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20 July 2017, Volume 15 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Social Transformation: Social Psychological Service and Social Psychological Construction Yu Guoliang 2017, 15(4):  433-439.  Abstract ( )   PDF (909KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics he special historical period of social transformation requires social psychological service and social psychological construction of Chinese characteristics. It can be simply illustrated as the description of public morale, the understanding of prejudice and discrimination, the monitoring of social mentality and public opinion, and the guidance of volunteer behavior. From the perspective of object and scope of its service, social psychological service and social psychological construction includes the correct societal attitudes service and healthy socio-emotional service on the individual level, the objective social cognition service and sound social influence service on the interpersonal level, and positive social behavior service and equitable public service. The microenvironment, mesoenvironment, and macroenvironment systems are main routes of social psychological service on different levels. Social psychological service is the basis of social psychological construction; social psychological construction is the product of social psychological service. The construction of psycho-social service system of Chinese characteristics is in fact the social psychological construction of Chinese characteristics. The social psychological construction of Chinese characteristics includes the investigation system of social attitudes and social emotion to form public opinion monitoring and early warning of social emotion mechanism, the measurement system of social cognition and social influence to form social psychological counseling and mental crisis intervention mechanism, and the evaluation system of social behavior and social performance to form social force intervention and state force monitoring mechanism.

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The Asymmetric Relationship Between Encoding and Retrieval in Emotion Congruent Memory Li Fang 2017, 15(4):  440-448.  Abstract ( )   PDF (774KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Two experiments used emotion congruent memory paradigm to investigate the relationship between emotion congruent encoding and emotion congruent retrieval. In experiment 1, One hundred and eighty undergraduate students were induced sad, happy or neutral emotion state with the particular film at encoding or retrieval phase, and then studied some emotional words by using intentional memorizing. In the end, the students were required to write as many as they could remember from the previously studied emotional words. In experiment 2, One hundred and eighty middle school students were studied some emotional words by using intentional memorizing or structure judgment processing strategies, and then induced sad, happy or neutral emotion state with the particular film after going divided task. In the end, the students were required to free recall the previously studied words. The finding showed that there were emotion congruent effects in both of encoding and retrieval in the long-term memory. Moreover, the results not only confirmed the differences between intentional memorizing and structure judgment processing strategies in emotion congruent retrieval, but also the affect infusion model cannot explain our results. In a word, there were the asymmetric relationship between encoding and retrieval in emotion congruent memory.

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The Effect of Theoretical Knowledge on the Similarity Judgment：Evidence from Eye Tracking Sun Hongmei, Yin Guo'en 2017, 15(4):  449-454.  Abstract ( )   PDF (616KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The college students have participated in the current study. The study used the plant spore pictures as the experimental materials, applied the mixed design of 2(material relationship: perceived similarity and knowledge similarity)×2(learning condition: non-theoretical knowledge and theoretical knowledge), and explored the action mechanism of the effect of theoretical knowledge on the similarity judgment by the eye tracking method. The results demonstrated that, the theoretical knowledge can impact on the grade of similarity judgment,the rate of total dwell time and the rate of fixation times of similarity judgment were increased in theoretical knowledge condition, and the number of skipping trials of context was increased in this condition, but the first fixation duration rate and the gaze duration rate weren't influenced. These findings suggest that theoretical knowledge affected the distribution of attention in the time dimension. Moreover, the influence of theoretical knowledge is in the post processing of similarity judgment.

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Effects of Reading Level and Reading Task on English Word Frequency: Evidence from Eye Movements for Chinese-English Bilinguals During English Reading Li Xin, Li Haichao, Liu Jingyao, Bai Xuejun 2017, 15(4):  455-461.  Abstract ( )   PDF (632KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, we examined the effect of reading tasks and the reading level for word frequency on Chinese-English bilinguals' eye movement behavior during English reading. The mixed experimental design was used, which was 2(reading tasks: natural reading, proofreading)×2(reading levels: high, low)×2(word frequency: high, low)design. The results showed as follows.(1)The word frequency effects were significant for both the high-level and low-level group, especially for the low-level group. Meanwhile, the difference between natural reading and proofreading was significant for both the high-level and low-level group, especially for the high-level group.(2)The word frequency effects were significant during two different reading tasks, especially for proofreading. For conclusion, the reading level and reading tasks had an impact on the magnitude of word frequency, and the cognitive flexibility for high-level group was better than low-level group during English reading.

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The Effect of Grade on Tone or Shape Counting Dual-task Sequence Learning Zhou Tiemin, Lin Xue 2017, 15(4):  462-469.  Abstract ( )   PDF (852KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A secondary task of tone counting and shape counting were used for college students to increase attentional load on implicit sequence learning to investigate the reaction time change process and the differences of implicit learning quantity. The results show that secondary tasks affect subjects implicit sequence learning process and the secondary shape counting task(dual shape)has a greater interference effect than the secondary tone counting task(dual tone), but there was no significant fade of implicit learning happened in dual-task conditions. Both secondary tasks were administered to investigate whether low and high interference tasks create grade effect between grade effect of elementary school, junior high school, senior high school and college students. Results indicate all groups acquired implicit rules except elementary school students in dual shape condition. Significant difference of implicit learning was found in four grade groups and three conditions.

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Emotion and Donating Appeal Influence Giving Decision-Making:An Experiment Research Chen Jianmei, Zhang Jun, Reng Sixuan, Liu Guohua 2017, 15(4):  470-477.  Abstract ( )   PDF (860KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, to examine the effect of donating persuasion appeal and emotint on RT and individual giving amount. A completely random designed experiment is conducted to test proposed hypotheses in the context of charity. The results are as follows: the main effects of donating appeal and emotion are alien. Credibility Donating appeal raises the giving amount and shortens the decision-making more greatly than effective appeal and rational appeal. The negative emotin stimulates the giving and shortens the time for decision-making than positive emotion among the subjects.

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Activities of Prefrontal-temporal Regions and its Correlation with the Big Five Personality during Conceptual Expansion Yin Desheng, Ma Junpeng, Yang Nan, Jin Hua, Zhu Chaozhe, Lin Chongde 2017, 15(4):  478-488.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1117KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study of the neural mechanism of Conceptual expansion has become a hotspot from a research perspective of crearive cognitive“process”approach. However,previous studies have failed to exclude the influence of evaluate effort on experiments. And no studies investigated whether brain activity during performing creative task is also relevant to personality. Here, participants were asked to view a use and to think out the reasonable connection, the reasonable operational way that can make paper implement the use, between the use and paper. According to material pre-experiment, the uses were separated into high-unusual and low-usual ones in advance. The prefrontal and temporal activities were recorded by functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)during the experiment. To explore the correlations between neural activity related to conceptual expansion and personality, participants were asked to complete the Big Five Inventory. Results found decreased activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(BA9, involved in default mode network)and frontopolar area(BA10)and increased activity in temporal regions(BA21, BA22)in the high as compared to the low expansion condition. In addition, personal meta-trait plasticity(including openness and extraversion)of Big Five Inventory was positively associated with activity in frontopolar areas and right orbitofrontal areas. Taken together, the findings indicate that temporal regions and prefrontal brain is involved in conceptual expansion and personal factors are related to frontal areas during performing creative expansion task.

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The Inhibition of Simon Effect for Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes Effect Jin Guichun, Wang Youzhi, Wang Li 2017, 15(4):  489-494.  Abstract ( )   PDF (596KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, Simon effect paradigm was used to investigate the processing characteristics of the Simon effect and SNARC(spatial-numerical association of response codes)effect and the relationship between them. The stimuli were Arabia numbers. The task of subjects was to judge numbers' location space(experiment 1), color(experiment 2)or magnitude(experiment 3)presenting in the left or right of displayer. The results showed that: 1)No matter what criteria was used, Subjects always responded faster to left numbers presenting on the displayer by left key than right key. Inversely, reaction to numbers on the right of displayer were faster by right key than left key, and Simon effect survived in all experiments. But the difference between the response with the left hand to relatively small numbers and that with the right hand to relatively large numbers was not significant, no SNARC effect appeared in any experiment. 2)Simon effect and SNARC effect had different processing mechanism. Simon effect can restrain SNARC effect. 3)Compared to SNARC effect, Simon effect is relatively more stable, on the contrary, SNARC was relatively flexible and easily affected by the change of perceptual information.

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Working Memory, Analogical Reasoning and Math Achievement in 7th Grader: Moderated Mediating Effect Hao Jiajia, Chen Yinghe, Chen Yiping, Bai Xuejun 2017, 15(4):  495-499.  Abstract ( )   PDF (512KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present research explored the correlational relation between working Memory and math achievement, tested the mediated effect of analogical reasoning and the moderate effect of metacognition on this mediate process. We measured working memory, analogical reasoning and metacogition using N-back test, self-compiled math analogical reasoning test and mathematical metacogition questionaire among 205 students in the 7th Grade. The students' recent math examination scores were collected as their math achievements. The results indicated that math achievement has significant positive correlaitons with working memory, analogical reasoning and metacognition. The analogical reasoning was found as the medicator underlying the process of working memory influencing math achivements. And this medicated effect was moderated by metacognition: compared to students with lower metacognition, analogical reasonging had weaker effect on math achievement for those with higher metacogition.

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The Investigation and Analysis of the Primary School Students at the Intermediate and Senior Students' Altruistic Behavior Tendency Cao Rui, Zhang Haixia, Ma Lili, Zhang Zhixin 2017, 15(4):  500-505.  Abstract ( )   PDF (638KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using the Self-made pupil altruistic behavior tendency questionnaire which include dedication to help and love to help others, share cooperation, friendly generous four dimensions of 17 of the formal scale of the project. The application of this questionnaire to survey 750 pupils, found that pupils' altruistic behavior at a higher level, girls altruistic behavior level is higher than boys, suburban counties and the rural primary school students altruistic behavior level is higher than the city. Parents' level of education is an important factor affecting students' altruistic behavior.

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The Characteristics and Differences of Social Information Processing of Different Subtypes of Social Withdrawal Children in Four Story Situations Zuo Enling, Zhang Xiangkui, Tian Jinlai, Zhao Yuetong 2017, 15(4):  506-514.  Abstract ( )   PDF (953KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics 316 children aged 3-6 years old were investigated by using the The Play Observation Scale(POS) (Revised 2008)and Social Information Processing Interview-preschool version(Chinese version)to explore the characteristics and differences at each stage(encoding of cues, interpretation of cues, response access or construction, response decision and behavioral enactment)of social information processing of different subtypes of social withdrawal children(Inhibitory Behavior, Passive Isolation and Active Isolation)and the control group. Results show: 1)The coding ability of social withdrawal children is significantly lower than that of the control group,but there was no significant difference between the different subgroups, and this trait is consistent across situations; 2)The ability of response number of social withdrawal children is significantly lower than that of the control group, but there was no significant difference between the different subgroups, this feature is in the context of hostile rejection and non-hostile provocation; 3)In the context of non-hostile rejection and non-hostile provocation, the ability of response type of social withdrawal children is significantly different,and this difference varies depending on response type.

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The Relationship between Social Class and College Students' Materialism: The Mediating Role of Self-esteem Xia Ting, Li Jing, Guo Yongyu 2017, 15(4):  515-519.  Abstract ( )   PDF (538KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A self-reported questionnaire survey was conducted to collect 405 college students' data of their family social class, self-esteem and materialism. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between family social class and materialism, and the possible mediating role of self-esteem. The results showed that: 1)subjective family class was negatively correlated with materialism; subjective and objective family social class were both negatively correlated with self-esteem; self-esteem was negatively correlated with materialism; 2)self-esteem played a mediating role in the relationship between subjective family social class and materialism. These results indicate that individuals from low subjective family social class are more likely to form materialism tendency, because of their low self-esteem.

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The Features of Age Identity and Its Relationship with Mental Health Among Older Adults Wu Panpan, Shao Jingjin, He Nian, Zhang Li 2017, 15(4):  520-527.  Abstract ( )   PDF (837KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the characteristics of age identity among Chinese older adults and its relationship with mental health, four questionnaires (Age Identity Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale) were administered to 646 older adults. The findings suggested that: 1)55.7% of the participants reported feeling younger than their actual age and the discrepancy was about 4.07 years. Actual age and self-rated health had a significant impact on older adults' age identity. 2)Regression analyses revealed that, older adults' mental health was significantly affected by age identity, after controlling for gender, education, and self-rated health. To be exact, older adults' anxiety and depression were weakened by age identity, but their life satisfaction level was strengthened by age identity. To sum up, Chinese elder adults showed younger bias. The younger older adults' age identity was, the less anxiety and depression they had, but the higher life satisfaction level. All our findings suggested that appropriate measures can be taken to enable older people to remain a younger age identity, which may be helpful to improve the mental health status of the elderly.

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Effects of Organizational Support and Occupational Stress on Turnover Intention among Kindergarten Teachers: Mediating Effect of Occupational Burnout Huang Xu, Wang Gang, Wang Delin 2017, 15(4):  528-535.  Abstract ( )   PDF (849KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed at exploring the effect mechanism of organizational support, occupational stress and occupational burnout on turnover intention among kindergarten teachers. Participants were 326 kindergarten teachers in Sichuan, Chongqing, Tibet, Guizhou and Beijing who completed a set of questionnaires including kindergarten teachers' occupational stress questionnaire, kindergarten teachers' turnover intention questionnaire, teachers' job burnout scale and perceived organizational support questionnaire. The results showed that: 1)Occupational stress as a risk factor increased kindergarten teachers' turnover intention. Organizational support as a protective factor decreased kindergarten teachers' turnover intention, and the protective effect of organizational support is main effect. 2)Occupational burnout mediated the effects of organizational support and occupational stress on kindergarten teachers' turnover intention. These results may contribute to the decrease of turnover intention among kindergarten teachers.

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Eye Movements of Attention Patterns in Different Social Scenes for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Wei Ling, Lian Rong, Yu Youyi, Sun Chao 2017, 15(4):  536-543.  Abstract ( )   PDF (808KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study compared the attention patterns between children with Autism Spectrum Disorders(ASD)and Typically Developing(TD)in real-world social scenes via eye-tracking technology. The social content of the scene, as an independent variable, is achieved by manipulating the number of people in the scenes. The results showed that: 1)the total and average fixation duration of the social scenes of children with ASD were less than those with TD. 2)As the number of people increased in the social scene, the fixation duration proportions and fixation count proportions towards face, body and mouth were decreased gradually in both ASD and TD children. 3)Compared with the TD children, the ASD children had less visual processing to areas containing social information, such as face, body, eyes, and mouth in the scenes; but greater visual processing towards the foreground and background areas containing non-social information. These findings suggested that changing the number of people has the same effect on attention patterns in social scenes in both ASD and TD groups, however, the children with ASD showed different visual processing when dealing with the social information in the scenes.

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The Relationship Between Rumination and Posttraumatic Growth Among Adolescents Following Ya'an Earthquake: The Mediated Role of Deliberated Rumination and Moderated Role of Hope Zhou Xiao, Wu Xinchun, Wang Wenchao, Tian Yuxin, Zeng Min 2017, 15(4):  544-550.  Abstract ( )   PDF (670KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To examine the role of rumination and hope in posttraumatic growth(PTG), and assess a mediated moderation model, this study used traumatic exposure questionnaire, hope scale, rumination inventory and PTG inventory to investigate 416 adolescents 2.5 year after Ya'an earthquake. The results found that intrusive rumination have a positive and direct effect on PTG, and intrusive rumination also predict positively PTG via deliberate rumination. Also, the findings indicated that hope did not moderate the relationship between intrusive rumination and deliberated rumination, whereas the association between intrusive rumination and PTG was moderated by hope. Specifically, the positive role of intrusive rumination in PTG is stronger with the increasing level of hope.

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The Difference Between the Implicit and Explicit Preferences for Ideal Partner Hou Juan, Huang Jiani, Fang Xiaoyi 2017, 15(4):  551-561.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1154KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study discussed the differences between implicit and explicit preferences for ideal partner by completing the questionnaires about partner preferences and using the Implicit Association Test(IAT)in 144 undergraduates. The results revealed that: 1)Individuals showed an implicit partner preference for a positive personal characteristic in a partner. 2)A significant difference between the implicit and explicit preferences for ideal partner emerged in the research, given that men reached the differences in nine items and women in eighteen items. Women exhibited a higher demand in ideal partners' attributes than men.

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The Relationship Between Mobile Phone Addiction and Subjective Well-being in College Students: The Mediating Effect of Social Anxiety Li Zongbo, Wang Tingting, Liang Yin, Wang Minghui 2017, 15(4):  562-568.  Abstract ( )   PDF (886KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of mobile phone addiction of college students on subjective well-being, and the mediating effect of social anxiety in era of mobile internet. 598 college students were investigated with the Mobile Phone Addiction Scale, Social Anxiety Scale(IAS)and Campbell Well-being Scale for college students in Jiangsu province. The results showed that: 1)There are significant differences in gender and grade of college students' mobile phone addiction; 2)College students' mobile phone addiction has a significant negative effect on subjective well-being, and has a significant positive effect on social anxiety; 3)Social anxiety has a significant negative effect on subjective well-being, and social anxiety plays a mediating role between the mobile phone addiction and subjective well-being. Thus, mobile phone addiction can not only directly result in the reducing of subjective well-being, but also further influence subjective well-being through social anxiety.

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The Relationship Between Problematic Internet Use, Well-being, Social Anxiety and Depression-A Longitudinal Study Wang Dongmei, Zhang Lixin, Zhang Zhen 2017, 15(4):  569-576.  Abstract ( )   PDF (846KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relationship between problematic internet use, well-being, social anxiety and depression, 465 undergraduates were measured with Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale, Index of Well-being Scale, Social Anxiety Subscale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale twice within the 6 months interval. The results indicated: 1)Problematic internet use was negatively related to well-being, positively related to social anxiety and depression. 2)Problematic internet use had a cross-time prediction on well-being, social anxiety and depression, which showed obvious gender differences. For boys, early problematic internet use could predict later social anxiety; for girls, early problematic internet use could predict later well-being and depression.