″Collectivism-Individualism″ Difference: Evidence From Genes and Brain

Abstract

Abstract: Based on ″collectivism-individualism″ dimension which is the foundation in cultural differences, around the relationship between culture, genes and brain, the article introduces the latest research at home and abroad. Studies have shown that when human perform a variety of cultural tasks, genes that offer effective help for the human survival will be selected and retained; In psychological state and psychological process, ranging from self representation, attention and perception to decision, emotion and intention inference, the ″collectivism-individualism″ cultural differences can be traced to differences in brain functions. Researchers have proposed social brain hypothesis, culture-gene coevolutionary theory, neuro-culture interaction model to explain the interaction of culture, genes and brain. At the same time, this article analyzes the problems existing in the current study, and prospects the future research.

Key words: cultural difference, collectivism-individualism, gene, brain

摘要： 文章以“集体主义—个体主义”这一基本文化差异维度为基础,围绕文化、基因和大脑之间的关系,介绍了国内外最新研究进展。研究显示当人类执行各种文化任务时,那些为人类生存提供有力帮助的基因会被选择和保留下来;在自我表征,注意和知觉,决策、情绪和意向推断等心理状态或过程上的“集体主义—个体主义”文化差异都可追溯到脑功能的差异。研究者先后提出社会脑假设、文化—基因协同进化论、神经—文化交互作用模型等理论来解释基因、文化与大脑交互作用的现象。文章分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望。

关键词: 文化差异, 集体主义-个体主义, 基因, 大脑

CLC Number:

B849

Ding Xiaobin,Zhao Nan. ″Collectivism-Individualism″ Difference: Evidence From Genes and Brain[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2015, 13(1): 131-137.

丁小斌,赵楠. “集体主义—个体主义”的差异：来自基因、大脑的证据[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2015, 13(1): 131-137.

References

[1] 刘将, 葛鲁嘉.(2010). 文化神经科学的进展与前瞻. 心理研究, 3 (6), 13-20.
[2] 杨帅, 黄希庭, 王晓刚, 尹天子.(2012). 文化影响自我解释的神经机制. 心理科学进展, 20 (1), 149-157.
[3] Adams Jr, R. B., Rule, N. O., Franklin Jr, R. G., Wang, E., Stevenson, M. T., Yoshikawa, S., ... & Ambady, N.(2010). Cross-cultural reading the mind in the eyes: An fMRI investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22 (1), 97-108.
[4] Bogdan, R., Agrawal, A., Gaffrey, M. S., Tillman, R., & Luby, J. L.(2014). Serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region(5-HTTLPR)genotype and stressful life events interact to predict preschool-onset depression: A replication and developmental extension. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55 (5), 448-457.
[5] Canli, T., & Lesch, K. P.(2007). Long story short: The serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition. Nature Neuroscience, 10 (9), 1103-1109.
[6] Chiao, J. Y., Iidaka, T., Gordon, H. L., Nogawa, J., Bar, M., Aminoff, E., ... & Ambady, N.(2008). Cultural specificity in amygdala response to fear faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20 (12), 2167-2174.
[7] Chiao, J. Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D., ... & Iidaka, T.(2009). Neural basis of individualistic and collectivistic views of self. Human Brain Mapping, 30 (9), 2813-2820.
[8] Chiao, J. Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D., ... & Iidaka, T.(2010). Dynamic cultural influences on neural representations of the self. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22 (1), 1-11.
[9] Chiao, J. Y., & Immordino-Yang, M. H.(2013). Modularity and the cultural mind contributions of cultural neuroscience to cognitive theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8 (1), 56-61.
[10] Dunbar, R. I.(2012). The social brain meets neuroimaging. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16 (2), 101-102.
[11] Goto, S. G., Yee, A., Lowenberg, K., & Lewis, R. S.(2013). Cultural differences in sensitivity to social context: Detecting affective incongruity using the N400. Social Neuroscience, 8 (1), 63-74.
[12] Green, A. E., Munafò, M. R., DeYoung, C. G., Fossella, J. A., Fan, J., & Gray, J. R.(2008). Using genetic data in cognitive neuroscience: From growing pains to genuine insights. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9 (9), 710-720.
[13] Han, S., & Ma, Y.(2014). Cultural differences in human brain activity: A quantitative meta-analysis. NeuroImage.
[14] Harada, T., Li, Z., & Chiao, J. Y.(2010). Differential dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal representations of the implicit self modulated by individualism and collectivism: An fMRI study. Social Neuroscience, 5 (3), 257-271.
[15] Hedden, T., Ketay, S., Aron, A., Markus, H. R., & Gabrieli, J. D.(2008). Cultural influences on neural substrates of attentional control. Psychological Science, 19 (1), 12-17.
[16] Hofstede, G. H.(2001). Culture′s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations . Sage.
[17] Kim, H. S., & Sasaki, J. Y.(2014). Cultural neuroscience: Biology of the mind in cultural contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 65 , 487-514.
[18] Kitayama, S., Duffy, S., Kawamura, T., & Larsen, J. T.(2003). Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: A cultural look at new look. Psychological Science, 14 (3), 201-206.
[19] Kitayama, S., Snibbe, A. C., Markus, H. R., & Suzuki, T.(2004). Is there any“free”choice? Self and dissonance in two cultures. Psychological Science, 15 (8), 527-533.
[20] Kitayama, S., & Cohen, D.(Eds.).(2010). Handbook of cultural psychology. Guilford Press.
[21] Kitayama, S., & Park, J.(2010). Cultural neuroscience of the self: Understanding the social grounding of the brain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5 (2-3), 111-129.
[22] Kitayama, S., King, A., Yoon, C., Tompson, S., Huff, S., & Liberzon, I.(2014). The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) moderates cultural difference in independent versus interdependent social orientation. Psychological Science, 25 (6), 1169-1177.
[23] Lewis, R. S., Goto, S. G., & Kong, L. L.(2008). Culture and context: East Asian American and European American differences in P3 event-related potentials and self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (5), 623-634.
[24] Moriguchi, Y., Ohnishi, T., Kawachi, T., Mori, T., Hirakata, M., Yamada, M., ... & Komaki, G.(2005). Specific brain activation in Japanese and Caucasian people to fearful faces. Neuroreport, 16 (2), 133-136.
[25] Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A.(2001). Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108 (2), 291.
[26] Oishi, S., Tsutsui, Y., Eggleston, C., & Galinha, I. C.(2014). Are maximizers unhappier than satisficers? A comparison between Japan and the USA. Journal of Research in Personality, 49 , 14-20.
[27] Park, H., Conway, L. G., Pietromonaco, P. R., Plaut, V. C., & Kitayama, S.(2009). A paradox of American individualism: Regions vary in explicit, but not implicit, independence. Unpublished manuscript , Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.
[28] Park, J., Gehring, W. J., & Kitayama, S.(2009). Face priming modulates ERN in culture-specific ways. Univ. Michigan and Kwansei Gakuin Univ., Ann Arbor, MI.
[29] Patall, E. A., Cooper, H., & Robinson, J. C.(2008). The effects of choice on intrinsic motivation and related outcomes: A meta-analysis of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 134 (2), 270.
[30] Plieger, T., Montag, C., Felten, A., & Reuter, M.(2014). The serotonin transporter polymorphism(5-HTTLPR) and personality: Response style as a new endophenotype for anxiety. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17 (06), 851-858.
[31] Savani, K., Markus, H. R., Naidu, N. V. R., Kumar, S., & Berlia, N.(2010). What counts as a choice? US Americans are more likely than Indians to construe actions as choices. Psychological Science, 21 (3), 391-398.
[32] Talhelm, T., Zhang, X., Oishi, S., Shimin, C., Duan, D., Lan, X., & Kitayama, S.(2014). Large-Scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture. Science, 344 (6184), 603-608.
[33] Taras, V., Sarala, R., Muchinsky, P., Kemmelmeier, M., Singelis, T. M., Avsec, A., ... & Sinclair, H. C.(2014). Opposite ends of the same stick? Multi-method test of the dimensionality of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45 (2), 213-245.
[34] Uskul, A. K., & Kitayama, S.(2011). Culture, mind, and the brain: Current evidence and future. Annual Review of Psychology, 62 , 419-449.
[35] Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, J., & Han, S.(2007). Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation. Neuroimage, 34 (3),1310-1316.