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Repeating Words Cannot Help Chinese Readers to Obtain Word Class Information from Parafoveal Words Zijia LU, Zhichao ZHANG, Ying FU, Manman ZHANG, Chuanli ZANG, Xuejun BAI 2023, 21(5):  577-584.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (682KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Repeating words can facilitate word processing at the early stage during sentence reading. The current study aimed to investigate whether readers can extract word class information from parafoveal words using repeating words that appeared in the same sentences prior to the target words as preview words. The results showed that: 1) fixation durations of the target word were shorter and the fixation probabilities were lower in repeated preview than in non-repeated preview; 2) the main effect of word class was not reliable; 3) there was no significant difference in the consistency of word classes between repeated and non-repeated previews. The findings suggest that readers do not obtain word class information of parafoveal words when repeating words are used as previews. The results support the E-Z reader model.

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The Dynamic Effects of Retrieval-Induced Forgetting: Combined Influence of Retrieval and Restudy Cross-Mixing Practices Zhuo WANG, Xu LIU, Jia CAI, Zhirou CHEN 2023, 21(5):  585-591.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (793KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Retrieval specificity studies of retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) have largely been limited to pure conditions, neglecting the effects of mixed practice of retrieval and restudy crossover on RIF. In this study, the adapted retrieval practice paradigm was used. Experiment 1 was designed to verify the dynamic effects of RIF by manipulating the practice condition in both pure and mixed ways. Experiment 2 was designed to explore the mechanism of RIF in mixed practice condition by means of the phenomenon of accelerated relearning after RIF through the operation of the combined mixed practice and relearning two manipulations. The results showed that: 1) only retrieval practice exhibited RIF in pure condition, and there was retrieval specificity in RIF; 2) restudy practice could exhibit RIF in mixed condition, and restudy practice showed RIF dynamic effects; 3) relearning could eliminate RIF, and the phenomenon of accelerated relearning after RIF was exhibited in mixed condition. The results indicate that restudy practice exhibits stable dynamic effects of RIF when switching from the pure condition to mixed condition, and that RIF is caused by inhibitory mechanism.

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The Effect of Episodic Future Thinking on Delay Discounting: The Malleability of Episodic Prospective Ability Shuying XU, Shuguang CAI, Tingyong FENG 2023, 21(5):  592-599.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (818KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics According to the emotion of episodic prospection hypothesis, the present study attempted to use a 3 (prospective emotional valence: positive, negative, neutral) × 2 (group: training, control) × 2 (test time: pre, post) mixed design to investigate the effect of episodic prospective ability on delay discounting. The results showed that: 1) The stronger the episodic prospective ability, the greater the degree of change in delay discounting rate. 2) This process was also moderated by prospective emotional valence, that is, positive prospective emotion decreased delay discounting rate, and negative prospective emotion increased delay discounting rate. These results illustrate that episodic prospective ability influences the extent of delay discounting rate, whereas prospective emotional valence moderates the direction of delay discounting.

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Neural Basis of Motor Coordination in Stepping Tasks Lei LIU, Yanan LI, Ruoyu NIU, Wenting YU, Yuxue CHEN, Ying LIU 2023, 21(5):  600-607.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1215KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Motor coordination plays a crucial role in the establishment of social interactions. Previous studies have focused on single-limb coordination, neglecting two-limb coordination. The current study adopted a novel experimental paradigm, a bilateral stepping task of different modes (in-phase/anti-phase) when two participants performed the stepping coordination. In addition to behavioral performance, the brain activity of both interacting parties was simultaneously recorded by using the fNIRS hyperscanning. The results revealed stronger neural activity in certain regions of interest (corresponding to the bilateral inferior parietal lobule) during intra-individual coordination as compared to inter-individual coordination for both in-phase and anti-phase patterns. Therefore, the inferior parietal lobule may be potentially the critical neural basis for motor coordination.

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The Development of Primary School Children’s Promise Cognition and Its Attribution Orientation Fang DING, Xinyuan ZHANG, Jiao LIU 2023, 21(5):  608-613.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (568KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the developmental characteristics of primary school children’s promise cognition and its attribution orientation, a total of 271 children aged 7, 9, and 11 years were recruited and their promise cognition was measured by self-designed scenario stories. The results were as follows: 1) The promise cognition of primary school children showed an “inverted U-shaped” developmental trend with 9 years old serving as the turning point. 2) Seven-year-olds had more negative cognition with regard to violating authority promises, whereas 9- and 11-year-olds had more negative cognition to violating peer promises. 3) Primary school children had the most negative cognition toward intentionally violating promises, and the most positive cognition toward unintentionally violating promises. 4) Primary school children tended to attribute towards the promise orientation when facing the violation of authority promise, while they tended to attribute towards the outcome orientation when facing the violation of peer promise. The research indicates that the development of promise cognition in primary school children aged 7, 9, and 11 years is influenced by the recipients of the promise and the intentions of violation.

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Real or Fantastical? The Effect of Fantasy Orientation and Event Types on Children’s Reality Judgments Hui LI, Haoxue YU, Jiaqi WU 2023, 21(5):  614-620.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1274KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Young children’s ability to accurately distinguish between improbable events and impossible events is important for individual cognitive development. To explore the effect of fantasy orientation and event types on young children’s reality judgments, a mixed experimental design of 2 (age group: 5-year-olds, 6-year-olds)×2 (fantasy orientation: high fantasy orientation, low fantasy orientation)×3 (event type: ordinary event, improbable event, impossible event) was used in this study. Results showed that: 6-year-olds were better at judging the reality of all three types of events than were 5-year-olds; children were better at judging the reality of ordinary and impossible events as compared to improbable events; children with low fantasy orientation performed better at judging the reality of events than those with high fantasy orientation; and children used more factual and hypothetical justifications when explaining ordinary events, and more redundant justifications when explaining impossible events. This study revealed that 5- and 6-year-old children have difficulty in judging the reality of improbable events, and older children and children with low fantasy orientation are better at judging the reality of events.

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The Trajectories of Restrained Eating During Early Adolescence: A Latent Growth Mixture Model Bin ZHANG, Anqi ZHANG, Zhiyan QIU, Yixin ZENG, Chengwei ZENG, Sicheng XIONG, Shujun ZHANG, Yanan WANG 2023, 21(5):  621-628.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (685KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the developmental trajectory and its influence factors of restrained eating in early adolescence, 357 adolescents were recruited from one junior high school. They completed the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, the Body Image Shame Scale, and the Body Surveillance Settle three times in one year. Latent growth mixture model was used to analyze the data. The results were as follows: 1) The developmental trajectory of restrained eating during early adolescence could be divided into 5 different potential classes, that is, low risk - worsening group, high risk - stable group, low risk - slow rise group, high risk - remission group, and low risk - stable group. 2) Gender and body surveillance did not significantly predict the developmental trajectory of restrained eating during early adolescence, body shame significantly predicted the developmental trajectory of restrained eating during early adolescence. In general, the developmental trajectories and influence factors of adolescents’ restrained eating were revealed in early adolescence in this study.

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Relationship Between Reinforcement Sensitivity Personality and Loneliness in the Context of Bullying Experiences: The Mediation Effect of Self-Concealment Li GU, Wanbing HUANG, Yalan YANG, Zhaolan FAN, Fengbo GUO 2023, 21(5):  629-636.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (732KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The goal of the present study was to investigate the mediation effect of self-concealment on the relationship between reinforcement sensitivity of personality and loneliness in the presence or absence of bullying victimization. A total of 1679 college students participated in this study. The results showed that: 1) Regardless of bullying victimization experience, reward sensitivity negatively influenced loneliness and punishment sensitivity positively influenced loneliness. 2) Regardless of bullying victimization experience, self-concealment had a mediating effect between punishment sensitivity and loneliness, and a masking effect between reward sensitivity and loneliness. 3) Both reward and punishment sensitivity were significantly more predictive of loneliness in participants who had been subjected to bullying compared to those who had not.

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The Relationship Between Positive Peer Pressure and Pathological Internet Use Among Middle School Students: The Mediating Roles of Hope and Intentional Self-Regulation Fang YI, Xiaojiao XIONG, Zhaojun TENG, Baojuan YE, Liping LIAO, Runa YAN, Yuhua LI 2023, 21(5):  637-643.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (722KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use, this study aimed to examine the association between positive peer pressure and pathological internet use among middle school students, and further explore the mediating effect of hope and intentional self-regulation between positive peer pressure and middle school students’ pathological internet use. A total of 739 middle school students were recruited to complete Peer Pressure Scale, Children’s Hope Scale, Intentional Self-Regulation Questionnaire, and the Adolescent Pathological Internet Use Scale. The results showed that: 1) there was a significant negative correlation between positive peer pressure and pathological internet use among middle school students; 2) hope played a mediating role between positive peer pressure and pathological internet use among middle school students; 3) positive peer pressure could predict middle school students’ pathological internet use through the chain mediating effect of hope and intentional self-regulation. These findings indicate the internal mechanism between positive peer pressure and pathological internet use among middle school students, which provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of pathological internet use among adolescents.

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The Relationship and Difference Between Parental Phubbing and Adolescents’ Callous-Unemotional Traits: A Chain Mediation Effect Baozhen CAI, Jie FANG 2023, 21(5):  644-650.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (676KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the relationship between parental phubbing and adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits, 529 adolescents were investigated using the Parental Phubbing Scale, the Callous-Unemotional Traits Scale, the Perceived Parental Rejection Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The results showed that: 1) Fathers significantly displayed more phubbing than mothers, while perceived mothers’ rejection was significantly higher than perceived fathers’ rejection. 2) Parental phubbing was positively associated with adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits. 3) Adolescents’ self-esteem mediated the relationship between parental phubbing and adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits. 4) Parental phubbing affected the callous-unemotional traits of adolescents through the chain mediation of perceived fathers’ (mothers’) rejection and self-esteem. 5) There were parental differences in the chained mediation model. Fathers’ phubbing mainly predicted adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits indirectly through adolescents’ self-esteem, while mothers’ phubbing directly predicted adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits. It is of great enlightening significance to focus on the intervention of adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits.

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The Relation Between Peer Victimization and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among Adolescents: A Moderated Mediating Model Datao WANG, Yanyan LIU, Jianhua ZHOU 2023, 21(5):  651-657.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (732KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on self-determination theory and locus of control theory, this study examined the mediating effect of relatedness need frustration in the relation between peer victimization and internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents, as well as the moderating effect of locus of control. A multi-informant questionnaire survey was conducted to measure adolescents’ peer victimization, relatedness need frustration, locus of control, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Results showed that: 1) peer victimization had a significant positive predictive effect on internalizing and externalizing problems; 2) relatedness need frustration partially mediated the relation between peer victimization and internalizing and externalizing problems; 3) locus of control moderated the relation between peer victimization and relatedness need frustration as well as between peer victimization and internalizing problems, and the mediating effect of relatedness need frustration in the relationship between peer victimization and internalizing and externalizing problems was moderated by locus of control. The findings reveal the psychological mechanism underlying the impact of peer victimization on internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents, and provide valuable suggestions for reducing the level of internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents and promoting their positive mental health.

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Revision and Evaluation of Diagnostic Efficiency for the Simplified Chinese Version of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test Haibo YANG, Xinyu ZHANG 2023, 21(5):  658-666.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (794KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The criteria for identifying internet gaming disorder have been widely acknowledged and discussed. The Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) is frequently utilized in many countries, underscoring its high cross-cultural applicability. However, the Chinese version of IGDT-10 has lacked usage in China, sparking arguments about its applicability. In the current study, the reliability, validity, and diagnostic efficiency were assessed for the simplified Chinese IGDT-10. The cut-off point and diagnostic efficiency were determined through latent class analysis and receiver operating characteristic. The results demonstrated that the simplified Chinese IGDT-10 exhibited strong reliability, validity, and diagnostic efficiency, aligning with the DSM-5 recommendation of recognizing five or more criteria for internet gaming disorder. Moreover, this study revealed a 13.4% prevalence rate of internet gaming disorder in the samples, with a gender difference (higher prevalence among males than females) but no significant age difference. The results suggest that the simplified Chinese IGDT-10 is an effective tool for assessing internet gaming disorder.

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Positive Moral Emotion and Altruistic Behaviours in the Network: The Effect of Moral Elevation and Promotional Regulatory Focus Ling LIU, Yingchun HAN, Xiaoling HE 2023, 21(5):  667-674.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (794KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Nine hundred and forty-one college students were investigated by using a self-designed Online Positive Moral Emotion Questionnaire, Moral Elevation Scale, Regulatory Focus Questionnaire, and Online Altruistic Behaviour Questionnaire. The results showed that: 1) The Online Positive Moral Emotion Questionnaire and its two dimensions of online news and online behaviour had good reliability and validity. 2) Online positive moral emotion and its dimensions positively correlated with online altruistic behaviour. Online news was associated with higher positive moral emotion than online behaviour, and positive moral emotion predicted stronger online altruistic behaviour. 3) Moral elevation mediated the relationship between online positive moral emotion with its dimensions and online altruistic behaviour. 4) Promotional regulatory focus regulated the mediating effect of positive moral emotion with its behavioural dimension but did not regulate the mediating effect of online news on positive moral emotion.

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Social Avoidance and Adolescents’ Suicide Ideation: A Moderated Mediation Model Junjun LIU, Xiaoyan HE, Song LI, Guangming RAN 2023, 21(5):  675-681.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (861KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study aimed to examine the effect of adolescent social avoidance on suicidal ideation and the role of peer victimization and resilience in this effect. The adolescents completed self-assessment questionnaires. The results were as follows: 1) after controlling for shyness, unsociability, gender and age, social avoidance positively predicted the adolescents’ suicide ideation; 2) peer victimization partially mediated the association between adolescents’ social avoidance and suicide ideation; 3) the effect of social avoidance on suicidal ideation through peer victimization was only observed among adolescents with low resilience, rather than those with high resilience. These findings suggest that reducing peer victimization and enhancing psychological resilience may be effective ways to reduce the level of suicidal ideation in adolescents with high levels of social avoidance.

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Perceived Characteristics of Neighborhood Greening and Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly: The Mediating Effect of Neighborhood Attachment and the Moderating Effect of Family Cohesion Yilin ZHAO, Lanshuang WANG, Lanshuang CHEN, Yanhui MAO, Zhen ZHANG 2023, 21(5):  682-690.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (842KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the ecological systems theory, this study examined the relationship between neighborhood greening and subjective well-being among 310 community residents aged 60 and over. The study also investigated the underlying psychosocial mechanisms that contribute to this relationship. The results showed that, after controlling for sociodemographic factors, neighborhood greening had a positive association with subjective well-being. Specifically, neighborhood attachment fully mediated the relationship between neighborhood greening and subjective well-being. Additionally, family cohesion moderated the mediating effect of neighborhood attachment between neighborhood greening and subjective well-being. These findings suggest that improving community greening conditions and creating a suitable environment for aging in place can significantly improve the overall quality of life for older adults at the individual, family, and community levels.

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The Effect of Peer and Teacher-Student Relationship on Academic Burnout of Vocational High School Students: The Chain Mediating Roles of Perceived Discrimination and Self-Compassion Siyi WANG, Wan DING, Shengcheng SONG, Zhaoxing SUN, Ruibo XIE, Weijian LI 2023, 21(5):  691-697.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (749KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics This study adopted a longitudinal follow-up design to test 1896 vocational high school students twice at six-month intervals using the Peer Attachment Scale, the Teacher-Student Attachment Scale, the Discrimination Perceptions Scale, the Self-Compassion Questionnaire, and the Academic Burnout Questionnaire. The results found that: 1) peer and teacher-student relationships significantly and negatively predicted academic burnout among vocational high school students; 2) discrimination perception and self-compassion played a mediating chain role between peers, teacher-student relationships, and academic burnout; 3) teacher-student relationships were stronger predictors than peer relationships in both direct prediction and mediation models. The results reveal mechanisms and differences in the effects of peer and student-teacher relationships on academic burnout.

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Employee Proactive Personality and Workplace Well-Being: A Multilevel Moderated Mediation Model Lan ZHANG, Jinqin HOU, Zhiyan CHEN 2023, 21(5):  698-704.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (727KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relationship between employees’ proactive personality and workplace well-being, as well as the role of psychological capital and coaching leadership in this relationship, this study conducted a questionnaire survey with 633 employees from 8 companies. Multi-level analyses showed that: 1) proactive personality positively predicted workplace well-being; 2) psychological capital played a mediating role between proactive personality and workplace well-being; 3) the mediating effect of psychological capital was positively moderated by coaching leadership. These results indicate that proactive personality affects workplace well-being through psychological capital, and coaching leadership strengthens the influence of proactive personality on psychological capital and the mediating role of psychological capital.

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The Influence of Differential Leadership on In-Role Behaviors: A Moderated Mediation Model He JIANG, Huarong YE, Liwei ZHANG, Xinjian WANG 2023, 21(5):  705-711.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (693KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics A survey of 546 employees of government examined the relationship between differential leadership and employees’ in-role behaviors in public sectors, as well as the mechanism of perceived insider status and individual traditionality. Results showed that: 1) differential leadership negatively predicted employees’ in-role behaviors; 2) perceived insider status played a mediating role between differential leadership and employees’ in-role behaviors; 3) individual traditionality moderated the relationship between differential leadership and perceived insider status of employees. These results indicate that differential leadership can improve in-role behaviors by enhancing employees’ perceptions of insider status, while overall differential leadership still has a negative impact on employees’ in-role behaviors.

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The Relationship Between Positive Empathy and Prosocial Behavior in High School Students: Self-Construal as a Mediator and Social Comparison as a Moderator Kexin TIAN, Shanyan YIN, Yiwen WU, Wenbin HU 2023, 21(5):  712-719.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (707KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relationship between positive empathy and prosocial behavior in high school students and its specific mechanisms, we used the questionnaire method to investigate 775 high school students, in which the mediating role of self-construal and the moderating role of social comparison were focused. The results showed that: 1) Positive empathy had a significant positive predictive effect on prosocial behavior. 2) Independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal played a partial mediating role in the relationship between positive empathy and prosocial behavior. 3) Downward social comparison moderated the effect of positive empathy on independent self-construal. The findings provide evidence to support the dynamic relationship between positive empathy, self-construal, social comparison and prosocial behavior in high school students, and provide new ideas and methods to promote prosocial behavior in high school students.