The Working Memory Ability of Internet Addicts:An ERP Study

Abstract

Abstract: This study aimed to explore internet addicts and non-internet addicts in the verbal working memory task and visual working memory task in the face of internet-related stimuli and internet-unrelated stimuli. By using vocabulary and picture materials, 30 internet addicts and 30 non-internet addicts performed a parametric n-back task with increasing working memory (WM) load (2-Back), while the EEG was recorded during they performed the task. The results found that: 1) in visual working memory task, compared with the internet-related pictures, two groups on the internet-related pictures were significantly longer, and the correct rate is significantly lower, while no significant differences were found in verbal working memory task; 2) the amplitude of N2 induced by internet-related pictures in non-addicts was significantly higher than that of the internet-unrelated pictures, and the amplitude of P3 induced by internet-related pictures in internet-addicts was significantly higher than the internet-unrelated pictures. It can be concluded that for internet-addicts the differences exist in the early processing on internet-related stimulus of verbal working memory and visual working memory, and internet-addicts have lower visual working memory ability on internet-related pictures.

Key words: internet addiction, working memory, event-related potential (ERP), N-back

摘要： 旨在探究网络成瘾者和非成瘾者在言语工作记忆任务和视觉工作记忆任务中，面对网络相关刺激与网络无关刺激的ERP成分差异。利用词汇和图片材料，招募网络成瘾者以及非成瘾者各30名参加了N-back（N=2）工作记忆任务的ERP实验，同时记录行为数据及EEG，离线处理数据。结果发现：（1）在视觉工作记忆任务中，与网络无关图片相比，两组被试对网络相关图片的反应时显著更长，正确率也显著更低，而在言语工作记忆中无此显著差异；（2）非成瘾者面对网络相关图片产生的N2波幅显著高于网络无关图片，网络成瘾者对网络相关图片产生的P3波幅显著高于网络无关图片。两组差异表明网络成瘾者在言语工作记忆和视觉工作记忆上对网络相关刺激的早期加工存在差异，网络成瘾者对网络相关图片的视觉工作记忆水平较低。

关键词: 网络成瘾, 工作记忆, 事件相关电位, N-back

CLC Number:

B849

HOU Juan, HOU Yingying, CHEN Shuangyi, FANG Xiaoyi. The Working Memory Ability of Internet Addicts:An ERP Study[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2018, 16(3): 384-393.

侯娟, 侯莹莹, 陈双艺, 方晓义. 网络成瘾者工作记忆能力的ERP研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2018, 16(3): 384-393.

References

陈彩琦. (2004). 工作记忆的ERP研究. 华南师范大学学报(社会科学版), (6), 114-120.
陈晓曦, 陈彩琦, 金志成. (2009). 网络成瘾者的特征捆绑机制. 华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), (4), 121-126.
戴砷懿, 马庆国, 王小毅. (2011). 网络游戏成瘾者对成瘾相关线索的注意偏向:一项ERP研究. 心理科学, (6), 1302-1307.
高文斌, 罗跃嘉, 魏景汉, 彭小虎, 卫星. (2002). 固定位置区域提示下视觉注意范围等级的ERP研究. 心理学报, 34(5), 443-448.
郭春彦, 刘荣. (2007). 工作记忆与情景记忆的相互作用. 心理科学进展, 15(1), 29-35.
郝萍. (2015). 大学生完美主义、焦虑和网瘾的关系研究. 心理科学进展, 5(11), 657-666.
贺金波, 郭永玉, 柯善玉, 赵仑. (2008). 网络游戏成瘾者认知功能损害的ERP研究. 心理科学, 31(2), 380-384.
贺金波, 洪伟琦, 鲍远纯, 雷玉菊. (2012). 网络成瘾者的大脑异于常人吗?. 心理科学进展, 20(12), 2033-2041.
黄冰洁, 朱天民, 李辉, 杨阳. (2014). 基于Stroop效应及N-back工作记忆研究网络成瘾患者执行功能的探讨. 辽宁中医杂志, (12), 2515-2517.
金璞, 傅先明, 钱若兵, 牛朝诗, 韩晓鹏. (2008). 青少年网络成瘾的事件相关电位n400研究. 立体定向和功能性神经外科杂志, (6), 333-335.
李琦, 齐玥, 田莫千, 张侃, 刘勋. (2015). 网络成瘾者奖赏系统和认知控制系统的神经机制. 生物化学与生物物理进展, (1), 32-40.
陶然, 王吉囡, 黄秀琴, 刘彩谊, 姚淑敏, 肖利军, …张英. (2008). 网络成瘾的命名、定义及临床诊断标准. 武警医学, 19(9), 773-776.
王湘, 王晓晟, 王晓燕, 刘鼎, 陈斌, 姚树桥. (2010). 精神分裂症患者N-back工作记忆神经机制异常的ERP研究. 中国临床心理学杂志, 18(3), 269-273.
汪向东, 王西林, 马弘. (1999). 心理卫生评定量表手册 (增订版). 北京:中国心理卫生杂志社.
王莹, 翟天野, 盛文斌, 邵永聪, 张英, 马海春, 陶然. (2012). 网络成瘾者错误监控异常的ERP证据. 中国药物依赖性杂志, 21(3), 197-199, 223.
许汉云, 傅先明, 钱若兵, 韩晓鹏, 牛朝诗, 汪业汉. (2010). 网络游戏成瘾青少年事件相关电位关联性负变的实验研究. 中国微侵袭神经外科杂志, 15(5), 218-220.
晏美文. (2013). 阅读障碍儿童单字词加工的工作记忆研究 (博士学位论文). 湖南师范大学.
杨文娇. (2004). 大学生网络成瘾类型及其与人格特征的关系研究 (博士学位论文). 华中科技大学.
郁洪强, 赵欣, 刘海婴, 王明时, 周鹏. (2009). 过度使用互联网对脑电时频特性的影响研究. 自然科学进展, 19(4), 456-461.
张林, 刘昌. (2006). 青少年工作记忆的年龄差异:脑事件相关电位研究. 中国临床心理学杂志, 14(5), 542-546.
张智君, 赵均榜, 张锋, 杜凯利, 袁旦. (2008). 网络游戏过度使用者的注意偏向及其ERP特征. 应用心理学, 14(4), 291-296.
赵仑, 高文彬. (2007). 网络成瘾患者早期面孔加工N170的研究. 航天医学与医学工程, 20(1), 72-74.
Albein-Urios, N., Martinez-González, J. M., Lozano, Ó., Clark, L., & Verdejo-García, A. (2012). Comparison of impulsivity and working memory in cocaine addiction and pathological gambling:Implications for cocaine-induced neurotoxicity. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 126(1-2), 1-6.
American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-text revision (5th ed.). Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Association.
Beck, A. T., & Beamesderfer, A. (1974). Assessment of depression:The depression inventory. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 7, 151-169.
Berberian, A. A., Trevisan, B. T., Moriyama, T. S., Montiel, J. M., Oliveira, J. A., & Seabra, A. G. (2009). Working memory assessment in schizophrenia and its correlation with executive functions ability. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria, 31(3), 219-226.
Chou, C., & Hsiao, M. C. (2000). Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience:The Taiwan college students' case. Computers & Education, 35(1), 65-80.
Colzato, L. S., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Zmigrod, S., & Hommel, B. (2013). Action video gaming and cognitive control:Playing first person shooter games is associated with improvement in working memory but not action inhibition. Psychological Research, 77(2), 234-239.
Decker, S. A., & Gay, J. N. (2011). Cognitive-bias toward gaming-related words and disinhibition in World of Warcraft gamers. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 798-810.
Dong, G. H., Lu, Q. L., Zhou, H., & Zhao, X. (2010). Impulse inhibition in people with internet addiction disorder:Electrophysiological evidence from a Go/NoGo study. Neuroscience Letters, 485(2), 138-142.
Dong, G. H., Zhou, H., & Zhao, X. (2011). Male internet addicts show impaired executive control ability:Evidence from a color-word Stroop task. Neuroscience Letters, 499(2), 114-118.
Irak, M., Soylu, C., & Çapan, D. (2016). Playing violent video games and its relation with working memory:An event-related brain potential study. In 3^rd International of the European Society for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. Porto, Portugal.
Jeromin, F., Nyenhuis, N., & Barke, A. (2016). Attentional bias in excessive internet gamers:Experimental investigations using an addiction Stroop and a visual probe. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(1), 32-40.
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, S. H., Wang, P. W., Chen, C. S., & Yen, C. F. (2014). Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of internet gaming disorder in the dsm-5 among young adults in Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 53(1), 103-110.
Laier, C., Schulte, F. P., & Brand, M. (2013). Pornographic picture processing interferes with working memory performance. The Journal of Sex Research, 50(7), 642-652.
Littel, M., van den Berg, I., Luijten, M., van Rooij, A. J., Keemink, L., & Franken, I. H. A. (2012). Error processing and response inhibition in excessive computer game players:An event-related potential study. Addiction Biology, 17(5), 934-947.
Metcalf, O., & Pammer, K. (2011). Attentional bias in excessive massively multiplayer online role-playing gamers using a modified Stroop task. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1942-1947.
Müller, C. P. (2013). Episodic memories and their relevance for psychoactive drug use and addiction. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 34.
Nie, J., Zhang, W., Chen, J., & Li, W. D. (2016). Impaired inhibition and working memory in response to internet-related words among adolescents with internet addiction:A comparison with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 236, 28-34.
Thalemann, R., Wölfling, K., & Grüsser, S. M. (2007). Specific cue reactivity on computer game-related cues in excessive gamers. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121(3), 614-618.
van Holst, R. J., Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2012). Attentional bias and disinhibition toward gaming cues are related to problem gaming in male adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(6), 541-546.
Vogel, E. K., & Machizawa, M. G. (2004). Neural activity predicts individual differences in visual working memory capacity. Nature, 428(6984), 748-751.
Xiong, J. Y., & Yao, L. Y. (2010). The research of event-related potentials in working memory of the juvenile internet addiction. In International Conference on E-Health Networking, Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (Vol.1, pp. 93-95). Shenzhen, China:IEEE.
Yan, W. S., Li, Y. H., Xiao, L., Zhu, N., Bechara, A., & Sui, N. (2014). Working memory and affective decision-making in addiction:A neurocognitive comparison between heroin addicts, pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 134, 194-200.
Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction:The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the net:How to recognize the signs of internet addiction——and a winning strategy for recovery. Assessment, 21(6), 713-722.
Zhou, Z. Z., Yuan, G. Z., & Yao, J. J. (2012). Cognitive biases toward internet game-related pictures and executive deficits in individuals with an internet game addiction. PLoS One, 7(11), e48961.
Zhou, Z. H., Yuan, G. Z., Yao, J. J., Li, C., & Cheng, Z. H. (2010). An event-related potential investigation of deficient inhibitory control in individuals with pathological internet use. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 22(5), 228-236.
Zhou, Z. Z., Zhou, H. L., & Zhu, H. M. (2016). Working memory, executive function and impulsivity in internet-addictive disorders:A comparison with pathological gambling. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 28(2), 92-100.

[1]	CHEN Xianglin, ZHANG Junheng, YAN Bihua. Decoding Effect of Objects of Typical Spatial Position Relations in Real-World Scenes [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(4): 441-449.
[2]	ZHANG Yilin, ZHOU Ziyan, LIU Yujia, XIN Sufei. The Impact of Boredom Proneness on Adolescents’ Internet Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Model [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(3): 419-425.
[3]	DENG Linyuan, YANG Mengxi, YANG Yumeng, ZHOU Nan, LI Beilei. The Relationship Between Parental Autonomy Support, Parental Psychological Control and Adolescent Internet Addiction: A Cross-lagged Study [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(2): 190-196.
[4]	LIU Xu, CAI Jia, CUI Zhe, SONG Meihan, WANG Li. Effects of Item Competitive Intensity on Retrieval-Induced Forgetting in College Students with Internet Addiction [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(1): 8-14.
[5]	WANG Jiawei, XIAN Meijun, XING Qiang. The Impact of Task Number and Working Memory Capacity on Interleaving Learning [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2022, 20(1): 15-21.
[6]	YOU Xuqun, LI Qianqin, ZHANG Zhenyu, HUANG Pujiang, LIU Zhiyuan. Effectiveness of N-Back Working Memory Training: An Evidence from Meta-Analysis [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(6): 794-801.
[7]	LIU Tuanli, HAO Xingfeng, XING Min, BAI Xuejun. The Influence of Internet Addiction on Reasoning Ability of College Students: The Mediating Role of Working Memory Capacity [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(5): 642-649.
[8]	JIA Lei, LU Jiahao, WANG Yi, ZHANG Changjie. Metaphorical Conflict Control in the Conceptual Mapping of Social Power: Processing Characteristic and Stages [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2021, 19(3): 417-423.
[9]	WANG Song, LI Su. The Development of Children’s Story Retelling Skills and Their Relationship with Verbal Working Memory [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(5): 596-602.
[10]	CHE Xiaowei, WANG Kaixuan, SHANGGUAN Mengqi, LI Shouxin. The Representation of Attention Template in Visual Working Memory: An EROS Study [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(3): 297-303.
[11]	TANG Dandan, FU Yu, WU Yanjing, ZHU Hai. Neural Mechanisms of Group Differences in Visuospatial Working Memory [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020, 18(2): 176-184.
[12]	WU Guolai, ZHANG Jingjing, REN Fangyuan, YANG Jingjing, JIU Yanhong. Association Between Working Memory Capacity and Mind Wandering Frequency: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2019, 17(4): 461-471.
[13]	DING Qian, ZHANG Yongxin, WEI Hua, HU Wei. Zhongyong Thinking Style and Internet Addiction of College Students: Serial Mediating Effect of Social Support and Loneliness [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2019, 17(4): 553-560.
[14]	ZHANG Xin, SONG Jintao, YING Ronghua, ZHOU Renlai. Is Effectiveness of Working Memory Training the Result of Placebo Effect? [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2019, 17(2): 170-177.
[15]	YANG Haibo, NIU Lili, YIN Shasha, BAI Xuejun. Attention Capture was Guided by the Contents of Non-semantic Coding Visual Working Memory: Evidence from ERPs [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2019, 17(1): 8-14.