) as our targets. We embedded the target words into sentences and then manipulated the previews of the words using the boundary paradigm. The preview was identical to the target word (identity condition), had the last two characters of the target word transposed (TC condition), or had the last two characters that were different from those in the target word (SC condition). For the head-embedded incremental word, the fixation durations on the targets in the SC condition were much longer than those in the TC condition, but were not significantly different between the identity condition and TC condition. For the tail-embedded incremental word, the fixation durations on the targets in the TC condition were much longer than those in the identity condition, but were not significantly different between the SC condition and TC condition. These results indicate that transposing two characters across sub-word boundaries have no effect on word recognition. However, word identification is inhibited when the beginning character of embedded words is involved in transposition.

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Effects of Item Competitive Intensity on Retrieval-Induced Forgetting in College Students with Internet Addiction LIU Xu, CAI Jia, CUI Zhe, SONG Meihan, WANG Li 2022, 20(1):  8-14.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (784KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Executive function deficits are one of the causes of the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of internet addiction. Previous studies focused on the impairment of executive function components such as attentional control and response inhibition in internet addicts; however, the status of memory suppression in internet addicts is unclear. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of memory suppression and the mechanism of the retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) by testing the RIF of college students with internet addiction. The results showed that individuals with low internet addiction yielded a significant RIF in the condition of high-item competition intensity rather than the low-item competition intensity condition. In contrast, individuals with high internet addiction yielded a significant RIF in the condition of low-item competition intensity, but not under the high-item competition intensity condition. These results indicate that the memory suppression ability of college students with internet addiction is seriously impaired; and the RIF is affected by the correlated costs and benefits problem (CCB), which causes interference-based RIF under low-item competition intensity condition.

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The Impact of Task Number and Working Memory Capacity on Interleaving Learning WANG Jiawei, XIAN Meijun, XING Qiang 2022, 20(1):  15-21.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (724KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study aimed to investigate the stability of the interleaving effect in rule-based category learning. Participants were asked to learn in single- or dual-task conditions where the stimuli were presented in blocked and interleaved conditions. Operation span, rotation span, and symmetry span tasks were used to measure working memory capacity (WMC). The results showed that those whose majors belonged to the liberal arts were benefited more from the interleaved presentation. In contrast, those whose majors belonged to the sciences benefited from blocking learning. In addition, neither task number nor WMC affected the interleaving effect, indicating that the advantage of interleaving learning is stable in both single and dual-task conditions, and individuals with different WMC benefit from interleaving learning.

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Diffusion of Inhibition of Return in 3D Dynamic and Static Scenes LIU Yanyan, LI Jie, ZHAO Qichao, CHEN Beibei, ZHANG Yu 2022, 20(1):  22-28.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (754KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study explored whether inhibition of return (IOR) is sensitive to depth in 3D static and dynamic scenes using virtual reality technology. We also tested whether the IOR effect spatially diffuses. A classical cue-target paradigm with 3D static and dynamic scenes was used in the experiments. The results showed that in 3D static scene the IOR was robust at all three invalid cued positions, and the magnitude of the IOR effects varied at the different positions. In 3D dynamic scene, there was no significant difference in response time at all four positions. The results indicate that, in 3D static scene, IOR is sensitive to depth and has spatial-diffusion effect. The movements of objects destroy the IOR and its spatial-diffusion effect.

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The Impact of Description-Experience Conflict on Individual Risky Decision-Making: Decision Model Fitting ZHOU Guangfang, WEI Zihan, OUYANG Liangyuan, NGURE Mary Muthoni, WANG Xiaozhuang 2022, 20(1):  29-36.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (735KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study used the description-experience conflict paradigm to investigate the influence of description-experience inconsistency on individual risk choices in gain and loss situations, and explore its internal mechanism through decision model fitting. Both Study 1a and Study 1b adopted a single-factor between-subjects design. The independent variable was the degree of inconsistency between description and experience, and the dependent variable was the proportion of risky choices (R-rate). Results showed that in gain situations, the R-rate was not significantly influenced by degree of inconsistency between description and experience; while in the loss situations, the R-rate was significantly influenced. Study 2 found that the description’s weight parameter (ξ) in the gain situations was significantly smaller than that in the loss situations; while the recency parameter (?) was significantly larger than that in the loss situations. Therefore, under the condition of description-experience inconsistency, the individuals in loss situations were more inclined to make decisions based on the descriptive information than those in the gain situations.

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Influence of Being Watched on Risky Decision-Making in Fund Investment XU Hui, LI Meijia, PENG Huamao 2022, 20(1):  37-44.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (843KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated how being watched by different emotional eyes influences risk tendencies and attention allocation in a financial scenario. Results showed that: 1) The images of negative watching eyes nudged participants towards risk-seeking behaviors in the loss frame than in the gain frame, and there was no significant difference between the control group and the other three groups on the risk-seeking tendency. 2) The eye-tracking procedure revealed that participants in the control group or being watched by negative eyes showed no interaction between the frame type and the sure/gamble option, while participants being watched by neutral and positive eyes did. The results indicate that it is probably the negative emotional information conveyed by negative eye gaze that changes individual’s perception of risk and certainty, thereby influences his or her risk-seeking. Avoiding negative emotional cues is helpful to reduce risk-seeking behavior in economic decision-making.

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The Effect of Task Type and Outcome Framing on Risk Decision-Making LIAO Yahui, HAN Mengfei 2022, 20(1):  45-51.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (678KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study investigated the influence of decision task types on risk preference under gain frame and loss frame in the context of money gambling and lifesaving domain respectively. A between-subjects design was conducted with 2 (task area: money gambling/lifesaving) ×2 (decision task type: experience/description) ×2 (result frame: gain/loss). By using the chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis, we found that individuals showed more tendency to risk-seeking when they made decisions based on descriptive information under negative frame. On the contrary, no framing effects were found when individuals made decisions based on experience. In summary, the description-experience gap was consistent with money gambling and lifesaving domain.

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The Effects of Testing and Feedback on Segmentation Principle in Video Learning LENG Xiaoxue, CHENG Meixia, WANG Fuxing 2022, 20(1):  52-58.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (599KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The segmentation principle is an important principle to promote learning in multimedia and video learning. This study explored the effects of testing and feedback on segmentation. Experiment 1 compared two conditions of watching segmented video and testing during segmented pauses. Results showed that testing during pauses improved learning performance. Experiment 2 compared three conditions of watching segmented video, testing during pauses, and testing and receiving feedback during pauses. Results showed that there was no difference between testing group and video group; and learners who received feedback performed best on tests. The results indicate that testing and feedback in segmented videos have positive effects and potential significance for multimedia and online learning.

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The Influence of Teachers’ Descriptions in Dialogue on Children’s Language Comprehension ZHANG Huan, ZUO Tianran, JIANG Wei, PEI Lingru, WU Xia 2022, 20(1):  59-64.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (557KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Previous studies showed that dialogue language can be better understood by the listener than monologue language. To investigate the influence of teachers’ descriptions in dialogue on school-age children’s language comprehension and its underlying mechanisms, different grade (first-, third-, and fifth-grade) of school-age children listened to the recordings of teachers from a tangram-description task, and attempted to identify the described target. The results showed that the correct recognition percentage of first-grade children in full-dialogue condition and half-dialogue condition were significantly higher than that in monologue condition. However, no significant difference of the third-grade children under three conditions was found. Importantly, the accuracy of the fifth-grade children in full-dialogue condition was significantly higher than that in monologue and half-dialogue conditions. These results can provide empirical evidence for the processes and mechanisms of how teachers’ descriptions affect children’s language comprehension in online and offline educational situation, and can help school-age children to better understand the knowledge given by teachers in the learning process and improve their language comprehension abilities.

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The Microgenetic Change of Social Creativity: A Study Based on Virtual Simulation Technique XUE Yukang, TIAN Mengyuan, LI Qianqian, GUO Yaqi, MA Xiaoqing, GU Chuanhua 2022, 20(1):  65-72.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (672KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics By combining microgenetic design and virtual simulation technique, the present study examined high- and low- trait social creativity college students’ microgenetic change of state-society creativity across different social situations and different time points. The results showed that: 1) the changes of strategy originality were inconsistent across the situations, while the changes of strategy appropriateness were consistent across the majority of situations; 2) the effects of trait social creativity on state social creativity were mainly reflected in strategy appropriateness.

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A Latent Profile Analysis to Symptoms of Eating Disorder in College Students and Its Relation to Depression ZHANG Xinyu, SUN Qi, ZHOU Guangdong, Li Bing 2022, 20(1):  73-79.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (604KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate eating disorder symptoms’ classification characteristics and their relationships with depression and gender, 575 college students were tested using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 and PHQ-9. Data analysis was carried out by the latent profile analysis with a predictor variable (depression) and a classification outcome variable (gender). The results revealed that college students with eating disorder symptoms could be classified into three groups, that is body shape concern group (62.4%), body image concern group (28.0%), and eating disorder risk group (9.6%). The higher the depression score, the more likely an individual would be classified as either the body image concern group or the eating disorder risk group. Compared with men, women were more likely to belong to the body image concern group and the eating disorder risk group.

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Moral Identity and College Students’ Prosocial Behavior Tendency: The Mediating Effect of Empathy and the Moderating Effect of Mindfulness GUO Ying, CHEN Canjie, HU Dong, YUAN Anyi 2022, 20(1):  80-87.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (758KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to explore the mechanism of the influence of moral identity on college students’ prosocial behavior tendency by conducting a survey on 533 college students with Moral Identity Measure, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Prosocial Tendencies Measure, and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. The results showed that: 1) both internalization and symbolization were significantly positively related to college students’ prosocial behavior tendency; 2) empathy played a partial mediating role in the effect of internalization and symbolization on college students’ prosocial behavior tendency; 3) mindfulness played a moderating role in the effect of internalization and symbolization on college students’ prosocial behavior tendency. Mindfulness weakened the positive effect of moral identity symbolization on prosocial behavior tendency, while it enhanced the positive effect of empathy on prosocial behavior tendency.

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Meaning in Life and Mental Health of the Elderly Based on the Dual-Factor Model : Mediating Effects of Attitudes Toward Aging CHEN Yantao, GAO Xiaotong, CHEN Zhaolin, HUANG Shihua 2022, 20(1):  88-95.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (688KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Under the influence of positive psychology, the dual-factor model of mental health combined both subjective well-being and psychopathology. This study aimed to verify the applicability of the dual-factor model of mental health among the elderly and investigate multiple mediating effects of attitudes toward aging between meaning in life and mental health. Two hundred and eighty-three elderly people in the Guangzhou community completed 12-item General Health Questionnaire, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, Meaning in Life Questionnaire and Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire. Results showed that: 1) The dual-factor model of mental health fitted better than the single-factor model. 2) Meaning in life promoted mental health through three pathways of attitudes toward aging, i.e., positive attitudes toward physical change, psychological growth and psychosocial loss. However, specific mechanisms differed. With the improvement of the presence of and the search for meaning in life, subjective well-being could be strengthened through complete mediation of attitudes toward aging. Attitudes toward aging completely mediated the negative association between the presence of meaning in life and psychopathology, but partially mediated the positive association between the search for meaning in life and psychopathology. Overall, this study expands applicable age range of the dual-factor model of mental health and provides empirical evidence for improving mental health of the elderly.

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The Influence of Social Support on Academic Self-Efficacy of Hearing-Impaired College Students: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience JIANG Kun, LAN Zebo, SUN Xiaotong, DING Xiaohui, TAO Jiayu 2022, 20(1):  96-100.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (589KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the influence of social support on academic self-efficacy and the mediating role of resilience, this study used Social Support Scale, Resilience Scale, and Learning Self-efficacy Scale to investigate 342 hearing-impaired college students. The results showed that the academic self-efficacy of the hearing-impaired college students was at a medium level, the social support and resilience were at a medium level. There were significant positive correlations among social support, resilience, and academic self-efficacy. Resilience played a partial mediating role in the effect of social support on academic self-efficacy. The results of this study indicate that social support can not only directly affect the academic self-efficacy of hearing-impaired college students, but also indirectly affect academic self-efficacy through the mediating role of mental resilience.

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Revision of the Chinese Version of the Highly Sensitive Child Scale-Parent Report ZENG Siyao, WANG Zhenhong 2022, 20(1):  101-107.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (598KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study modified the Chinese Version of the Highly Sensitive Child Scale-Parent Report (HSC-C) for preschool children aged 3~6 years, and examined its reliability and validity. Based on literature review and experts discussion, theoretical structure of high sensory processing sensitivity of preschool children was determined, and the preliminary scale was determined by referring to the foreign scales. According to the pretest and formal test of 1,633 preschool children’s parents, the formal scale was formed, including three subscales (Ease of Excitation, Aesthetic Sensitivity, and Low Sensory Threshold). The HSC-C showed good reliability and validity, suggesting it can be used as a standard evaluation tool to measure sensory processing sensitivity for preschool children in China.

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The Relationship of Extrinsic Autonomy of Teaching and Teachers’ Leadership: The Mediating Effects of Teachers’ Psychological Empowerment and Intrinsic Autonomy of Teaching YAO Jihai, SHEN Ling, ZOU Honghui 2022, 20(1):  108-114.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (627KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Teachers’ leadership refers to the professional characteristics of teachers leading colleagues in and out of the classroom to improve their professional skills and cooperating with teachers and principals to handle school affairs. To explore the relationship between teachers’ extrinsic autonomy of teaching and teachers’ leadership, as well as the mediating effects of teachers’ psychological empowerment and intrinsic autonomy of teaching, so as to find more ways to improve teachers’ leadership, this study surveyed 403 primary and secondary school teachers through questionnaires. The study found that: 1) the extrinsic autonomy of teaching of school teachers was significantly positively correlated with teachers’ leadership, and the former had a significant direct effect on the latter; 2) teachers’ psychological empowerment and intrinsic autonomy of teaching had partial mediating effects on the relationship between teachers’ extrinsic autonomy of teaching and teachers’ leadership, respectively; 3) teachers’ psychological empowerment and intrinsic autonomy of teaching had partial serial mediating effects between teachers’ extrinsic autonomy of teaching and teachers’ leadership.

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Influence of Occupational Stress on Subjective Well-Being of Primary and Secondary School Teachers in Western Mountainous Areas: A Moderated Mediation Model ZHU Hai, SONG Xiang, ZHOU Yun, YANG Xiaoping, TIAN Zeyong 2022, 20(1):  115-121.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (774KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to study the influence of occupational stress on subjective well-being of primary and secondary school teachers in western mountainous areas, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 2568 primary and secondary school teachers in western mountainous areas. The results showed that: 1) There were significant differences in subjective well-being of primary and secondary school teachers in western mountainous areas in demographic variables such as gender, whether they are head teachers or not, monthly income and teaching years. 2) Occupational stress significantly negatively predicted subjective well-being of primary and secondary school teachers in western mountainous areas. 3) Job burnout mediated the effect of occupational stress on subjective well-being of primary and secondary school teachers in western mountainous areas. 4) Occupational identity moderated the first half of the intermediary process from occupational stress, occupational burnout and subjective well-being of primary and secondary school teachers in western mountainous areas.

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Relationships Among Teachers’ Achievement Goals, Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, and Work Engagement: Variable-Centered and Person-Centered Perspectives WANG Jiaying, YAO Meilin, LIU Hongrui 2022, 20(1):  122-129.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (755KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Conducted from both variable-centered and person-centered perspectives, this study involved the relationships among 1,877 teachers’ achievement goals, self-efficacy, anxiety, and work engagement. Results showed that: 1) Mastery and performance-approach goals positively and performance-avoidance goals negatively predicted work engagement and that self-efficacy, anxiety, and “self-efficacy → anxiety” had varied degrees of mediating effects in such relationships. 2) Latent profile analysis produced five distinct profiles of teachers’ achievement goals: a) mastery-oriented, b) low mastery and low approach-oriented, c) low mastery and moderate approach- oriented, d) high multiple, and e) diffuse, among which the mastery-oriented profile showed the best adaptability and accounted for the largest number of teachers. 3) Self-efficacy, anxiety, and “self-efficacy → anxiety” played significant mediating roles in the relationship between teacher achievement goal profiles and work engagement.

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Mechanism Underlying the Impact of Empowering Leadership on Feedback Seeking Behavior: Two-Stage Moderating Effects of Differentiated Empowering Leadership WANG Huaiyong, YUE Siyi, SHEN Xiaoxun 2022, 20(1):  130-137.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (702KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study developed Differentiated Empowering Leadership Questionnaire from direct perception. By constructing a two-stage moderated mediation model, the present study revealed the mechanism underlying the impact of empowering leadership on feedback seeking behavior and the moderating effect of differentiated empowering leadership. A total of 338 employees participated in this survey. The results showed that, first, empowering leadership had a significant positive effect on feedback seeking behavior. Secondly, leader identification mediated the relationship between empowering leadership and feedback seeking behavior. Finally, differentiated empowering leadership moderated the mediating role of leadership identification in the relationship of empowering leadership and feedback seeking behavior, that is, it moderated both the first stage (the relationship between empowering leadership and leader identification) and the second stage (the relationship between leader identification and feedback seeking behavior) of the mediation process.

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Effect of Mindfulness Training on Inhibitory Control in Convalescent Schizophrenic Inpatients LIU Xuanxuan, ZHANG Libin, LIU Zheng, YANG Zhe, LI Lina 2022, 20(1):  138-144.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.01.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (734KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the effect of mindfulness training on mindfulness awareness and inhibitory control ability of convalescent schizophrenic inpatients. A total of 54 convalescent schizophrenic inpatients in rehabilitation period were selected and randomly divided into two groups, mindfulness group and control group. Rehabilitation treatment was carried out on both groups. In addition, the mindfulness group received 8 weeks of mindfulness training. The results showed that: 1) The post-test score of mindfulness awareness in mindfulness group was significantly higher than that of pre-test, while there was no significant difference between the post-test and pre-test in the control group regarding the mindfulness awareness. The post-test score of mindfulness awareness in the mindfulness group was significantly higher than that in the control group. 2) The response time in Stroop task in the post-test was significantly shorter than that in the pre-test in the mindfulness group, while there was no significant difference in the response time in Stroop task between the post-test and pre-test in the control group. After the treatment, the response time in Stroop task in the mindfulness group was significantly shorter than that in the control group. In conclusion, mindfulness training can improve the mindfulness awareness and inhibitory control ability of the convalescent schizophrenic inpatients.