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20 May 2017, Volume 15 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Influence of Scene Rotation on Contextual Cueing Effect Li Shiyi, Bai Xuejun, Wang Yuwei, Zheng Lei, Sun Hongjin 2017, 15(3):  289-294.  Abstract ( )   PDF (681KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In visual search, multiple combined appearance of a specific background and target position can promote search performance, namely contextual cueing effect. The current study explored whether the learned contextual cueing effect can be migrated when the two-dimensional visual scenes are rotated. After learning of the contextual cueing effect, 3 group participants performed the same search task in the same visual scenes which had been rotated by 0°, 45°, 60°. The results showed that the learned effects were preserved in the testing phase. The result indicates that there is a more advanced coding mode in the contextual effect.

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The Effect of Specific Emotion and Personality Trait on Information Process of Decision-Making Wang Dawei, Qiao Xiuqing, Su Xiang, Xu Ping, Liu Hongli, Hu Yixin 2017, 15(3):  295-301.  Abstract ( )   PDF (702KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We explored the impacts of emotion and personality trait on on the process of decision making. The results showed that: 1)In the mean decision time, specific emotions and personality traits had significant main effect and interaction effect on information process of decision making. In the sad emotion, individuals with internal control personality spent longer average decision time than ones with external control personality. The individuals with internal control personality spent longer average decision time in the sad emotion than in happy emotion. 2)As for the depth of decision information search, specific emotions and personality traits had a significant main effect and an interaction effect on information process of decision making. Under the sad emotion, individuals with internal control personality searched more information than ones with external control personality. The individuals with internal control personality searched more information in the sad emotion than in happy emotion. 3)In terms of the pattern of decision information search, the main effects of specific emotions and personality traits were significant, but the interaction was not. The individuals with internal control personality were inclined to process information based on alternative in sad emotion, and the individuals with internal control personality preferred to process more information based on options in sad emotion than in happy emotion. The individuals with external control personality preferred to process more information based on attribute in sad emotion than in happy emotion.

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The Impact of target prevalence in Medical Image Visual Searching of Novice and Expert Radiologists: Evidence from Eye Movement Chen Meixiang, Bai Xuejun 2017, 15(3):  302-308.  Abstract ( )   PDF (672KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To measure the effect of abnormality-prevalence on novices and experienced radiologists' performance during pulmonary nodular lesion detection on a chest radiograph, SMI250 eye tracker was used to record participants' eye movements. We asked experts and novices to detect chest X-ray in different target prevalence(50% or 10%). The results showed that: 1)the miss(false-negative)rate of experts and novices in low prevalence (10%)was significantly higher than that of high prevalence(50%), but the miss rate difference of experts in high and low prevalence was less than that of novices. 2)Experts and novices spent less fixation counts but more fixation duration average in low prevalence. In addition,the average saccade amplitude and the scanning error in low prevalence were greater than that in high prevalence. These findings suggested that scanning errors were the main reason for the more miss errors in low prevalence than those in high prevalence.

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Study on Mental Processes of Different Types of Chinese Negative Sentences Li Ying, Wu Jun, Liang Yuanyuan, Wang Yue 2017, 15(3):  309-316.  Abstract ( )   PDF (847KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study investigated dynamic mental processing of different types of negative sentences using sentence-word decision and sentence-picture judgment tasks. Experiment 1 examined the mental process of literal negative sentences. Participants were presented with affirmative and negative sentences containing a target entity. After reading sentence, participants were presented with a picture of the target entity that was either matched or mismatched with property of the entity in the preceding sentence. The delay between sentence and word was 750ms in Experiment 1a and 1500ms in Experiment 1b. In Experiment 2, most of the procedures were same as that in Experiment 1 expect that participants read metaphorical negative and affirmative sentences and then completed word judgment tasks. The result showed that for literal negative sentences, reaction time in match condition was longer than in mismatch condition in 750ms, however in 1500ms the result was opposite. For metaphorical negative sentences, reaction time in match condition was also longer than in mismatch condition in 750ms, but there was no difference between the two conditions in 1500ms. The whole study proved the assumption that mental processes of different types of negative sentences were dynamically varied. Processing of literal negative sentences confirms to the two-stage simulating theory, while processing of metaphorical negative sentences is more accorded with suppression/preservation hypothesis.

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Polarization Effect of Category Label in Category-based Feature Inference Liu Fengying, Yao Zhigang 2017, 15(3):  317-322.  Abstract ( )   PDF (477KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Categorization and inference are two important functions of category knowledge, besides categorization, category-based feature inference is an important application of category knowledge. Categorization is to infer an item's category label when its feature value is known, while inference is to infer an item's one or few unknown feature value when its category label is known. Category label is a symbol on behalf of category membership, while category feature is a symbol representing a feature of an item. This study aimed to contrast the polarization effect between category label and feature label in category-based feature inference. The experiments used learning-test two phase paradigm and a 2(type of category label: category and feature)×2(matching type of label: matching and non-matching)× 2(basal probability: high and low) experimental design. The results of the experiment showed that: 1)The polarization effect of category label was significantly higher than the one of feature label. 2)Category label was different from category feature essentially. 3)The basal probability affected the category-based feature inference. In summary, this study showed that category label is essentially different from category feature. And this study had a new finding that the basal probability did affect the category-based feature inference.

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Reward Forgiveness or Punish Unforgiveness: A Game Experiment of Offenders' Motivation of the Behavior Follow the Forgiveness Zhang Tian, Fu Hong, Zhu Tingting 2017, 15(3):  323-328.  Abstract ( )   PDF (613KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Some recent studies show that expression of forgiveness generally serves to deter rather than invite repeated offenses. But one question that remained after these studies was why offenders choose to do like this. Did them reward forgiveness or punish unforgiveness? To explore offenders' motivation of the behavior follow the forgiveness, a prisoners' dilemma game was used in this study. And the results suggest that no matter the information was unforgiveness or neutral message, the participants would encourage repeat offenses, only when the participants receive a forgiveness message, that would deter repeat offenses. That means offenders are indeed responding favorably to forgiveness, and not just punishing the angry player. In addition, this result verifies once again that expressions of forgiveness generally serve to deter rather than invite repeat offenses, and also is a reference to interpersonal interaction.

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The Effects of Mind Wandering on Chinese Reading Performance Wu Guolai, Zhou Man, Yin Xiaojuan, Li Haiying, Li Jiaohua 2017, 15(3):  329-334.  Abstract ( )   PDF (553KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, 36 college students were selected, and when the subjects to read Chinese materials to explore the effects of mind wandering on reading accuracy and reading time by using the method of probe-caught and sentence-by-sentence reading paradigm. The results showed: 1)Mind wandering occupy around 34.80% of the time in Chinese reading task; 2)Mind wandering affect reading comprehension, reducing the accuracy rate of reading comprehension; 3)Mind wandering lead to slower reading times. Collectively, these findings confirm that mind wandering has an impact on Chinese reading performance, reducing the accuracy rate of reading comprehension and leading to slower reading times.

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The Effect of Learner Control and Task Difficulty on Multimedia Learning Gong Shaoying, Zhang Panpan, Shangguan Chenyu 2017, 15(3):  335-342.  Abstract ( )   PDF (765KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to investigate the effects of single learner control-pace control and task difficulty-on multimedia learning in 120 undergraduates by a two between-subject factorial design experiment. The findings were that subjective difficulty in simple task learners reported was lower than that in difficulty task, and the recognition performance in learner control condition was higher than that in program control condition when undergraduates learned difficult materials. Further, in complex task condition, learners who used the pace control keys performed better than those who didn't in transfer test. However, there was no difference in recognition test between the learners who used and didn't use the pace control keys when the task was simple. These results indicated that learner control could promote the undergraduates' memory of difficult materials, and using learner control keys could improve their understanding and transfer in difficult materials. The task difficulty moderated the relationship between learner control and learning performance. The findings had important implications on the design of multimedia learning.

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Influences of Parental Attachment, Separation-Individuation on University Students' Ego Identity Statuses: The Mediating Effect of Self-Discrepancy Wang Shuqing, Cao Hui, Su Xia 2017, 15(3):  343-350.  Abstract ( )   PDF (826KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study investigated the mediating effects of self-discrepancy among parental attachment, separation-individuation and ego identity statuses by the Structural Equation Modeling. 576 university students from freshman to senior participated in the questionnaire investigation. The results indicated that: 1)besides the directly positive effect on identity achievement status, parental attachment positively influenced identity achievement status and foreclosure status, while had negative effect on identity diffusion status through of self-discrepancy. 2)self-discrepancy played a mediating role in the relationship between separation-individuation and ego identity status. Positive separation-individuation negatively predicted the self-discrepancy, while negative separation-individuation positively predicted the self-discrepancy, which mediated the association between separation-individuation and ego identity statuses. 3)parental attachment's effects on ego identity statuses were strongly mediated by separation-individuation and self-discrepancy.

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The Effect of Parent Attachment to Subjective Well-being: Chain Mediating Effect of Teacher-Student Relationship and Self-Esteem in Middle School Students Guo Mingjia, Liu Rude, Zhen Rui, Mou Xiaohong, Zhuang Hongjuan 2017, 15(3):  351-358.  Abstract ( )   PDF (872KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the influence of parental attachment on middle school students' subjective well-being and the chain mediating effects of teacher-student relationship and self-esteem, 2730 middle school students from 8 General Secondary Schools in Beijing were investigated with the inventory of Parent Attachment, Student-Teacher Relationship Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Scales, and Satisfaction with Life Scale. The results reveal that: 1)Parent attachment, teacher-student relationship, self-esteem and subjective well-being correlated significantly with each other. 2)Parent attachment could exert effects on subjective well-being directly, also through the mediating effect of teacher-Student relationship, self-esteem, and the chain mediating effect of teacher-student relationship and self-esteem.

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Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Implicit/Explicit Achievement Motivation of Senior High School Students Li Ying, Cui Shujun 2017, 15(3):  359-365.  Abstract ( )   PDF (750KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between academic procrastination and implicit and explicit achievement motivation of senior high school students. The results indicated that: 1)The implicit and explicit achievement motivation is statistically independent, while the interaction between them influence academic procrastination significantly; 2)Academic procrastination is different among different motivation groups, the high implicit/high explicit academic motivation procrastinated less than the high implicit/low explicit academic motivation group; 3)The extent of the separation between implicit/explicit academic motivation influences the academic procrastination; 4)Academic procrastination is associated with significant impairment of academic performance. Moreover, the lower performance is associated with more serious academic procrastination in postponing remedying and summarizing of studying. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

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The Relations of Career Adaptability with Entrepreneurial Self-efficiency and Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students Liang Minhui, Yi Lingfeng 2017, 15(3):  366-371.  Abstract ( )   PDF (664KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A survey was conducted using Career Adapt-Abilities Scale-China Form(CAAS-China), Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy Scale and Entrepreneurial Intention Scale, to reveal the underlying roles of career adaptability in predicting entrepreneurial consciousness of university students. The results showed that: 1)the current economic situations and the occupational environments were forcing the development of university students' career adaptability in China; 2)Career adaptability could predict entrepreneurial intention of university students in direct effect and indirect effect(through entrepreneurial self-efficacy); 3)positive career concern was the key factor to help university students understand and internalize ″entrepreneurial role″, and then enhance the entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial self-efficacy of them. So university students' career adaptability is important psychological resource influencing the formation and development of career consciousness. The career adaptability should be concerned as an important content and utilization area in university students' career guidance and entrepreneurship education of our country.

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Negative emotion inhibits process of spoken word production in older speakers Ren Huang, Qingfang Zhang, Cong Li 2017, 15(3):  372-378.  Abstract ( )   PDF (663KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated the effects of different emotional status(negative, positive and neutral)in spoken word production for young and older speakers. The emotional statuses were elicited by negative, positive, and neutral face images. Behavioral data indicated that compared to the neutral and the positive emotions, the negative emotion inhibits picture-naming latencies in both groups. In comparison with the young speakers, the magnitude of inhibition effect in the negative emotion condition was more in the older than in the young. The findings showed that there was an aging effect of negative emotion in speech production, and thus provide support for the weak connection between semantics and phonology in older speakers.

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The Effect of Crisis Situations and Organizational Response Strategies to Employees' Negative Emotion and Behavior Tendencies Chen Shiping, Zhang Lin, Wang Xiaozhuang 2017, 15(3):  379-384.  Abstract ( )   PDF (630KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study explored the effect of different crisis situations and organizational response strategies to employees' negative emotion and behavior tendencies. In experiment 1, 50 subjects were randomly selected from varies enterprises to test the effect of the two strategies(opportunity interpretation vs threat interpretation)to employees' emotion and behavior tendencies by a between subject design under a public crisis situation. In experiment 2, 50 subjects were randomly selected from varies enterprises under an inner managerial crises situation to explore the effect of relevant situation(self-related vs other-related)and organizational response strategies(opportunity interpretation vs threat interpretation)to employees' negative emotion and behavior tendencies. The study showed that the opportunity interpretation had more effect on inhibition on employees' negative emotion. Threat interpretation had more effect on inhibition on employees' negative internet behavior tendencies. Employees would have higher level of negative emotion and negative behavior under self-related situations.

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Work Alienation: Interactive Effects of Personality and Job Characteristics Zhou Hao, Long Lirong 2017, 15(3):  385-391.  Abstract ( )   PDF (667KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship among personality(Big Five), core job characteristics and work alienation. 442 employees who come from 12 organizations take part in this study. Questionnaires were employed to collect data. The results showed that Openness had positive influence on work alienation, whereas Conscientiousness had negative influence on work alienation. Job characteristics had significant negative effect on work alienation. Openness and Neuroticism interacted with job characteristics significantly. For those with high Openness, job characteristics affect work alienation negatively, whereas for those with high Neuroticism, job characteristics affect work alienation positively. It can be referred that managers should consider subordinates' personality and job characteristics simultaneously if they want to deal with the problem of work alienation.

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Motion Features of Target Stimuli Modulate Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Chen Shunsen, Lin Caiyun, Ren Jie 2017, 15(3):  392-399.  Abstract ( )   PDF (904KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We adopted 18 Autism Spectrum Disordered(ASD)children aged 3-5 and 18 matched typical developing (TD)children, collecting their eye movement data during watching a video of one single stimulus moving along sinusoidal path with different vertical amplitudes and horizontal velocity, to explore the influence of motion features on smooth pursuit eye movements(SPEM)in subjects. Results indicated that: 1)In ASD group, the deviations of tracking between positions of fixation points and their corresponding targets were significantly higher than the ones in the TD groups, which indicated their eye movement showed less uniform and less smooth trajectory, and it revealed pursuit deficits in ASD. 2)Tracking with small amplitude motion was much better than large amplitude motion in TD children, but ASD children just on the contrary. 3)With the target's speeding up, both groups' tracking performance decreased indicated by a larger position deviation. This research summarizes that children with autism have some certain types of defects in SPEM, such as tracking small amplitude motion target.

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Shyness and Hostility: Multiple Mediating of Paranoid ideation and Peer victimization Gao Fengqiang, Yang Huayong, Ren Yueqiang, Han Lei 2017, 15(3):  400-404.  Abstract ( )   PDF (576KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A sample of 648 college students completed Shyness Scales, SCL-90, Peer victimization Scales to investigate the mediating effects of paranoid ideation and peer victimization in the relationship between shyness and hostility. Results showed that: 1)Individuals' shyness level could positively predict hostility; 2)Paranoid ideation and peer victimization played a multiple mediating role in the relationship between shyness and hostility; 3)Besides, shyness was also associated with hostility through a chain mediating effect of peer victimization and paranoid ideation.

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The Impact of Basic Needs Satisfaction on Game Satisfaction: The Serial Mediating Role of Flow Experience and Positive Emotion Song Kuai, Fan Cuiying, Niu Gengfeng, Chu Xiaowei 2017, 15(3):  405-410.  Abstract ( )   PDF (552KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to investigate the impact of basic needs satisfaction on game satisfaction as well as the mediation of flow experience and positive emotion, a sample of 286 online-game player completed Questionnaire of Basic Needs Satisfaction, Flow Experience Questionnaire, Positive Affect Scale and Satisfaction With Game Scale. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0. We used bias-corrected percentile Bootstrap method to analyze the chain mediating roles of online flow experience and positive emotion in relationship between basic needs satisfaction and game satisfaction. The results indicated: 1)the four factors of basic needs satisfaction, flow experience, positive emotion and game satisfaction are all pairwise correlated; basic needs satisfaction had an direct effect on game satisfaction and could significantly predict flow experience and positive emotion; flow experience could significantly predict positive emotion; and both flow experience and positive emotion could significantly predict game satisfaction. 2)basic needs satisfaction affected game satisfaction through three indirect paths: the mediating role of flow experience, the mediating role of positive emotion, and the chain mediating role of both online flow experience and positive emotion. Conclusion: Basic needs satisfaction not only had an direct effect on game satisfaction but also affected game satisfaction through the serial mediating role of flow experience and positive emotion.

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The effect of social identity on the academic help seeking of children migrants Fu Gan 2017, 15(3):  411-416.  Abstract ( )   PDF (563KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the questionnaires of 271 migrant children in school, the present study investigated the effect of social identity on the migrant children's academic help-seeking. The results showed that: 1)Psychological identify significantly influenced the migrant children's all three kinds of academic help-seeking. Cultural identification only significantly influenced the executive help-seeking of the migrant children. 2)There exists significant gender main effect in help-seeking; the girl's score was significantly higher than the boy's in the instrumental help seeking strategy and the boy's score was significantly higher than the girl's score in avoidance of help-seeking. 3)Age only influenced the executive help-seeking significantly, the older migrant children the higher score they got. We inferred that: Social identity significantly affected the migrant children's academic help seeking. Especially we should pay more attention on the psychological identity effect as the children migrants adapting to school.

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The Effects of Power and Task Frames on Risk Preferences in Making Decision for Self and Making Decision for Others Yun Xiang, Li Xiaoping 2017, 15(3):  417-423.  Abstract ( )   PDF (642KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study aimed to explore the effect of power and task frame on risk preference of self-other decision making. Undergraduate subjects primed with high or low power were asked to either make decisions for themselves or make decisions for others on a risk preference task under gain or loss task frameworks. The results showed that: 1)In making decision for others, subjects primed with high power performed stronger risk preference, but in making decision for themselves, there were no differences between high power primed group and low power primed group; 2)in making decision for others, subjects' risk preferences between gain frames and loss frames had no significant differences, but in making decision for themselves, the subjects' risk preference under loss frames is stronger than gain frames; 3)subjects primed with low power showed stronger risk preference in making decision for themselves than making decision for others under loss frames, but showed no significant differences under gain frames; no matter in gain frames or in loss frames, subjects primed with high power showed no significant differences in self-other risk decision.

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A Survey Study about Undergraduate Teaching of Experimental Psychology in China Zhou Guangdong, Yang Haibo, Bai Xuejun 2017, 15(3):  424-432.  Abstract ( )   PDF (873KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study is a survey of teaching status quo of experimental psychology in China. Participants are 164 experimental psychology teachers from 120 universities covering 28 provinces. Most of them are assistant and associate professors. The results indicated that most universities set up experimental psychology in second year with more than 60 class hours, which were still less than teachers' expectations. Lab development was viewed as the main source of difficulties in teaching, although about more than half of these universities have psychology labs with an area more than 160m2. Nearly ninety percent of teachers attach great importance to experimental operation. Teaching ability and students' learning motivations were viewed as the main influence on teaching outcomes, and experiment design as the most difficult part in teaching. Most teachers reported high job pressures caused by research difficulties, but were satisfied with the training about experimental psychology teaching.