一般依恋、父母依恋与青少年抑郁和问题行为的关系

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.01.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

依据依恋系统的层级模型，采用二次多项式回归与响应面分析方法，探究一般依恋与父母依恋如何共同作用于青少年的抑郁与问题行为。研究招募488名初高中生，采用关系结构问卷等工具进行相关变量测查。结果表明，一般依恋与父母依恋存在显著正相关；青少年一般依恋与父母依恋能负向预测抑郁和问题行为水平，且存在一般依恋与父母依恋的交互作用；在对问题行为的预测上，存在一般依恋与母亲依恋的匹配效应。

关键词: 一般依恋, 父母依恋, 抑郁, 问题行为, 二次响应面回归分析

Abstract:

According to the hierarchical model of the attachment system, the current study employed quadratic polynomial regression with response surface analysis methods to investigate how general attachment and parental attachment jointly influence adolescents’ depression and behavioral problems. The study recruited 488 junior and senior high school students and utilized Relationship Structure Questionnaires, Parental Attachment Scales, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires, and Self-Rated Depression Scales for assessment. The results showed that the correlation between general attachment and parental attachment was positively significant. Both general attachment and parental attachment negatively predicted the levels of depression and behavioral problems in adolescents, with an interaction between general attachment and parental attachment. Moreover, general attachment and mother attachment had a matching effect in predicting behavioral problems.

Key words: general attachment, parental attachment, depression, behavioral problem, quadratic polynomial regression with response surface analysis

中图分类号:

B844

曹贤才, 潘姝玮, 王大华, 白学军. 一般依恋、父母依恋与青少年抑郁和问题行为的关系[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2024, 22(1): 46-54.

Xiancai CAO, Shuwei PAN, Dahua WANG, Xuejun BAI. The Relationship Between General Attachment, Parental Attachment, and Depression and Behavioral Problems Among Adolescents[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2024, 22(1): 46-54.

图/表 8

参考文献

	金灿灿, 邹泓, 余益兵. 中学生孝道信念的特点及其与亲子依恋和人际适应的关系. 心理发展与教育, 2011, 27 (6): 619- 624.
	强袁嫣, 曹贤才, 王大华. 依恋内部工作模型与老年人婚姻满意度的关系: 基于夫妻成对数据的分析. 心理学报, 2023, 55 (4): 600- 611.
	陶厚永, 曹伟. 多项式回归与响应面分析的原理及应用. 统计与决策, 2020, 36 (8): 36- 40.
	汪向东, 王希林, 马弘. (1999). 心理卫生评定量表手册. 北京: 中国心理卫生杂志社.
	王大华, 杨小洋, 王岩, Miller, R B. 老年人夫妻依恋的测量及与一般依恋的关系. 心理学报, 2015, 47 (9): 1133- 1142.
	Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T.. The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1987, 16 (5): 427- 454. DOI
	Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
	Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). New York: Guilford Press.
	Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A.. Parent-child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 2010, 22 (1): 177- 203. DOI
	Burkhard, B. M., Robinson, K. M., Murray, E. D., & Lerner, R. M. (2020). Positive youth development: Theory and perspective. In S. Hupp & J. D. Jewell (Eds.), The encyclopedia of child and adolescent development (pp. 1–12). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
	Caplan, R. D., & van Harrison, R.. Person‐environment fit theory: Some history, recent developments, and future directions. Journal of Social Issues, 1993, 49 (4): 253- 275. DOI
	Cassidy, J.. Adult romantic attachments: A developmental perspective on individual differences. Review of General Psychology, 2000, 4 (2): 111- 131. DOI
	Cavendish, W., Nielsen, A. L., & Montague, M.. Parent attachment, school commitment, and problem behavior trajectories of diverse adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 2012, 35 (6): 1629- 1639. DOI
	Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1994). Cognitive representations of attachment: The structure and function of working models. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. 53–90). London: Jessica Kingsley.
	Dagan, O., & Sagi-Schwartz, A.. Early attachment network with mother and father: An unsettled issue. Child Development Perspectives, 2018, 12 (2): 115- 121. DOI
	de Haan, A., Prinzie, P., Sentse, M., & Jongerling, J.. Latent difference score modeling: A flexible approach for studying informant discrepancies. Psychological Assessment, 2018, 30 (3): 358- 369. DOI
	Dollberg, D. G., Hanetz Gamliel, K., & Levy, S.. Mediating and moderating links between coparenting, parental mentalization, parents’ anxiety, and children’s behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 2021, 35 (3): 324- 334. DOI
	Duchesne, S., & Ratelle, C. F.. Attachment security to mothers and fathers and the developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms in adolescence: Which parent for which trajectory. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2014, 43 (4): 641- 654. DOI
	Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J.. Attachment and the processing of social information across the life span: Theory and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 2011, 137 (1): 19- 46. DOI
	Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A.. Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 2005, 26 (1): 399- 419. DOI
	Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C.. The experiences in close relationships—Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological Assessment, 2011, 23 (3): 615- 625. DOI
	Gandhi, A., Claes, L., Bosmans, G., Baetens, I., Wilderjans, T. F., Maitra, S., ... Luyckx, K.. Non-suicidal self-injury and adolescents attachment with peers and mother: The mediating role of identity synthesis and confusion. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2016, 25 (6): 1735- 1745. DOI
	Gao, X., Shi, W. H., Zhai, Y., He, L., & Shi, X. M.. Results of the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 22,108 primary school students from 8 provinces of China. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 2013, 25 (6): 364- 374.
	Ghandour, R. M., Sherman, L. J., Vladutiu, C. J., Ali, M. M., Lynch, S. E., Bitsko, R. H., & Blumberg, S. J.. Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 2019, 206, 256- 267. DOI
	Gillath, O., Karantzas, G. C., & Fraley, R. C. (2016). Adult attachment: A concise introduction to theory and research. New York: Academic Press.
	Goagoses, N., Bolz, T., Eilts, J., Schipper, N., Schütz, J., Rademacher, A., ... Koglin, U.. Parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Psychology, 2023, 42 (22): 18798- 18822. DOI
	Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K.. Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994, 67 (3): 430- 445. DOI
	Hazan, C., & Shaver, P.. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, 52 (3): 511- 524. DOI
	Jessor, R., Turbin, M. S., Costa, F. M., Dong, Q., Zhang, H. C., & Wang, C. H.. Adolescent problem behavior in China and the United States: A cross‐national study of psychosocial protective factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2003, 13 (3): 329- 360. DOI
	Lee, A., & Hankin, B. L.. Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 2009, 38 (2): 219- 231.
	Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). A model of attachment-system functioning and dynamics in adulthood. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed., pp. 27–46). New York: The Guilford Press.
	Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B.. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics, 2016, 138 (6): e20161878. DOI
	Nickerson, A. B., & Nagle, R. J.. Parent and peer attachment in late childhood and early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 2005, 25 (2): 223- 249. DOI
	Pierce, T., & Lydon, J. E.. Global and specific relational models in the experience of social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001, 80 (4): 613- 631. DOI
	Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P.. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2003, 88 (5): 879- 903. DOI
	Rholes, W. S., Simpson, J. A., Kohn, J. L., Wilson, C. L., Martin III, A. M., Tran, S., & Kashy, D. A.. Attachment orientations and depression: A longitudinal study of new parents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011, 100 (4): 567- 586. DOI
	Santona, A., De Cesare, P., Tognasso, G., De Franceschi, M., & Sciandra, A.. The mediating role of romantic attachment in the relationship between attachment to parents and aggression. Frontiers in Psychology, 2019, 10, 1824. DOI
	Sebastian, C., Burnett, S., & Blakemore, S. J.. Development of the self-concept during adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2008, 12 (11): 441- 446. DOI
	Thapar, A., Eyre, O., Patel, V., & Brent, D.. Depression in young people. The Lancet, 2022, 400 (10352): 617- 631. DOI
	Treboux, D., Crowell, J. A., & Waters, E.. When “new” meets “old”: Configurations of adult attachment representations and their implications for marital functioning. Developmental Psychology, 2004, 40 (2): 295- 314. DOI
	Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. P.. Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 2006, 9 (5): 584- 590.
	Wang, M. T., & Fredricks, J. A.. The reciprocal links between school engagement, youth problem behaviors, and school dropout during adolescence. Child Development, 2014, 85 (2): 722- 737. DOI
	Weitzman, C., Wegner, L., Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Council on Early Childhood, Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, & American Academy of Pediatrics.. Promoting optimal development: Screening for behavioral and emotional problems. Pediatrics, 2015, 135 (2): 384- 395. DOI
	Zhang, Q. Y., Hou, Z. J., Fraley, R. C., Hu, Y. Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, J. J., & Guo, X. L.. Validating the Experiences in Close Relationships—Relationship Structures Scale among Chinese children and adolescents. Journal of Personality Assessment, 2022, 104 (3): 347- 358. DOI
	Zhang, X., Li, J. H., Xie, F., Chen, X., Xu, W. J., & Hudson, N. W.. The relationship between adult attachment and mental health: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2022, 123 (5): 1089- 1137. DOI

变量	M±SD	1	2	3	4
1.一般依恋安全	3.80±0.93
2.父亲依恋安全	3.42±1.97	0.21**
3.母亲依恋安全	4.06±1.99	0.13**	0.73**
4.抑郁	0.52±0.11	−0.25**	−0.37**	−0.41**
5.问题行为	13.61±5.19	−0.32**	−0.36**	−0.31**	0.60**

变量	M±SD	1	2	3	4
1.一般依恋安全	3.80±0.93
2.父亲依恋安全	3.42±1.97	0.21**
3.母亲依恋安全	4.06±1.99	0.13**	0.73**
4.抑郁	0.52±0.11	−0.25**	−0.37**	−0.41**
5.问题行为	13.61±5.19	−0.32**	−0.36**	−0.31**	0.60**

变量	多项式回归						响应面分析
变量	β	t	p	ΔR²	F	p		β	LLCI	ULCI
一般依恋	−0.30	−6.94	<0.001	0.02	3.84	0.009	a1	−0.57	−0.68	−0.46
母亲依恋	−0.27	−6.44	<0.001				a2	−0.08	−0.17	0.01
一般依恋²	0.06	1.88	0.609				a3	−0.03	−0.16	0.10
一般依恋×母亲依恋	−0.12	−3.20	0.001				a4	0.17	0.05	0.29
母亲依恋²	−0.01	−0.40	0.689
一般依恋	−0.27	−6.17	<0.001	0.01	2.72	0.044	a1	−0.57	−0.68	−0.47
父亲依恋	−0.31	−7.36	<0.001				a2	−0.06	−0.15	0.02
一般依恋²	0.06	1.83	0.068				a3	0.04	−0.09	0.17
一般依恋×父亲依恋	−0.08	−1.87	0.062				a4	0.09	−0.05	0.22
父亲依恋²	−0.04	−1.48	0.141

变量	多项式回归						响应面分析
变量	β	t	p	ΔR²	F	p		β	LLCI	ULCI
一般依恋	−0.30	−6.94	<0.001	0.02	3.84	0.009	a1	−0.57	−0.68	−0.46
母亲依恋	−0.27	−6.44	<0.001				a2	−0.08	−0.17	0.01
一般依恋²	0.06	1.88	0.609				a3	−0.03	−0.16	0.10
一般依恋×母亲依恋	−0.12	−3.20	0.001				a4	0.17	0.05	0.29
母亲依恋²	−0.01	−0.40	0.689
一般依恋	−0.27	−6.17	<0.001	0.01	2.72	0.044	a1	−0.57	−0.68	−0.47
父亲依恋	−0.31	−7.36	<0.001				a2	−0.06	−0.15	0.02
一般依恋²	0.06	1.83	0.068				a3	0.04	−0.09	0.17
一般依恋×父亲依恋	−0.08	−1.87	0.062				a4	0.09	−0.05	0.22
父亲依恋²	−0.04	−1.48	0.141

变量	多项式回归
变量	β	t	p	ΔR²	F	p
一般依恋	−0.20	−4.81	<0.001	0.01	2.42	0.065
母亲依恋	−0.38	−9.11	<0.001
一般依恋²	0.02	0.78	0.435
一般依恋×母亲依恋	−0.10	−2.69	0.007
母亲依恋²	0.01	0.20	0.842
一般依恋	−0.18	−4.10	<0.001	0.01	2.43	0.064
父亲依恋	−0.33	−7.73	<0.001
一般依恋²	0.03	1.03	0.304
一般依恋×父亲依恋	−0.10	−2.31	0.021
父亲依恋²	−0.03	−0.88	0.380