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The Effect of Congenital Blindness on Color Cognition: An ERP Study FENG Jie, XU Juan, LI Yalan, WU Xinchun 2022, 20(3):  289-296.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1045KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Are perception and cognition independent of each other? This study investigated the effect of congenital blindness on color cognition by comparing the behavioral responses and neurophysiological signal changes of congenitally blind participants and sighted participants. The results showed that the congenitally blind participants had certain color knowledge, but the level was lower than that of the sighted participants. Both groups had the N400 effect induced by color mismatch, and both showed left hemisphere dominance. However, the N400 effect of the blind group was greater than that of the sighted group, and the latency of N400 response in the blind group was shorter than that of the sighted group. These results suggest that direct visual experience is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for color cognition.

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The Effect of Self-Prioritization on Reference Frame in Near and Far Spaces WANG Aijun, HUANG Jie, ZHANG Ming 2022, 20(3):  297-303.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (673KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Previous studies showed that the self-prioritization effect (SPE) showed a self-bias both on the processing of egocentric representation and near-space representation. However, little is known about how the brain balances the representation of spatial reference frames and spatial locations in depth. Therefore, the present study adopted the label-color matching task (i.e., self-/stranger-association) to establish the SPE, combined with the spatial reference task, to examine whether the SPE prefers to process the near-space representation or the egocentric representation. Participants were randomly assigned to the self-association group and the stranger-association group. Both groups were required to accomplish the spatial reference task in near and far spaces. The results found that: 1) there was a significant SPE in the self-association group compared with the stranger-association group; 2) the effect of SPE on spatial reference representation only manifested in near space and had a greater impact on the egocentric representation. These findings indicate that SPE may show a prior entry effect for near-space representation when the brain processes the conflict between the dorsal and ventral streams simultaneously.

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Word Frequency Effects in Fast and Slow Readers During Skilled Chinese Reading ZHANG Manman, HU Huilan, BIAN Han, LI Fang, ZHANG Zhichao, ZANG Chuanli 2022, 20(3):  304-310.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (586KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Research on alphabetic language reading has shown that highly skilled readers were more efficient at lexical processing than less skilled readers. However, it remains unclear whether lexical processing shows different patterns between fast readers and slow readers during skilled Chinese reading. The current study aimed to examine this issue by comparing the word frequency effects in fast and slow readers. Fifteen groups of fast and slow readers were selected from a total number of 67 participants based on their reading rates. Each participant was required to read sentences containing either high- or low- frequent target words while their eye movements were recorded by an EyeLink1000 Plus eye tracker. The results showed robust word frequency effect and reading group effect. Importantly, word frequency effect was modulated by reading group such that the word frequency effect was only reliable in slow readers rather than in fast readers. In conclusion, lexical processing in fast readers is highly efficient and is less influenced by word frequency than that in slow readers, indicating that individual differences in skilled Chinese readers are associated with “type” rather than “degree”. This finding provides strong evidence for lexical quality hypothesis and the linguistic-pro?ciency hypothesis in the E-Z Reader model.

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The Role of the First Character Frequency in Low-Frequency Two-Character Words in Parafoveal Processing in Chinese Reading WANG Yongsheng, HE Liyuan, LI Xin, BAI Xuejun 2022, 20(3):  311-317.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (529KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the effect of processing load on character frequency during parafoveal processing, we selected low-frequency two-character words with different frequencies as parafoveal target words. At the same time, the boundary paradigm was used to manipulate the preview types of the first character in target word (identical preview vs. pseudo-character preview). An eye tracker was used to record eye movements of the participants during reading. A significant preview effect was found on both the first characters and the whole words of the target words. Participants spent shorter fixation time on target words when the first character of the target word was unmasked compared to that masked by pseudo-character. The main effect of character frequency on the gaze duration and total fixation time of target words was significant, and the gaze duration and total fixation time of low-frequency characters were significantly longer than that of high-frequency characters. However, there was no interaction between the two. The results showed that the preview effect is not influenced by the character frequency of the low-frequency two-character word, but the recognition of the low frequency word is affected by the frequency of the first character.

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Initial Character Positional Probability Does Not Influence Word Segmentation in Chinese Reading: Evidence from Parafoveal Processing LIANG Feifei, XIANG Ying, LONG Mengling 2022, 20(3):  318-324.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (559KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We manipulated the initial character positional probability of two-character word and preview type using boundary paradigm, in order to answer whether Chinese readers are sensitive to the information of word initial character’s positional probability during word segmentation and word identification in natural Chinese reading. Two-character words were selected as target words. The initial character’s positional probability was manipulated as being either high or low, and the final character was kept identical across the two conditions. We recorded adults’ eye movements when they read sentences containing these words. The results showed that preview benefits did not differ in the high-probability and low-probability conditions for skipping probability and the measures of first pass reading, demonstrating that Chinese readiness did not use word initial character positional probability in parafovea for word segmentation and word identification in Chinese reading.

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The Impact of the Affect Heuristic on Risky Choice MIAO Xiuying, CHI Lizhong 2022, 20(3):  325-331.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (650KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to examine the effect of the affect heuristic on risky choices. Study 1 revised the Chinese version of the affect heuristic questionnaire based on the data of 687 college students online and offline, to use the risk-benefit correlation coefficient of this questionnaire as a measure of affect heuristic tendency. One hundred and three college students participated in study 2 who were required to complete the Affect Heuristic Questionnaire. Based on the absolute value of risk-benefit correlation coefficients, participants that ranked in either the top 20% or the bottom 20% were allocated into the high and low affect heuristic groups separately. The two groups were then required to complete a risky choice task. Results showed that: 1) The Chinese version of the Affect Heuristic Questionnaire had good reliability and validity and could be used as a test questionnaire to test affect heuristic tendency. 2) When the risky choice task activated negative emotions, participants with high affect heuristic tendency were more susceptible to negative emotions and had a higher subjective value of risk judgment compared to those with low affect heuristic tendency. The study reveals the impact of the affect heuristic on risky choices and provides empirical support for the importance of the affect heuristic as a basis for individuals to make risky judgments.

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Measuring Interpretation Bias Using Sentence Constructing Task with Chinese Homographs YU Guanlin, ZHANG Lu, GUO Jiayi, ZHANG Wencai 2022, 20(3):  332-338.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (653KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to search for usable Chinese homographs for interpretation bias measurement and test their measuring validity in individuals with generalized anxiety symptoms using Sentence Constructing Task (SCT). By rating and comparing usage frequency of the negative and benign meanings of the homographs, as well as testing reliability, validity and ability of hiding experimental intentions, a 34-item SCT was generated, in which the homograph items have meanings of approximately identical usage frequencies and anxiety-specific. Results showed that the 34-item SCT had high internal constancy and structural validity in measuring the interpretation bias of generalized anxiety and state anxiety. Compared to the scrambled sentence test, there were significantly fewer participants who figured out the intentions of the SCT, showing that the SCT is a more implicit measurement. In conclusion, the 34-item SCT has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a convenient and implicit measurement in future research.

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The Influence of Parent-Child Attachment and Teacher-Student Relationship on Left-Behind Children’s Internalizing Problems: The Mediating Role of Peer Attachment TAN Deqin, XIE Ruibo, DING Wan, WU Wei, SONG Shengcheng, LI Weijian 2022, 20(3):  339-345.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (742KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to investigate the influence of parent-child attachment and teacher-student relationship on left-behind children’s internalizing problems and the mediating role of peer attachment. A total of 604 left-behind children in the third grade of elementary school participated in the research. These children were asked to complete a series of questionnaires that assessed father-child attachment, mother-child attachment, peer attachment, teacher-student relationship and internalizing problems at two-time points: baseline (T1), and six months later (T2). The results showed that only the teacher-student relationship could negatively predict left-behind children’s internalizing problems. Peer attachment played a mediating role between father-child attachment, mother-child attachment, teacher-student relationship and left-behind children’s internalizing problems.

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Influence of Perceived Discrimination on Left-Behind Adolescents’ Aggression: The Multiple Mediating Effect Analysis DING Qian, LUO Xingyu 2022, 20(3):  346-352.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (685KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the relationship between perceived discrimination and left-behind adolescents’ aggression and its inner mechanism, 662 left-behind middle school students were recruited to complete relevant questionnaires. Results showed that: 1) Perceived discrimination, depression, anger, moral disengagement and aggression were positively correlated with each other. 2) Perceived discrimination could not directly affect left-behind adolescents’ aggression, but could indirectly affect it through four paths: the separate mediating effect of anger; the separate mediating effect of moral disengagement; the chain mediating effect of depression and moral disengagement; and the chain mediating effect of anger and moral disengagement. In conclusion, depression, anger and moral disengagement play the multiple chain mediation roles in the relationship between perceived discrimination and left-behind adolescents’ aggression.

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Left-Behind Children’s Psychological Maltreatment and Aggressive Behavior: Chain Mediating Effect of Resilience and Interpersonal Sensitivity LI Xiaomei, JIANG Yingjie, YU Mingyang, YUAN Yuan, LIU Fangfang 2022, 20(3):  353-360.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (680KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore the relationship between left-behind children’s psychological maltreatment and aggressive behavior, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 754 left-behind children by using the Child Psychological Maltreatment Scale, the Resilience Questionnaire, Interpersonal Sensitivity Scale and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. The results showed that: 1) Interpersonal sensitivity and aggressive behavior were positively correlated with Psychological maltreatment, while resilience was negatively related to psychological maltreatment. 2) Resilience and interpersonal sensitivity played partial mediating roles between psychological maltreatment and aggressive behavior. 3) Resilience and interpersonal sensitivity played significant chain mediating roles between psychological maltreatment and aggressive behavior.

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The Relationship Between Psychological Maltreatment and Children’s Anhedonia: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Reappraisal YU Tengxu, LIU Wen, LIU Fang 2022, 20(3):  361-367.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (715KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the relationship among psychological maltreatment, cognitive reappraisal and children’s anhedonia, a total of 949 pupils aged 8~12 years firstly finished a battery of questionnaires, including Psychological Maltreatment Scale, Anhedonia Scale, and Cognitive Reappraisal Scale. Among the 949 participants, 83 pupils were then randomly selected to complete an experimental task of cognitive reappraisal. The results indicated that: 1) psychological maltreatment positively predicted anhedonia; cognitive reappraisal strategy and cognitive reappraisal effect to up-regulate positive emotions both negatively predicted anhedonia; 2) cognitive reappraisal strategy had a mediating role in the relationship between psychological maltreatment and anhedonia; 3) cognitive reappraisal effect to up-regulate positive emotions also mediated the relationship between psychological maltreatment and anhedonia.

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The Predictive Role of Socioeconomic Status and Positive Qualities on Middle School Students’ Achievement of the High School Entrance Examination GAI Xiaosong, WU Xiaojing, GU Tingyu, ZHANG Chan, MA Yuanchun 2022, 20(3):  368-374.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (683KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This 20-month longitudinal follow-up study examined the relationship between family socioeconomic status and the achievement of the high school entrance examination, and the compensating and mediating role of the overall level of positive quality. Four hundred and forty-two junior middle school students were investigated. The results showed that: 1) family SES and the overall level of positive quality positively predicted the achievement of the high school entrance examination; 2) family SES predicted the achievement of the high school entrance examination through the overall level of positive quality. Positive qualities could compensate for the negative effect of low family SES on academic achievement, and character education had the function of “education poverty alleviation”.

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The Characteristics of Adolescents’ Perceived Parental Autonomy Support and Association with Social Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem SUN Hongrui, LIU Mingxin, ZHANG Xingli, ZHOU Chenhao, DIAO Yaxin, BAO Naili 2022, 20(3):  375-381.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (638KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study aimed to examine the developmental characteristics of perceived parental autonomy support, and the mediating role of self-esteem in the association of perceived parental autonomy support with social adjustment among adolescents. The Parental Autonomy Support Scale, Social Adjustment Assessment Questionnaire and Self-esteem Scale were administered to 1888 adolescents from six schools. The results showed adolescents’ perceived parental autonomy support decreased first and then increased with an inflexion point at grade eight. Both paternal and maternal autonomy support had significantly positive correlations with the development of self-esteem and social adjustment. Both addictive and compensatory effects were found between paternal and maternal autonomy support. Self-esteem played a partial mediating role in the relationship between parental and maternal autonomy support and social adjustment among adolescents.

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The Influence of Executive Function on Emotion Regulation Strategy Use Tendency and Emotion Regulation Effect LIU Fang, HUO Rui, HAN Chengcheng, WANG Meiyi, YANG Haibo 2022, 20(3):  382-389.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (650KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore the role of executive function in emotion regulation, two studies were conducted to explore the influence of executive function on emotion regulation strategy use tendency and the emotion regulation effect. In Study 1, executive function tasks and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used to investigate the relationship between executive function and the use tendency of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. In Study 2, executive function tasks and emotion regulation task were used to investigate the influence of executive function on the effect of emotion regulation. The results indicate that the participants with lower executive function have the tendency to choose expressive suppression, and the participants with high executive function can regulate emotion more effectively.

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Dispositional Awe Positively Predicts Prosocial Tendencies: Multiple Mediation Effects of Self-Transcendence and Empathy LUO Li, YANG Dong, CHEN Shengdong, GAO Wei, CHEN Yongqiang, YUAN Jiajin 2022, 20(3):  390-396.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (590KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Awe has an impact on individuals’ spiritual world to achieve self-transcendence and makes them pay more attention to the needs of others. The purpose of the study is to explore the mechanism underlying the link between awe and prosocial tendencies from the perspective of self-transcendence and empathy. We surveyed 1347 college students using Dispositional Awe Scale, Self-Transcendence Questionnaire, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Prosocial Tendencies Measure. The results of path analysis and bootstrap analysis showed that: 1) awe was significantly correlated with self-transcendence, empathy, and prosocial tendencies; 2) awe positively predicted prosocial tendencies via self-transcendence and empathy serially. These results further deepen the understanding of the relationship between awe and prosociality, which suggests that awe might promote individuals’ self-transcendence, and that high self-transcendence might increase empathy for others and consequently prosocial tendencies.

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The Moderation of Bystanders’ Social Responsibility on Their Third-Party Punishment of Intergroup Vicarious Exclusion GUO Fengbo, HUANG Jiashan, LIU Tengfei, GU Li 2022, 20(3):  397-403.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (599KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the effect of group identity on bystanders’ punishment behavior in vicarious exclusion, and to further explore the moderation of the bystanders’ social responsibility, group identities of 58 undergraduates with different social responsibilities were created by using quantity estimation task and completing intergroup vicarious exclusion task via watching cyberball games. Then participants rated each player’s anger and utilized third-party punishment to evaluate players’ performance in the cyberball game. The results showed that the high-social responsibility bystanders experienced stronger anger toward vicarious exclusion and the punishment intensity of them were higher than that of the low-social responsibility bystanders, that is, the anger played a mediating role between social responsibility and punishment when the in-group members were excluded. Moreover, the high-social responsibility bystanders imposed higher intensity of punishment on the out-group excluders than the in-group excluders while the low-social responsibility bystanders imposed higher intensity of punishment on the out-group excluders than the in-group excluders when the out-group members were excluded. The present study provides preliminary evidence that the social responsibility of bystanders moderates their punishment behavior of intergroup vicarious exclusion.

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The Effects of Perceived Social Support on Job Performance Among Primary and Middle School Teachers: A Moderated Mediating Model ZENG Lianping, ZENG Xiaoye, HUANG Yafu, ZHAO Shouying 2022, 20(3):  404-411.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1333KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the social support buffering effect model and self-regulation theory, the purpose of the study was to explore the effect mechanism of perceived social support on middle school and elementary schoolteachers’ job performance. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 510 middle school and elementary schoolteachers. The results showed that: 1) perceived social support had a significant positive correlation with job performance; 2) psychological empowerment mediated the effect of perceived social support on job performance; 3) future work self-salience moderated the effect of psychological empowerment on job performance. The mediating effect was found to be more significant for middle school and elementary school teachers with a high level of future work self-salience than those with a low level of future work self-salience.

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The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Burnout in Primary and Middle School Teachers: A Chain Mediating Effect of Emotional Labor and Job Satisfaction LI Peng, ZHANG Zhichao, YANG Yang, YANG Jiaqi, LI Hongyu 2022, 20(3):  412-418.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (671KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study used Teacher’s Job Stress Questionnaire, Job Burnout Scale, Emotional Labor Scale, and Job Satisfaction Questionnaire to test 362 primary and middle school teachers and explored the influence mechanism of job stress on job burnout. Results showed that the direct effect of job stress on job burnout was significant; also, job stress influenced job burnout through the mediating effect of emotional labor and job satisfaction. The current study reveals the underlying mechanism and the relationship between job stress and job burnout among primary and middle school teachers, which extends conservation of resources theory and job demand-resource model and provides theoretical implication of how to keep good working state for the primary and middle school teachers.

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The Impact of Boredom Proneness on Adolescents’ Internet Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Model ZHANG Yilin, ZHOU Ziyan, LIU Yujia, XIN Sufei 2022, 20(3):  419-425.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (705KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relationship between boredom proneness and adolescent Internet addiction, we recruited 1553 adolescents from 5 ordinary middle schools in Yunnan Province and Shandong Province to complete questionnaires. The results showed that: 1) adolescents’ boredom proneness significantly positively predicted Internet addiction; 2) learning burnout played a mediating role between adolescents’ boredom proneness and Internet addiction; 3) positive coping style moderated the relationship between boredom proneness and learning burnout. The results reveal the underlying mechanism of adolescent Internet addiction, and construct the processing model of adolescent Internet addiction based on the I-PACE model, which provides a basis for the intervention of adolescent Internet addiction.

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The Relationship Between Personality and Mobile Phone Dependence in College Students: Stress Perception as a Mediator and Gender as a Moderator YIN Jing, LI Chuanying, MA Shichao, XU Yujiao, LI Yongsheng 2022, 20(3):  426-432.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (614KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to explore the mediating role of stress perception between college students’ personality and mobile phone addiction as well as the moderating effect of gender on stress perception and mobile phone addiction. A total of 1478 college students were tested by using the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory, Self-Rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use and Stress Scale for College Students. The results showed that neuroticism and openness positively but agreeableness negatively predicted college students’ stress perception and mobile phone addiction. Importantly, stress perception had a mediating effect on neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness influencing mobile phone addiction. Furthermore, gender moderated the mediation between neuroticism and mobile phone addiction through the latter pathway from stress perception to mobile phone addiction. These results indicate that reducing stress perception can decrease the mobile phone addiction of neurotic college students, which is more significant for male college students.