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The Development of People’s Social Adaptation Scale Ping FANG, Zijian YI, Yuan JIANG, Hui PANG 2023, 21(4):  433-439.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (619KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Social adaptation is an important indicator of social mind. Due to the lack of appropriate tools for social adjustment, this study developed a scale of social adaptation of the population based on the theory of harmony and balance between human and society, of which the reliability was tested. The study sampled 965 people from various industries and positions across the country, formed a formal scale through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, and conducted confirmatory factor analysis and reliability tests on the data. The scale had 4 dimensions, including interpersonal adaptation, cultural adaptation, life adaptation and self-adaptation, with a total of 23 items. The internal consistency coefficient of the total scale was 0.95, the internal consistency coefficients of the dimensions ranged from 0.82 to 0.93, and the test-retest reliability was 0.83. In conclusion, the reliability and validity of the People’s Social Adaptation Scale meets psychometric standards and provides an effective tool for measuring people’s social adaptation.

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The Development of People’s Social Risk Perception Scale Hui PANG, Xiaonan JIN, Yuan JIANG, Ping FANG 2023, 21(4):  440-445.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (594KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The current research developed a scale of people’s perception of social risk as the existing measurement tools can only partially reflect the potential risk of society and lacking the overall reflection at the level of the whole society. The initial scale was formed and the structure of people’s social risk perceptions was determined through literature review, expert assessments, and surveys. The formal scale of people’s social risk perceptions was formed through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The final scale had 30 items and 10 dimensions which included network security, housing stress, pension, open government, regional disparity, health, education, social interaction, ecological environment and job security. The internal consistency reliability, content validity, construct validity and criterion related validity of the scale meet the criteria of psychometrics standards, and the People’s Social Risk Perception Scale is suitable for the measurement of people’s social risk perception in China which provides a scientific basis for social risk assessment, early warning and intervention.

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The Development and Validation of Social Emotion Scale Liu YANG, Wei DU, Ping FANG, Yuan JIANG 2023, 21(4):  446-453.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (759KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Considering the new social emotion characteristics in the latest situation, we constructed the theoretical structure of social emotion based on the positive-negative emotion model, and developed the Social Emotion Scale. A total of 1464 people were tested to verify the scale’s structure and its reliability and validity. The results showed that Social Emotion Scale consisted of two subscales. Positive Social Emotion Scale had three dimensions including social pride, social compassion and social gratitude. Negative Social Emotion Scale had four dimensions including social apathy, social complaint, social anxiety and social impetuosity. The Social Emotion Scale and its subscales have good reliability and validity and can be used as an effective tool to measure the social emotion of the public.

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Cross-System Consistency of Working Memory Advantage in Action Video Game Players: A fNIRS Study Wenxin GUO, Wei ZHANG, Yuxi LI 2023, 21(4):  454-463.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1718KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Previous studies have shown that action video game (AVG) players have an advantage in working memory (WM). However, it is uncertain whether this advantage exists in both the visual-spatial and verbal WM subsystems, and the physiological basis for this advantage is unclear. Using the n-back paradigm, this study examined the WM characteristics of AVG players by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), selecting spatial and verbal materials. Results showed that the reaction time of the player group was significantly shorter than that of the non-player group. Furthermore, the difference in reaction time between two groups was more significant in the 2-back condition. As indicated by the fNIRS results, the β values of the player group in channel 4 were significantly smaller than those of the non-player group in both subsystems. Moreover, when the player group was given two loading levels in the verbal WM task, there was no significant difference between the β values in channel 10, suggesting that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be the dominant brain area for players when dealing with high-load tasks. Overall, the WM advantage of AVG players appears to be universal across multiple systems and represents better responses to high-load tasks.

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Differential Order Loyalty Bias Effect: The Influence of Interpersonal Intimacy and Moral Value Initiation on Behavior and Moral Judgment Kepeng XU, Jiali CHEN, Jiahong WU, Lingqian YANG, Qianqian OU, Dongli LUO, Shuyue ZHANG 2023, 21(4):  464-470.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (552KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on moral foundation theory, this research examined the loyalty bias effect in the process of moral behavior and judgment from the perspectives of observers and actors, and explored the actor-observer separation phenomenon of the loyalty bias effect. The result showed that when participants were actors, in intergroup competition situations, individual moral behaviors and judgments showed a loyalty bias effect, which was more likely to commit loyalty unfair behaviors for the benefit of the group, and gave more lenient moral judgments to this behavior; such effect was weakened by fair value initiation. When participants were observers, the loyalty bias effect disappeared, showing a separation of actors and observers.

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Impact of Group Bragging Styles on Observers’ Cyberbullying: The Role of Observers’ Provocation and Group Identification Yang GAO, Shiguang NI, Zhiyuan XIA, Wulin TIAN 2023, 21(4):  471-478.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (949KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Group bragging discourse in the online context often triggers dissatisfaction and even attacks from observers. However, the specific psychological mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we manipulated explicit/implicit expressions of group bragging in a virtual network interaction scenario to assess the provocation and cyberbullying behavior of observers after observing different modes of group bragging. The results revealed that: 1) compared to implicit bragging, explicit group bragging elicited a sense of provocation in observers, which in turn led to cyberbullying against the braggers; 2) observers’ group identification moderated the provocation caused by explicit group bragging, individuals with high group identification exhibited stronger feelings of provocation and engaged in more cyberbullying behavior in response to explicit group bragging, compared to those with low group identification. This research clarifies that observers perceive explicit group bragging as a threat to their own group identity, thereby expanding and deepening the hubris hypothesis theory.

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The Relationship Between Parents’ Failure Mindsets and Children’s Fixed Mindsets: A Longitudinal Study Based on Response Surface Analysis Chunhui LIU, Junyi ZHANG, Sijia LIU, Xiaolin GUO, Liang LUO 2023, 21(4):  479-487.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1329KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Clarifying the relationship between parents’ failure mindsets and children’s fixed mindsets is important for shaping children’s mindsets. In the present study, 3680 fifth-grade children and their parents were surveyed to explore the relationship between the congruence and discrepancy of parents’ failure mindsets and children’s fixed mindsets. Results showed that: 1) The congruence of parents’ failure mindsets had a significant impact on children’s fixed mindsets. When parents’ failure mindsets reached congruence, parents’ failure-is-debilitating mindsets were positively related to children’s fixed mindsets. 2) Direction of the discrepancy of parents’ failure mindsets had a significant impact on children’s fixed mindsets. Children’s fixed mindsets were higher when fathers’ failure-is-debilitating mindsets were higher than mothers. The study reveals the negative impact of parents’ failure-is-debilitating mindsets on children’s fixed mindsets, highlighting the important role of fathers in shaping children’s fixed mindsets.

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The Relationship Between Parents’ Co-parenting and Parenting Stress: The Mediation Effect of Parent-Child Intimacy and Parent-Child Conflict Yujue PENG, Cheng GUO, Jinyi ZENG, Shuai CHEN 2023, 21(4):  488-495.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (746KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the family systems theory and the parent-child relationship model of parenting stress, a total of 5362 parents of primary school students were investigated by using questionnaires. From the perspective of relationships in the family system, the present study explored the relationship between co-parenting and parenting stress, as well as the mediating role of parental perception of parent-child relationship between the two. The results showed that: 1) Integrity, conflict, and disparagement in co-parenting could significantly predict parenting stress, while integrity had no significant predictive effect on parenting stress. 2) Parent-child intimacy played a partial mediating role between integrity/conflict in co-parenting and parenting stress, while it played a fully mediating role between consistent co-parenting and parenting stress; parent-child conflict partially mediated the relationship between integrity/conflict/disparagement in co-parenting and parenting stress. This study explored the impact mechanism of parenting stress from the perspective of family relationships, which provides a basis for intervention measures such as family therapy. The results emphasize the construction of positive relationships among family members, which aim to provide support for parents by creating a positive family relationship atmosphere and good interaction modes, that can alleviate parenting stress.

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The Effect of Parent-Child Discrepancies in Educational Expectations on Academic Achievement Among Middle School Students Zhongwei WANG, Yanjing REN, Xiaochen CHEN 2023, 21(4):  496-502.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (676KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics With a sample of 888 middle school students and their parents from two public middle schools in Chongqing, the current study examined the impact of different types of parent-child discrepancies in educational expectations on students’ academic achievement, as well as the mediating roles of parental involvement and academic self-concept. Results indicated that: 1) Achievement of adolescents was higher when their parents held higher expectations than adolescents held or when adolescents perceived that their parents’ expectations were lower than their own. 2) Parental involvement mediated the link between “actual parents’ educational expectations higher than self-educational expectations” and academic achievement. 3) Academic self-concept mediated the link between “perceived parents’ educational expectations higher than self-educational expectations” and academic achievement, as well as the link between “perceived parents’ educational expectations lower than self-educational expectations” and achievement.

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Relationship Between Migrant Children’s Parenting Style and Self-Control: The Chain Mediation Role of Family Function and Self-Esteem Zhiying GUO 2023, 21(4):  503-509.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (598KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the influence of parenting style mechanism on self-control, the present study adopted Parenting Style Questionnaire, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale II-Chinese Version (FACES II- CV), Self-Esteem Scale and Self-Control Scale to conduct a survey to Chinese migrant children and retrieved 873 valid questionnaires. The results indicated that the negative parenting style directly predicated self-control. Also, negative parenting style indirectly predicated self-control by the mediating effect of family functioning and self-esteem. Positive parenting style impacted self-control only through the mediating effect of family functioning and self-esteem. The current study reveals the underlying mechanism and the relationship between parenting style and self-control among migrant children and thus extends the family ecosystem theory and the resource model of self-control.

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Parental Marital Satisfaction and Children’s PTSS: The Role of Security and Coping Style Yinglu HUANG, Xima YANG, Xiao ZHOU 2023, 21(4):  510-516.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (645KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the relationship between parents’ marital satisfaction, children’s sense of security, children’s coping style and children’s post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after Typhoon Lekima, this study used self-reported questionnaires to assess 852 children and their parents. The results showed that parents’ marital satisfaction had an indirect prediction on children’s PTSS through children’s sense of security. Moreover, the study also found that parents’ marital satisfaction had an indirect prediction on children’s PTSS via children’s sense of security through children’s positive coping style. However, coping style did not play a mediating role in parents’ marital satisfaction and their children’s PTSS. These results suggest that parents’ marital satisfaction plays an important protective role in children’s PTSS, while children’s sense of security and positive coping style play a mediating role.

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The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Emotional Problems in Children: The Moderating Effects of Hope and Forgiveness Fengqiao WANG, Yihan LI, Wen DING, Yuhan ZHANG, Guanghui CHEN 2023, 21(4):  517-523.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (718KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bullying victimization and emotional problems in children, as well as the moderating effects of hope and forgiveness on this relationship. A total of 727 primary school students were evaluated with the Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Children’s Hope Scale, Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Short Version of Children’s Depression Inventory. The results showed the followings: 1) Bullying victimization positively predicted emotional problems in children. The higher the levels of bullying victimization were, the higher the risk of anxiety and depression. 2) Both hope and forgiveness played a moderating role in the relationship between bullying victimization and two kinds of emotional problems in children, showing that the predictive effect of bullying victimization on anxiety and depression in children was significantly weakened at high levels of hope or forgiveness. 3) The protective effects of hope and forgiveness against emotional problems in children followed the “independent mode”, that is, they played a separate regulatory role in anxiety and depression. The findings provide a scientific basis for how to promote emotional health and psychosocial adaptation in children after bullying victimization.

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Longitudinal Effects and Mechanisms of Self-Concept on Occupational Calling in Prospective Teachers Xiaoying ZHANG, Yaqin LI, Xiting HUANG, Qing YANG 2023, 21(4):  524-532.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (827KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics As prospective teachers, occupational calling in normal university students is of great significance to the development and stability of national education. Although many factors influencing occupational calling, there was a lack of empirical research that explored the potential causes of calling from the perspective of self-concept. Based on conservation of resources theory, self-concept, as a psychological resource, might promote the formation of occupational calling through the resource “gain spiral” mechanism. Through a one-year interval longitudinal survey, this research explored the joint effects of two core components of self-concept (i.e., self-esteem and self-concept clarity) on calling and the potential mechanisms in normal university students. The results revealed that: 1) Self-concept clarity (but not self-esteem) assessed one year ago positively predicted calling assessed one year later. 2) Presence of life meaning mediated the relationship between self-concept and calling. 3) Searching for life meaning moderated part of the mediating paths. That is, when the level of searching for meaning was low, the association between presence of meaning and calling was relatively stronger. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the influence factors and mechanisms of the formation of calling in normal university students, which may have practical implications for further education and intervention.

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The Relationship Between Campus Exclusion and Adolescents’ Problematic Social Media Use: Based on Latent Moderated Structural Equation Zhihong LIU, Ye ZHANG, Kai WANG, Qing XU 2023, 21(4):  533-540.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (788KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relationship between campus exclusion and problematic social media use, 1185 middle school students were surveyed by whole group sampling. The results showed that: 1) Campus exclusion significantly positively predicted problematic social media use among adolescents. 2) Experiential avoidance was the mediator between campus exclusion and problematic social media use. 3) Cognitive reappraisal moderated the direct effect of campus exclusion on problematic social media use and the first path of the indirect association. Based on the I-PACE model, this study revealed the relationship between school exclusion and problematic social media use and its mechanism of action. This study suggests that parents and teachers should pay attention to the cultivation of adolescents’ positive coping styles and emotional regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal, so as to prevent and intervene in problematic social media use among adolescents.

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Fear of Negative Evaluation and Compulsive Buying: Materialism as a Mediator and Dispositional Awe as a Moderator Zheng ZHANG, Xuexin LI 2023, 21(4):  541-548.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (810KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To examine the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and compulsive buying, the mediating role of materialism, and the moderating role of dispositional awe, 986 respondents were surveyed. Results indicated that: 1) Fear of negative evaluation positively predicted compulsive buying. 2) Materialism partially mediated the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and compulsive buying. 3) Dispositional awe negatively moderated the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and materialism, fear of negative evaluation and compulsive buying, the direct effect, and the indirect effect of the mediation model. Therefore, frequent experiences of awe would help reduce materialism and compulsive buying in people with high fear of negative evaluation.

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The Audience-Tuning Effect of Negative Stereotypes in Depression Huilin ZANG, Qiang LI, Zhenjie ZHU, Hongkun ZHAI, Yuyu WANG 2023, 21(4):  549-555.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (710KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics People adjust their information expression based on the audience’s attitude towards a certain object in communication, which is called the audience-tuning effect. The audience-tuning effect further affects memory. When an individual forms memory bias that is biased towards the audience’s attitude, they create a shared reality. Based on the theory of shared reality, this study adopted a sharing-is-believing paradigm to explore the audience-tuning effect of negative stereotypes of depression and its impact on memory in the context of interpersonal communication. The results showed that: 1) Participants would adjust their description and memory of individuals with depression based on the audience’s attitude towards them. When the audience attitude was positive (or negative), participants would describe and recall individuals with depression more positively (or negatively). 2) Compared to the neutral depression stereotype, the negative description bias and negative memory bias of the negative depression stereotype would be amplified by the audience’s negative attitude. These findings reveal that the audience’s attitudes in interpersonal communication play an important role in the shared reality construction of negative stereotypes of depression.

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Family Cohesion and Depression: The Role of Social Anxiety and Gratitude Haidong LIU, Zhijun YU, Baojuan YE, Qiang YANG 2023, 21(4):  556-563.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (766KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to explore the relationship between family closeness and depression, and to examine the mediating effect of social anxiety and the moderating effect of gratitude. A total of 1027 university students participated in the questionnaire survey. The results showed that: 1) social anxiety partially mediated the association between family cohesion and depression among college students; 2) the direct effect of family cohesion on depression and the path from family cohesion to social anxiety, and the path from social anxiety to depression were all moderated by gratitude. Specifically, the effect of family cohesion on social anxiety and depression was enhanced with the increase of gratitude. The association between social anxiety and depression was weaker for university students with higher gratitude. This study reveals the effect of family closeness on college students’ depression, which has implications for the prevention of college students’ depression.

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Trait Impulsivity and Its Relationship with Suicide Risk: Based on Latent Profile Analysis Yang YANG, Yanan YANG, Shaojie QIU, Yingna LI, Yu LIU, Xuji JIA, Lin LIN 2023, 21(4):  564-572.  DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (752KB) ( )   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Suicide is one of the major causes of death for college students. Based on an individual-centered perspective, this study explored the relationship between the potential categories of impulsivity traits and suicidal ideation and suicide risk. The Chinese Version of Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI-CV) and the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale were used to conduct a questionnaire survey of 857 college students. The results found that there were four potential categories of impulsivity traits: lack of perseverance - premeditation, balanced, low urgency - lack of perseverance, and high urgency - sensation seeking. The four categories differed in their performance in suicidal ideation and suicide risk. The results suggest that the two subcategories of impulsive personality traits (lack of perseverance - premeditation and high urgency - sensation seeking) are high-risk areas for suicide.