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20 May 2021, Volume 19 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Revision of Spatial Activity Questionnaire and Its Reliability and Validity ZHAO Yuetong, SUN Xiaojuan, BAI Qian, ZHANG Xiangkui 2021, 19(3):  289-296.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (586KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to obtain the spatial activity questionnaire suitable for Chinese cultural background, this study revised the spatial activity questionnaire developed by Cherney and Voyer based on the data of 2988 undergraduates. Multivariate analysis of variance and exploratory factor analysis showed that eight factors could reflect the spatial component and gender preference of games and activities. The Chinese version of the 25-question spatial activity questionnaire was further simplified by reducing the items, which contained five factors, namely masculine-spatial, masculine-nonspatial, feminine-spatial, feminine-nonspatial and neutral-spatial. The confirmatory factor analysis results supported the five-factor model obtained after simplification, and the reliability and validity indexes were good. The Chinese version of the Space Activity Questionnaire has a clear and reasonable structure, which is a reliable measurement tool for future research in related fields.

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The Perceptual Span and Parafoveal Preview Effect of Tibetan-Chinese Readers with High and Low Chinese Level in Reading Chinese GAO Xiaolei, SHEN Meng, REN Xiaofei, BAI Xuejun, GAO Lei 2021, 19(3):  297-303,333.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (699KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, eye movement was conducted to investigate the perceptual span and parafoveal preview effect of Chinese sentences in Tibetan-Chinese readers with different Chinese levels. Two experiments were carried out. The results showed that: 1) For Tibetan-Chinese readers with high Chinese level, the perceptual span was the space of two Chinese characters to the right of the fixation point. 2) For those with low Chinese level, the perceptual span was the space of one to two Chinese characters to the right of the fixation point. These findings suggest that Tibetan-Chinese readers with different Chinese proficiency can get the orthographic and phonological information from the parafoveal.

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Semantic Radical Category Consistency Effect in Chinese Incidental Vocabulary Learning HE Fei, LIANG Feifei, BAI Xuejun 2021, 19(3):  304-311.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (616KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated how the category consistency of character’s semantic radical influences incidental novel word learning in Chinese reading. Two-pseudocharacter words were constructed as novel words. Each constituent character’s semantic radical was manipulated either consistent or inconsistent with the semantic category of the novel word. We made each pseudoword as a new concept of a familiar semantic category by providing it into 15 informative sentential contexts. There were 5 learning phases, each of which included 3 sentential contexts of each novel word. Seventy-two undergraduates were instructed to take part in the experiment. The results showed that there were reliable character semantic radical consistency effects during the initial three learning phases, suggesting that Chinese readers are able to use character’s semantic radicals to facilitate relatively early stage of novel word processing in Chinese reading.

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The Self-Reference Effect on Event-Based Prospective Memory JIANG Daitai, DUAN Yajie, YAN Shuai, FU Siwen, LIU Wei 2021, 19(3):  312-318.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (565KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study adopted the dual-task paradigm of prospective memory to determine the processing mechanism of event-based prospective memory. In two experiments, we compared the effects of self-reference of personality adjectives on event-based prospective memory under high and low ongoing task load. The results indicated that self-related materials were more deeply processed than non-self-related materials, suggesting that self-reference increased event-based prospective memory. The load of the ongoing task also influenced the effect of self-referencing on event-based prospective memory, suggesting that the influence of spontaneous and strategic processing on the retrieval of event-based prospective memory is dynamic and interactive. Our findings are consistent with the dynamic multiprocess theory of prospective memory.

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The Inhibition Process of Directed Forgetting Under Different Short-Term SOA Conditions WANG Mengying, TONG Yuguang, GAO Heming 2021, 19(3):  319-325.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (722KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The dual-task method of detection reaction and directed forgetting was adopted, and the inhibitory processing of directed forgetting within 1s was explored. Experiment 1 investigated the relationship between resource consumptions of TBF items and the TBR items under different short-term SOA conditions. Under conditions of 400 ms or 800 ms, the subjects processed the items based on the F or R clue, then judged the direction of the detection arrow. Experiment 2 employed the blank screen to replace the R clue to control the subjects to adopt the “wait-and-see” strategy. The results demonstrated that, under SOA condition of 400 ms, the resource consumptions for inhibiting TBF items and maintaining TBR items were almost equivalent. Under SOA condition of 800 ms, the resource consumptions for inhibiting TBF items processing in Experiment 1 were markedly higher. However, the resource consumptions for maintaining TBR items in Experiment 2 increased. The research results further expanded the idea of attention inhibition.

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The Role of Stimulus-Response Association Learning on Item-Specific Proportional Congruency Effect XIA Tiansheng, TAN Ling 2021, 19(3):  326-333.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (813KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The literature on proportion congruency effect mainly focuses on the dynamic change of cognitive control, and one stream of research concentrates on item-specific proportion congruency effect. In the present study, the roles of association learning and attention regulation in proportion congruency effect were investigated by using the proportional bias manipulation of task relevant attributes (color) and task irrelevant attributes (spatial location) respectively. The results showed that under the condition that stimulus-response coding had significant advantages, when the location was used as a signal, the participants could use learned stimulus-response association to reverse conflict effect, as the stimulus-response ratio under different conditions was different so that individuals could learn the high probability of stimulus-response to predict the correct response. Whereas color was used as a signal, proportion congruency effect disappeared, as the stimulus-response ratio under different conditions was the same so that individuals could not learn the high probability of stimulus-response to predict the correct response. These results suggest that stimulus-response association learning plays a major role in proportion congruency effects, being consistent with the expectation of salient coding hypothesis.

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The Reciprocal Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Problem Behaviors at Chinese Migrant Children MA Lingling, YU Hongyan, FAN Weiqiao, MENG Xiao 2021, 19(3):  334-340.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (687KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The aim of this study was to examine the reciprocal relationship between parenting styles and children’s problem behaviors at three time points with 12 months intervals. Four hundred seventy-seven migrant children from four public secondary schools in Shanghai were recruited. The results of the cross-lagged analysis were as follows: 1) A negative reciprocal effect between both paternal warmth and maternal warmth styles and children’s externalizing problem behaviors was supported. 2) The paternal behavioral control positively predicted the children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors, while maternal behavioral control did not predict children’s externalizing or internalizing problem behaviors. The study reveals the interaction between parental factors and children’s behavior in the family system, which has some practical significance for promoting the healthy development of migrant children.

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Fathers’ Co-Parenting and Children’s School Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Father-Child Attachment XIE Ruibo, WANG Die, DING Wan, LI Weijian, LI Xinyu 2021, 19(3):  341-347.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (689KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study aimed to investigate the association between fathers’ co-parenting and children’s school adjustment. It further intended to examine the mediating role of father-child attachment between fathers’ co-parenting and children’s school adjustment. A total of 892 children aged 9-11 were recruited to complete a series of questionnaires. Results showed that: 1) Fathers’ supportive co-parenting was positively related to children’s social competence. 2) Fathers’ unsupportive co-parenting was positively related to children’s antisocial behavior, and negatively associated with children’s social competence. 3) Father-child attachment mediated the association between fathers’ co-parenting and children’s social competence, and also played an intervening role in the relationship between fathers’ co-parenting and children’s antisocial behavior.

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The Relationship Between Grandparents’ Involvement and Children’s Social Competence: Chain Mediating Effect of Maternal Parenting Stress and Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy GONG Yang, JIANG Lu, QIN Wenwen 2021, 19(3):  348-353.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (639KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study investigated the effects of grandparents’ involvement on preschool children’s social competence and its underlying mechanism. Six hundred and ninety-one mothers of 3-6 years old children were asked to report their parenting stress, parenting self-efficacy, their children’s social competence and grandparents’ involvement through online questionnaires. The results showed that: 1) Grandparents’ involvement and children’s social competence were significantly positively correlated. 2) Maternal parenting stress and maternal parenting self-efficacy played partial mediating roles between grandparents’ involvement and children’s social competence. 3) Maternal parenting stress and maternal parenting self-efficacy played significant chain mediating roles between grandparents’ involvement and children’s social competence.

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The Relationship Between Parent-Child Attachment and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems of Adolescents: The Sequential Mediating Role of Resilience and Resistance to Peer Influence ZHANG Shanshan, JU Rui, LI Yalin, WANG Xiaozhuang 2021, 19(3):  354-360.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (633KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study explored the relationship between parent-child attachment and adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as the serial mediation of resilience and resistance to peer influence. In total, 1029 junior school students in Jilin Province were investigated with the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, Short Form of the Resilience Scale, Resistance to Peer Influence Scale and Youth Self-Report. Results showed that: 1) Compared with externalizing problems, parent-child attachment had a greater impact on internalizing problems of adolescents. 2) Resistance to peer influence played a mediating role in the relationship between parent-child attachment and adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. However, compared with internalizing problems, the protective effect of safe parent-child attachment on externalizing problems was greatly enhanced through the mediation of resistance to peer influence. 3) Resilience and resistance to peer influence had serial mediating effects in the relationship between parent-child attachment and adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems.

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The Effect of Family Cohesion on Mental Health of High School Students: A Moderated Mediation Model WEI Lingzhen, LIU Yanling, LIU Chuanxing, LIN Jie, WANG Xu 2021, 19(3):  361-367.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (755KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the ecological systems theory, this study explored the influence factors of mental health of high school students. A sample of 1020 high school students from Sichuan Province completed a questionnaires survey. The results showed that: 1) Family cohesion could predict mental health negatively. 2) Meaning in life mediated the relationship between family cohesion and mental health problems. 3) Social support significantly regulated the first and second half paths of mediating effect. With the improvement of social support, the positive predictive effect of family cohesion on meaning in life and the negative predictive effect of meaning in life on mental health problems were significantly enhanced.

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The Effect of Repeated Reading on the 4 to 5 Years Old Children’s Print Attention in Different Reading Styles KANG Lichao, LAN Zebo, HAN Yinghong 2021, 19(3):  368-374.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (610KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The interest and attention to print is one of the manifestations of children’s early print awareness. The present study examined the difference of children’s print attention and the effects of reading comprehension in different repeated reading styles, namely shared reading and independent reading. Tobii T120 eye tracking apparatus was used to record the eye movement data in reading among 16 children aged 4-5 years old. Results showed that: 1) As the repetition times increased, children’s print attention in shared reading also gradually increased. However, no significant change was observed in independent reading. 2) In the aspect of reading comprehension, with shared reading, the children performed better than independent reading in understanding descriptive and deep-level information. The research found that repeated shared reading has a better effect on children’s print attention and reading comprehension.

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The Irrelevant Speech Effect on Reading in Older Adults: Evidence from Eye Movements HE Liyuan, TIAN Xue, LI Yue, SHEN Fengdan, WANG Yongsheng, WU Jie 2021, 19(3):  375-381.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (561KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated the influences of different irrelevant speeches during Chinese reading between older and younger readers by using measurements of eye movements. Participants were asked to read passages in the presence of meaningful speech, meaningless speech, and silence. Results showed that: 1) There was significant irrelevant speech effect on Chinese passage reading for all the participants, such that the meaningful background speech reduced participants’ reading rate, and led them to make more and longer fixations, shorter forward saccades. 2) Both groups of readers spent longer time on target words when exposed to meaningful speech. 3) No significant differences in irrelevant speech effects between younger and older adults were observed. These results suggest that older adults’ ability to suppress the interference of semantic content in background noise does not decline during natural reading.

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The Influence of Perceived Social Hostility on College Students’ Aggression: The Role of Negative Emotional Experience YANG Jiawei, LI Dongling, LIU Jianrong 2021, 19(3):  382-388.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (593KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study examined the influence of perceived social hostility on college students’ aggression and the role of negative emotional experience. Experiment 1 used the perceived social mindfulness paradigm and the hot sauce paradigm to examine the influence of perceived social hostility on college students’ overt aggression. The Chinese version of the Positive Negative Sentiment Scale (PANAS) was used to measure the subjects’ baseline mood and immediate mood. Experiment 2 used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit aggression. Results showed that perceived social hostility significantly increased college students’ aggression. Negative emotional experience partially mediated the relationship between perceived social hostility and college students’ overt aggression, but had no mediate effects on implicit aggression.

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The Influence of Relevance on the Continued Influence Effect of Misinformation in Older Adults: The Role of Death Attitude and Health Anxiety JIN Hua, JIA Lina, SHAN Jinlei 2021, 19(3):  389-395.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (605KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study investigated the relationship between the continued influence effect of misinformation (CIEM) in the older adults and information relevance, death attitudes and health anxiety. The older adults were found to exhibit greater CIEM under high-relevant information condition, indicating that information relevance can affect CIEM. The difficulty of correcting high-relevant misinformation might be related to attitudes of the older adults towards death and health problems, and the effect of high-related CIEM on the natural acceptance of death attitudes might be partly mediated by health anxiety. The results suggest that the older adults are more likely to believe the health misinformation due to their inherent attitudes. In the future, the older adults can be guided to treat death and their health correctly.

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A Temporal Path Model of The Longitudinal Predictive Effect of Neuroticism on Aggressive Behavior in The College Students: The Bidirectional Mediation Roles of Hostile Attribution Bias and Anger Rumination ZHU Wenfeng, XIA Lingxiang 2021, 19(3):  396-402.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (729KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Although neuroticism is considered to be an important risk factor for aggression, the mental mechanism of its influence on aggressive behaviors remains unclear. This study attempted to explore this issue by using the temporal path model of neuroticism predicting aggressive behavior developed from the general aggressive model. A longitudinal survey was conducted among 848 college students to examine the model. The results showed that the in-process factors (hostility attribution bias) and the post-process factors (anger rumination) were mutually predictable. Neuroticism could predict aggressive behavior both by the path from hostile attribution bias to anger rumination and by the path from anger rumination to hostile attribution bias.

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The Predictive Effects of Presence of Meaning in Life on Future-Oriented Coping: The Chain Mediating Role of Positive Affect and Resource Accumulation MIAO Miao, GAN Yiqun 2021, 19(3):  403-409.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (591KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the effect of presence of meaning in life on future-oriented coping and the underlying mechanism, three samples were obtained, consisting of 142 undergraduate students, 170 adults from a continuing education night school course and 200 adults approaching retirement, respectively. Presence of meaning in life and positive affect were assessed at Time 1, and resource accumulation as well as future-oriented coping were measured at Time 2. Similar results were found in these three samples: 1) presence of meaning in life was positively associated with future-oriented coping; 2) resource accumulation mediated the relationship between presence of meaning in life and future-oriented coping; 3) presence of meaning in life positively predicted future-oriented coping via the chain mediating role of positive affect and resource accumulation. The present results provided support for the promotional role of presence of meaning in life on resource accumulation and future-oriented coping. Moreover, the adaptive function of presence of meaning in life was confirmed across different age groups.

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Research on the Influence of Environmental Self-Identity on Low-Carbon Behaviors Among University Students YANG Guanyu, LI Shumin 2021, 19(3):  410-416.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (663KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on self-determination theory, the study examined the impact of environmental self-identity on low-carbon behaviors, the mediating effect of warm glow and the moderating effect of social norm, by conducting a questionnaire survey among 467 currently enrolled university students using the Environmental Self-Identity Scale, Low-Carbon Behavior Scale, Warm Glow Scale and Subjective Social Norm Scale. The results showed that: 1) environmental self-identity had a positive effect on low-carbon behaviors; 2) environmental self-identity indirectly affected low-carbon behaviors through the partial mediating role of warm glow; 3) social norm positively moderated the effect of warm glow on low-carbon behaviors, while it did not significantly moderate the effect of environmental self-identity on low-carbon behaviors.

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Metaphorical Conflict Control in the Conceptual Mapping of Social Power: Processing Characteristic and Stages JIA Lei, LU Jiahao, WANG Yi, ZHANG Changjie 2021, 19(3):  417-423.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (814KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study explored the cognitive mechanisms of the metaphorical conflict control in the conceptual representation of social power using event-related potentials. In the present study, a spatial Stroop task was employed, and word-pairs of social statuses were utilized as stimuli. Through manipulating the relative font sizes of the word-pairs and their spatial positions, the time-course of the metaphorical conflicts among the font sizes, spatial positions, and the social power concepts were examined. Behavioral results revealed typical characteristics of metaphorical conflicts, in which the social power judgment on word-pairs was significantly affected by font sizes, spatial positions, and their interactions. Moreover, ERP results showed that metaphorical conflict processing was continually manifested in early N1 and N2pc components, as well as N400, NSW and LPC components. Our study showed that the semantic representation of social power was simultaneously affected by metaphors of font size and spatial position. Additionally, the metaphorical conflict caused by the conflict between perceptual clues and conceptual representation arose not only at the early perceptual processing stage but also at the later semantic evaluation stage.

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The Association of Empathy on Depression: The Moderating Effect of Peer-Relationship YAN Zhiqiang, LI Shan 2021, 19(3):  424-430.  Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (602KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore the impact of empathy on depression and the role of peer-relationship plays in it. The current study used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index-C, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scales, and the Friendship Qualities Scale to measure participants’ empathy, depressive symptoms, and peer relationships. We employed 458 early adult college students. The results showed that empathy was significantly positively correlated with depressive symptoms and peer-relationship, and peer-relationship was significantly negatively correlated with depression. Conflict dimensions of peer-relationship could moderate the relationship between affective empathy and depression after controlling gender and age. Therefore, these findings suggest that peer-relationship has a moderating effect on the relationship between empathy and depression. In specific, the high conflict peer-relationship strengthens the relationship between empathy and depression while the low conflict peer-relationship weakens the relationship between empathy and depression.