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    20 March 2023, Volume 21 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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    Implementing the Spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress: To Build a Chinese-Style Psychological Theoretical System
    YOU Xuqun
    2023, 21(2):  145-153.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.001
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    Chinese psychology has made great progress in the past hundred years. However, under the influence of western scientism, there are some problems in the research object of Chinese psychology, such as the study of human elements, mental equal to material, and some limitations in the research paradigm, such as reductionism and mechanism, which lead to the shortcomings of Chinese psychology in serving the social reality of China. The report to the 20th CPC National Congress clearly pointed out the “two combinations”, that is, combining the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and excellent traditional culture. The “two combinations” provides guidelines to build a psychological theory system with Chinese style. In the face of the problems of China’s national and social development, Chinese psychology should realize that human beings have multi-dimensional attributes such as biology, psychology, culture, society and politics. Meanwhile, we should study the fundamental questions of what are human beings, human psychology and thought, human attributes and development, human behavior in reality and human ultimate pursuit of the meaning of life under the guidance of Marxism. The fundamental principle of reconstructing the theoretical system of Chinese psychology is to adhere to and develop Marxism, and constantly promote the innovation of Chinese excellent traditional culture, to enrich the theoretical system of Chinese psychology.
    Implementing the Spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress, Flourishing “Mental Health Education” in Secondary Vocational Schools
    YU Guoliang
    2023, 21(2):  154-162.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.002
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    Revising the Guidelines for Student Mental Health Education in Secondary Vocational Schools issued by the Ministry of Education is necessary so as to implement the spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress and empower and improve the efficiency of vocational education. Starting from the current emerging and vigorous development of mental health education, this paper briefly introduced the background and process of the revision of the Guidelines for Mental Health Education for Students in Secondary Vocational Schools, then interpreted the key “goals and tasks” and “educational content” of the revised draft, aiming to clarify the theoretical basis and scientific basis of the revision, and finally put forward the enlightenment of the revision work. That is, firstly, leaders should attach great importance to students’ mental health education; secondly, full-time and part-time mental health teachers should take the initiative to pay attention to their own professional growth; thirdly, students should actively participate in mental health courses and counseling. In addition, this study puts forward implementation suggestions from the perspective of integrating courses, counseling, activities, and resources from individuals, interpersonal, group, and society level.
    Word Spacing's Effect on Uyghur College Students' Lexical Processing
    AINI Ayiguli, KANJI Maihefulaiti, LIU Guixiong, BULATIHAN Palizha
    2023, 21(2):  163-168.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.003
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    The present study employed eye-tracking technology to examine the eye movement characteristics of highly and lowly proficient Uyghur college students in reading comprehension tasks of Chinese Mandarin sentences with and without word spacing, in order to explore the influence of word spacing on their lexical processing. Results showed that in sentence reading with word spacing, first fixation duration and gaze duration were significantly shorter, and fixation counts were significantly less than those in the no word spacing condition, indicating the facilitation of word spacing to reading. In addition, word spacing had a greater facilitative effect on the early stage of vocabulary access for low-proficiency college students. Overall, word spacing promoted the lexical processing of Uyghur college students, suggesting that their lexical processing depends on morpheme access to a certain extent. Moreover, as language proficiency improving, the dependence on morpheme access gradually decreases whereas whole-word processing ability gradually increases.
    The Interplay Between Honorific Processing and Syntactic Category Processing: ERPs to Written Mandarin Chinese
    JI Liyan, JI Aiai
    2023, 21(2):  169-176.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.004
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    Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we examined how pragmatic information relevant to interlocutor identity interacts with syntactic category processing during Chinese sentence comprehension. We used a full factorial design that crossed pragmatic consistency with syntactic category coherence of a noun phrase (NP). The results showed that the interaction between syntactic category and the correctness of pragmatic was significant. The ERP effects for pragmatic violation could only be observed when the syntactic category was coherent. Pragmatic violation elicited a sustained positivity in a subset of the participants, half of the participants showed a LAN and late negativity for pragmatic violation. Taken together, these results suggest that the processing of syntactic category processing has a function primacy over pragmatic processing. Furthermore, the strategy of resolving the pragmatic violation and the corresponding brain activities varies according to participants’ pragmatic abilities.
    The Role of Richness of Encoding in Animacy Effect of the Recognition of Chinese Vocabulary
    XING Min, LIU Xiping
    2023, 21(2):  177-184.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.005
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    Animacy effect refers to the memory advantage of animate entities over inanimate entities; however, its underlying mechanism is not yet known. The richness of encoding account suggests that animate items stimulate more ideas than inanimate items, which provides more cues for memory retrieval. The current study focused on whether richness of encoding may provide a more robust explanation for animacy effect or not. The animacy effect in the recognition of Chinese vocabulary was investigated under the conditions of rich encoding (Experiment 1) and limited encoding (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3). The results showed that animacy effects were robust in the recognition of Chinese vocabulary under both rich and limited encoding conditions; the recognition of animate items was significantly better than that of inanimate items. No degradation of the animation effect was found in the dual-task paradigm. Recognition of inanimate words, rather than animate words, was more influenced by the memory load task: the more difficult the memory load task, the more impaired the recognition of inanimate words. The results indicate that there is a robust animacy effect in the recognition of Chinese vocabulary; the richness of encoding is an automatic processing mechanism triggered by the animate attributes of items.
    Perspective Taking in Gaze-Liking-Effect
    ZHOU Song, LENG Man, JIANG Tao, SUN Yihan, GUAN Qingli, LI Shiyi
    2023, 21(2):  185-192.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.006
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    Gaze plays an important role in transmitting information in social interactions. People are cued by the direction of others’ attention and respond faster to the target object looking toward rather than away from it. Current evidence suggests that eye gaze also led to changes in people’s affective evaluation of objects. Compared with objects that are looked away, people usually have a higher degree of liking for objects that are looked at by others, which is called the gaze-liking-effect. However, it is still unclear how visual perspective taking influence the processing mechanism of the gaze-liking-effect. Therefore, we adapted the classical dots perspective task, and manipulated the position of letters to change their visibility to the agent. Subsequently, participants were asked to provide ratings related to their preferences for different letters. The results of the three experiments showed that participants preferred the visible letters of the agent to the invisible letters. More importantly, we observed that the gaze-liking-effect was not due to the attentional cues or positional distance of the target stimulus. Instead, our findings suggest that this effect is mediated by the ability to infer others’ visual perspectives, implying a social and cognitive basis for the gaze-liking-effect. In conclusion, visual perspective taking plays an important role in the generation of the gaze-liking-effect.
    The Influence of Clean Dirty Priming on Moral Judgment: Moderated Mediation Effect
    DING Fengqin, MA Xiaohong
    2023, 21(2):  193-199.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.007
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    This study aimed to explore the influence of clean-dirty priming on moral judgment, as well as the mediating effect of moral self-image and the moderating effect of negative moral emotion and moral sensitivity. A total of 449 college students were investigated with clean-dirty priming, negative moral emotion, moral self-image, moral sensitivity questionnaire and moral dilemma story judgment. The results showed that: 1) clean-dirty priming directly affected moral judgment; 2) clean-dirty priming indirectly affected moral judgment through the intermediary role of moral self-image; 3) the mediating effect of clean-dirty priming on moral judgment through moral self-image was regulated by negative moral emotion and moral sensitivity. To be specific, for individuals with high negative moral emotion and high moral sensitivity, such mediating effect was stronger. The results reveal the internal mechanism of clean-dirty priming on moral judgments, and provide a reference for the intervention of moral judgments.
    The Relationship Between Divided Attention and Memory Processing: A Meta-Analysis
    XIAO Jingjing, CHEN Dengshui, ZHANG Jinkun
    2023, 21(2):  200-208.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.008
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    The use of smart devices intensifies the possibility of learners’ divided attention, but the results on the effects of divided attention on cognitive processing are varied. To explore the effects of divided attention on memory and to examine the boundary conditions of divided attention, a meta-analysis of 45 retrieved articles was performed by using a random effects model. On the results of recognition, cue recall and free recall, 17(1816), 12(1642), and 29(3802) independent effects were generated, respectively. The results showed that divided attention significantly reduced the performance on recognition (g = -0.52), cued recall (g = -0.50), and free recall (g = -0.87). Moderator analysis found that participants performed better in picture-learning than in text-learning on cue-recall, scored higher in retrieval-initiating divided attention than encoding-initiating divided attention on free recall, and were superior on explicit memory in both cue-recall and free recall. The results indicate that the effect of divided attention reduces memory, however, it is moderated by divided-attention initiated phase, material type and memory type.
    The Relationship Between Growth Mindset and Adolescent Psychological Capital: An Analysis Based on the Motivational Framework
    ZHANG Kuo, LI Peiyu, CHEN Lijun, WANG Xinjian
    2023, 21(2):  209-215.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.009
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    A survey of 1878 adolescents examined the relationship between growth mindset and its motivational framework and adolescent psychological capital. Results showed that: 1) growth mindset positively predicted adolescent psychological capital; 2) mastery goals and failure response played sequence mediating roles between growth mindset and adolescent psychological capital; 3) growth mindset had significant incremental predictive validity for adolescent psychological capital, controlling for family socioeconomic status and academic achievement. The study expands the antecedent variables of psychological capital from the perspective of implicit beliefs and provides a theoretical basis for the development and promotion of adolescent psychological capital.
    Categories of Meaning in Life and Its Relationship with Loneliness in Senior High School Students: Based on Latent Profile Analysis
    MA Chao, LIU Yafei, YU Haibo, WU Xiaoguang
    2023, 21(2):  216-223.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.010
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    The present study applied latent profile analysis to explore the latent categories of meaning in life and its relationship with loneliness for senior high school students. This study, which extended to 997 senior high school students, used the Meaning in Life Scale and the Adolescent Loneliness Questionnaire to measure participants’ meaning in life and loneliness. The results showed that there were four latent categories of meaning in life for senior high school students, namely, negative meaning in life (4.71%), exploration meaning in life (11.43%), general meaning in life (43.63%) and positive meaning in life (40.22%). Among them, general meaning in life and positive meaning in life were more universal. Senior high school students’ loneliness is significantly different in these four potential categories of meaning in life. Specifically, senior high school students who were categorized in the negative meaning in life had the highest level of loneliness, those who were categorized in exploration meaning in life and general meaning in life were in the middle level, and those who were categorized in positive meaning in life had the lowest level of loneliness. The results show that meaning in life of senior high school students is heterogeneous with obvious classification characteristics and is closely related to loneliness.
    Longitudinal Association Between Cyberbullying Victimization and Emotional Eating Among Vocational College Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Body Dissatisfaction and Self-Esteem
    JI Xiaoning, KISHIMOTO Tomoko, WANG Wenying, TANG Yan, CHEN Zhiyan, DING Xinfang
    2023, 21(2):  224-230.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.011
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    To explore the longitudinal relationship between cyberbullying victimization and emotional eating, as well as the mechanism of body dissatisfaction and self-esteem, a total of 301 students from vocational colleges were sampled by questionnaire and longitudinal data were collected three times, with an interval of 3 months. The results showed that: after controlling for demographic variables, 1) cyberbullying victimization (T1) was positively correlated with emotional eating (T3); 2) body dissatisfaction (T2) and self-esteem (T2) played a chain mediating role in cyberbullying victimization (T1) and emotional eating (T3). The results indicate that cyberbullying victims can predict emotional eating through body dissatisfaction and self-esteem. Moreover, body dissatisfaction and self-esteem play a chain mediating role.
    The Development of Teacher Rating Scale for Shame Development in 3~6 Years Old Children
    HE Mingying, ZHANG Xianying, LI Lingyu, YANG Lizhu
    2023, 21(2):  231-237.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.012
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    This study aimed to explore preschool children’s shame structure and develop a teacher’s rating scale of shame development in children aged 3~6. Based on the literature analysis, open-ended questionnaire coding determined the scale dimensions and developed the initial scale. In addition, the formal scale was formed through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The final scale contained 2 dimensions, that is, the “violation shame” and the “failure shame”. The final scale was tested for the reliability. The results showed that the scale had high split half reliability, internal consistency reliability, rater consistency reliability and retest reliability. The construct validity of the scale was tested by a multitrait-multimethod matrix, showing that the construct validity of the scale was good. In all, the Teacher Rating Scale for Shame Development in 3~6 Years Old Children meets psychometric criteria and can be used as a valid tool to measure shame in young children.
    The Effect of Mindfulness Training on 3~4 Years Old Children's Social Behavior
    MA Ying, LEI Ying, AI Yueyue, XIANG Weiming
    2023, 21(2):  238-244.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.013
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    To investigate the effect of mindfulness training on young children’s social behavior, this study used a quasi-experimental design to assign 60 children aged 3~4 years to the mindfulness training group and control group. Parents and teachers assessed the children’s social behavior before, after and three months later after the training. The results showed that: 1) In the pre-test, there were no significant differences in the three dimensions of social behavior between the training group and the control group. 2) Post-test and following-up data showed that the dimensions of shy withdrawal and aggressive behavior in the training group were significantly lower than that of the control group, and the level of prosocial behavior was significantly higher than that of the control group. 3) The results of parent evaluation and teacher evaluation were the same. 4) There was no gender difference in the effect of mindfulness training on children’s social behavior. The findings demonstrate that mindfulness training has a positive effect on improving social behavior in children aged 3~4 years, and the effect is stable.
    The Effect of Childhood Emotional Neglect on Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Thalamus Resting Functional Connections in College Students: The Mediating Role of Reappraisal Strategy
    XU Bin, JIN Xiaokang, WEI Shilin, YIN Xiaojuan, YAN Shizhen, JIA Lina, JIN Hua
    2023, 21(2):  245-252.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.014
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    This study examined the effects of childhood emotional neglect (CEN) on emotion regulation abilities and resting-state functional connectivity of the thalamus. Two groups of college students who have experienced solitary CEN and who have no childhood traumatic experience were recruited. Questionnaires and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to collect data. The results showed that the neglect group had more difficulty regulating emotions and used fewer reappraisal strategies. Additionally, the functional connectivity between the thalamus and the dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus was stronger in the neglect group. Cross-group analysis showed that the effect of thalamus functional connectivity on emotion regulation difficulty was fully mediated by the reappraisal score. These findings suggest that solitary CEN may lead to emotion regulation difficulty in adulthood, and changes in spontaneous activity of the thalamus may affect adult emotion regulation abilities by influencing reappraisal strategies.
    The Evaluation of the Quality of Postgraduate Entrance Examination Based on IRT
    SONG Xueling, LIANG Zhengyan
    2023, 21(2):  253-259.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.015
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    The quality evaluation of postgraduate entrance examination is important in management. Based on the answering data of 22,126 subjects in the psychology major of the postgraduate entrance examination in 2022, the quality of the test paper was analyzed by using the IRT through SPSS 21.0 and R. The results showed that, 1) the structure of the test paper was completely consistent with the requirements of the test outline; 2) the range of subjects’ abilities was widely distributed; 3) the test information basically met the requirements. The difficulty level of the test paper is medium to easy; and there are still some poor items, and the proportion of average items is also relatively high. From the perspective of information function, 1) the maximum information content of most items was higher than the expected information content; 2) the proportion of the maximum information content provided by Experimental Psychology, Psychological Statistics and Measurement was higher than the proportion of the information content that should be provided; 3) the test information function curve was on the left as a whole, which was not good for differentiation of groups of subjects with higher ability.
    The Influence of Teachers' Caring Behavior on Middle School Students' Academic Stress: The Mediating Role of Sleep Quality and the Moderating Role of Meaning in Life
    JIANG Junjie, WANG Xu, YU Jing, XIANG Huanhuan, GUO Cheng
    2023, 21(2):  260-265.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.016
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    According to the caring theory and the meaning-making model, this study investigated 1377 middle school students in Chongqing by questionnaires, and aimed to explore the relationship between teachers’ caring behavior and middle school students’ academic stress, as well as the role of sleep quality and meaning in life in it. The results showed that: 1) teachers’ caring behavior was negatively correlated with middle school students’ academic stress; 2) sleep quality served as a mediator to transmit the effect of teachers’ caring behavior on middle school students’ academic stress; 3) meaning in life moderated the relationship between teachers’ caring behavior, sleep quality and middle school students’ academic stress. Specifically, meaning in life moderated the first half of the indirect path and the direct path. These results indicate that teachers’ caring behavior can affect middle school students’ academic stress through sleep quality, and middle school students with higher meaning in life can better regulate sleep quality and academic stress.
    In-Group Identification and Hearing-Impaired Adolescents' Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Hearing-Impaired Peer Support
    MA Yidan, XUE Weifeng, LIU Qin, XU Yin
    2023, 21(2):  266-272.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.017
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    This study tested the association between different dimensions of in-group identification (satisfaction, solidarity, centrality) and subjective well-being among hearing-impaired adolescents, and the mediating effect of hearing-impaired peer support on this association. Questionnaires on subjective well-being, in-group identification, hearing-impaired peer support were completed by 366 hearing-impaired students (Grade 10~12) from special schools in Sichuan Province. The results showed that: 1) there were significant positive correlations among three dimensions of in-group identification (satisfaction, solidarity, centrality), subjective well-being, and hearing-impaired peer support; 2) hearing-impaired peer support only partially mediated the relationship between satisfaction and subjective well-being.
    Dispositional Mindfulness and Mental Health of Professional Athletes: A Serial Mediation Model and the Gender Difference
    HUANG Yajuan, DONG Rui, YANG Zhen, KANG Kaiyue, XU Xin
    2023, 21(2):  273-279.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.018
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    Based on the monitor and acceptance theory, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and the mental health of 460 professional athletes. The results showed that: 1) Dispositional mindfulness positively predicted subjective well-being and negatively predicted depression-anxiety-stress, basic psychological needs satisfaction and self-compassion respectively played separate and serial mediation in this association. 2) There were significant gender differences in this model. When subjective well-being was taken as the outcome variable, the mediating effect of the male group was greater than that of the female group. When depression-anxiety-stress was used as the outcome variable, the mediating effect was greater in the female group than in the male group. The findings of this study have theoretical and practical implications for more specialized prevention and intervention measures.
    Association Between Social Media Use and Loneliness of the Elderly: A Meta-Analysis
    MENG Hongxing, MEI Zhiling, WANG Xiaozhuang, XU Sheng
    2023, 21(2):  280-288.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.02.019
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    Studies have been conducted to examine the intrinsic association between online social media use and loneliness among older adults from different theoretical perspectives, but the results are inconsistent. Meta-analysis was used to explore the relationship between social media use and loneliness of the elderly to clarify the controversies. The current study contained 39 research literatures, including 49 independent effect sizes. Random effects model was selected for analysis, and it was found that social media use was negatively correlated with loneliness, emotional loneliness and social loneliness of the elderly. Furthermore, the relationship between social media use and loneliness of the elderly was moderated by social media measurement indicators and loneliness measurement tools, but was not by gender and cultural background. This study provided a more accurate estimate of the impact of social media use on loneliness in the elderly, and clarified the differences in the magnitude and direction of the correlation between the two, which would be helpful for guiding the elderly to use social media rationally to alleviate loneliness.