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20 July 2014, Volume 12 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Language Representation of Auditory Words in Cantonese-Mandarin Diglossias Zhang Jijia, Zhang Fengling 2014, 12(4):  433-440.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3265KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using implicit memory paradigm, the study probed into the language representation of Cantonese-Mandarin diglossias. The results showed that:1)the semantic representations of Mandarin and Cantonese words are identical and their lexical representations are separated for Mandarin-Cantonese bidialecters;2)the link intensity between Cantonese words, Mandarin words and semantic representation are different;3)the links from Mandarin words to Cantonese words are stronger than the links from Cantonese words to Mandarin words.

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Multi-Level Gestalt Two-Way Processing Model: The Research on the Mechanisms of Cognitive Processing of Form Code in Chinese characters Input Li Ning, Liang Ningjian 2014, 12(4):  441-446.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2359KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics This study probes into the cognitive processing mechanism of shape code during inputting Chinese characters. The study adopts three factors within-subject design: 2(Stroke number: More strokes, less strokes)× 2(Structure features: symmetrical, dissymmetrical)× 4 (Frequency : level 1-4). 29 students who are proficient in the CKC Chinese input system as subjects. 80 Chinese characters single words as experimental materials. The study finds that: 1)The cognitive processing of transforming the perceived component or strokes into Form code has not show strokes effect and frequency effect. 2)There are differences among the code number of Form code in the reaction time, and reaction time of less Code number is significantly faster than more code number. The series processing is very obvious. 3)The average reaction time of error code identification is significantly slower, and the average accuracy rate is lower.

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Eye Movements During Processing of Discourse Requiring Bridging Inferences in Deaf Readers with Skilled and Less Skilled He Huizhong, Sun Binbin 2014, 12(4):  447-453.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2742KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics In this study, two questions regarding deaf adolescents with skilled and less skilled processing of bridging inference are investigated. 12 deaf readers with skilled and 10 deaf readers with less skilled read short, two-sentence passages that was either a causal sequence or a control temporal sequence, and respond to two questions, one is posited to refer to the relevant knowledge used to evaluate the mediating fact and the other is about explicit information of the discourse. We measured correct responses and answer times to questions, as well as recorded the eye-movements of the participants while reading. Analysis of the skilled participants’ answer times to questions were consistently faster in the causal condition than the control condition, indicating skilled adolescents with deaf construct bridging inference online. We can’t find the validation effect in less skilled adolescents with deaf, indicating they don’t construct bridging inference online. However, the eye-movements data revealed that the less skilled readers with deaf spent more time fixating, made more fixations, and made total times in the causal sentences while reading than did skilled readers with deaf . One explanation is that they make the inferences, but are unable to retain them offline or they make the inferences but are unable to incorporate them into meaning formed from text and prior knowledge activated during the reading process. The study also suggests that skilled deaf readers draw bridging inference automatically and efficiently, less skilled deaf reader are less efficient and are not up to the degree of automation at drawing bridging inference. Implication of these finding and suggestions for future research are offered.

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The Effect of Task Type on Color-Based Repetition Disadvantage Effect in Different SOA Conditions Zhao Jianbao, Wang Yonghui 2014, 12(4):  454-461.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2970KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics With different stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), the effects of task type on color-based repetition disadvantage (RD) effect were explored in 2 experiments. When the task type was detection task, the color-based RD effect is the repetition blindness in nature. However, when the task demand was color discrimination, the RD effect tend to be explained as the color-based inhibition of return. The results can be appropriately explained by the token individuation theory. Further analysis, the author proposes that the level of semantic processing of target stimulus is the fundamental determinants. Experiment 3 was used to Go/No go task, the results showed color-based IOR as same as experiment 2, which can be explained by the theory of “Evaluation Window Account”.

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The Punishments Affect the Decision Making and Performance in Study-Time Allocation Cao Xiaohua, Wang Benchi, Jia Xiaoyu, Li Fengying 2014, 12(4):  462-468.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2410KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics Making decision in study-time allocation, and its effect on study result, are important contents in the field of study psychology. Learners adjusting strategy and its correlation with study performance in the context of punishment, however, have rarely been discussed. Our experiment was to address this question by using college students as participants. The result revealed that, no matter the condition of reward or punishment, all the participants chose high-reward items to study. And the participants of both groups (reward group and punishment group) tended to allocate more time on difficult and high-reward items. But the chosen proportion of low-reward items under the condition of punishment was significantly lower than that under the condition of reward. This pattern showed that punishment would exert impact on learner strategies. In addition, punishment also influenced study efficiency of easy items with low-reward. Although punishment and reward made changes to study decisions, neither did significantly impact the study performances. Our finding implied that different study decisions could produce similar study result under the various conditions.

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The Temporal Characteristics of Selecting Spatial Reference Directions Liu Xianyun, Liu Shuqing, Wang Chao 2014, 12(4):  469-475.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2526KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics The research explored the temporal characteristics in selection of a spatial reference direction. A layout of objects was presented sequentially in a random order to the participants. An layout structure with a symmetric axis different from participants’ learning viewpoint was presented before or after learning objects’ location. The results showed that the symmetric axis determined selection of a spatial reference direction when it was presented before learning the objects’ locations. The results indicated that the reference direction was selected before the coding of the objects’ location.

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A Cognitive Component Analysis of Insight in Two-Move Matchstick Arithmetic Problems Guo Liting, Sun Hanyin 2014, 12(4):  476-483.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2734KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics As a new insight problem, matchstick arithmetic problems have been used to investigate insight problem solving. However, it is unclear how difficult the different types of matchstick arithmetic problems are and to what extent they exhibit characteristics of insight. In the present study, 68 undergraduates attempted to solve 8 two-move matchstick arithmetic problems either silently or while providing concurrent verbal protocols. The results showed that: 1)Verbal protocols could be used to examine the cognitive processes during the two-move matchstick arithmetic problems solving;2) the difficulty did not depend entirely on the levels of constraint relaxation and chunk decomposition;3) there were three types of cognitive components in the 5 types of problems, such as failure, impasse and restructuring, and the restructuring also included the top-down and bottom-up restructuring. Overall, the cognitive process of problem solving may be viewed as a continuum between the insight and analysis, and the greater difficult tautology and operator types belonged more to the end of insight, the CD type tended to be in the middle, while the lower difficult hybrid and value types belonged to the end of analysis. Additionally, the closer to the end of insight the problem was, the more bottom-up restructuring it had.

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The Effects of Reasoning Ability,Cognitive Style and Elicitation on Different Stages of Insight Problem Solving Cai Xiaohong, Deng Nali, Dai Xiaoqing, Li Shan, Huang Jiyi, Zeng Xiaoqing 2014, 12(4):  484-489.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2370KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics With the experimental material from the material database of creative problem for experiments, this study investigated the effects of reasoning ability, cognitive style and elicitation on different stages of insight problem through the learning and testing experimental paradigm. The results showed that: 1) reasoning ability is an important influential factor in activation of prototypal events and key heuristic information and insight problem solving;meanwhile, subjects with higher ability on reasoning perform better on prototypal events activation, key heuristic information activation and insight problem solving;2) cognitive style has no effect on prototypal events activation and key heuristic information activation;3) elicitation has no effect on prototypal events activation but prototypal events with higher elicitation work better in promoting key heuristic information activation.

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The Mapping Knowledge Domains Based on Hotspots Research of Face Recognition of the ASD Patients in China Guo Wenbin, Fang Junming 2014, 12(4):  490-495.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2017KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics In order to provide objective and accurate hotspots and frontier of ASD patients, face recognition research in China, and to provide effective suggestions for future research, the research uses keywords Co-word Analysis Method and the softwares of Bicomb and SPSS to analysis 55 papers, which are selected from CNKI. The research discovers the following results: the hotspots of ASD patients, face recognition researches are around six fields. Those are: social competence research, face processing and processing of emotional faces, the fMRI study about the cognitive processing and emotional processing, studies of the facial processing neural mechanism and physiological indexes, studies of the effect of emotion perception intervention. In order to avoid its five aspects of existing shortcomings, the successors should start from five aspects to obtain more innovative research results.

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Analysis of the Main Subtypes of Chinese Developmental Dyslexia Xiong Jianping, Yan Guoli 2014, 12(4):  496-500.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1819KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics Four reading-related cognitive skills were examined to Chinese developmental dyslexia and ability-match children, including phonological awareness, morphological awareness, orthographic awareness and rapid automatic naming. Deviation cutoff criterion was adopted to analyze the subtypes of dyslexia. It was found that the proportion of the dyslexics with phonological awareness deficit was the largest and secondly the dyslexics with orthographic awareness deficit. Conclusion: the dyslexics with phonological awareness deficit and orthographic awareness deficit were the main subtypes of Chinese dyslexia while the dyslexics with the deficit of morphological awareness and rapid automatic naming were the secondary subtypes.

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Are Phonological Memory and Visual Memory Equally Important in Children’s Chinese Word Recognition? A Meta-Analytical Review Wu Qiuping, Cheng Puiwan, Xing Binyu, Kang Jie, Guo Jin 2014, 12(4):  501-507.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2527KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics Numerous studies of alphabetic languages suggested that memory deficits in children with literacy difficulties are pervasive across verbal items but not with visual-spatial items. Although a considerable amount of studies have investigated the importance of working memory in Chinese reading acquisition, the issue referring to discriminating different functions of phonological memory and visual memory in Chinese word reading has not been explored systematically. We thus conducted a meta-analytical review to delineate the different roles of these two types of working memory in Chinese word recognition. The results showed that: 1) working memory was consistently related to Chinese word recognition with a mean effect size around .24;2) the synthesized correlation between phonological memory and Chinese word recognition was about .34;3) the correlation between visual memory and Chinese word recognition was just.14. The findings support Wagner and Torgesen’s (1987) hypothesis of phonological processing abilities and also confirm the Universal Phonological Principle (Perfetti &Dunlap, 2008), suggesting that phonological memory is still a core engine to drive leaning to read Chinese.

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Intergenerational Transmission of Trust in Families with Adolescent Children: A Bargaining Game Investigation Chi Liping 2014, 12(4):  508-512.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1926KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics Studies on intergenerational transmission show that parents could transmit some of their characteristics, values and behaviors to their children. Some researchers concluded that the level of parent’ s trust correlated to that of their child, that is, there is intergenerational transmission of interpersonal trust. Studies from the United States of America, Canada and Germany have provided evidence. However, in China, there is no research examining intergenerational transmission of trust in families with adolescent children. Based on a sample of 198 parent-adolescent pairs, the present study aimed to examine whether parents’ trust could be transmitted to their offspring or not. The study collected participants’ responses to the bargaining game by a questionnaire to measure their levels of trust. The results showed that: 1) 39.1% of adolescents, 47.2% of fathers and 43.0% of mothers chose to trust the stranger. 2) The level of parent’s trust could predict their child’s trust. The possibility of adolescent whose mother was trustful in the bargaining game being trustful was 3.17 times the possibility of those whose mother was trustless. The possibility of adolescent whose father was trustful in the bargaining game being trustful was 2.52 times the possibility of those whose father was trustless. 3) the level of mother’s trust correlated to that of father’s trust positively. Parents whose trust levels were similar could transmit their trust attitude to their offspring more easily.

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The Group Study of Characteristics of Problem-Finding Thinking in the Undergraduates Chen Lijun 2014, 12(4):  513-520.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2931KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics Characteristics of problem-finding thinking were investigated in living and scientific fields. 620 undergraduates attended the experiment. The problems were tested from the whole quantity, the products of thinking, the levels of thinking, the opening of thinking and the quality of thinking. The results showed, 1) The whole level of problem-finding thinking in the students of different grades and genders were almost equally, while the scores of the levels of thinking and delicacy in male students were higher than in female students. Attitude affected the quality of problems. 2) There were differences between scores of problem-finding thinking in different fields. 3) The students could be classified in two types,based on their problem-finding ability. 4) Most problems were concerned with medium or lower level of thinking.

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Development of a Moral Emotion Questionnaire for College Students Huang Shihua, Guan Yongxiong, Zhang Wei 2014, 12(4):  521-526.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2336KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to develop a moral emotion questionnaire for university students. Using fore- casting moral emotion questionnaire for university students, we investigated 259 university students. Three factors were found in exploratory factor analysis. Finally, reliability and confirmatory factor analysis was used to data base collected from 622 students. The result showed that Cronbach＇s coefficient is 0.77, and retest credibility is 0.72. The confirmatory analysis indicated that fit statistics of the questionnaire were found. Moral emotion questionnaire for university students had satisfactory reliability and validity and could be used in future research

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The Relation between Segmentation Supplies and Emotional Exhaustion: the Mediating Effects of Psychological Detachment and Work Interfering Nonwork Ma Hongyu, Xie Julan, Tang Hanying 2014, 12(4):  527-532.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2118KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics 271 managers were measured to explore the relation between segmentation supplies and emotional exhaustion. The results of the structural equation model revealed that segmentation supplies could achieve its negative effects on emotional exhaustion through two approaches: 1) via the mediating effect of work interfering nonwork;2) via the serial multiple mediating effect of psychological detachment and work interfering nonwork. Consequently, segmentation supplies could have positive effects on not only the employees’ family role but also the work role.

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Relationship among Self-efficacy, Employability Psychological Contract and Voice —— Based on the Questionnaire Survey about R & D Employees from Medium and Small Enterprises of High Science and Technology Xiang Fei, Liu Bing, Li Yuan 2014, 12(4):  533-539.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2660KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics 426 R &D employees from 26 medium and small enterprises of high science and technology were measured by questionnaires. This study attempted to reveal the relationship between the self-efficacy and the voice, and on which the role of the employability psychological contract is. By way of an analysis in PLS-SEM, the results revealed that: 1)The self-efficacy has positive effects on all dimensions of the employability psychological contract and the voice;2)In all dimensions of the employability psychological contract, “ improve extra-role skills” and “ complement knowledge and skills” respectively has not only a positive effect on the voice but a partial mediation on the relationship between the self-efficacy and the voice;whereas the effect of “ promote professional accomplishment and career development” on the voice isnt significant, and the mediation of that dimension on the relationship between the self-efficacy and the voice isnt significant either.

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Effects of Leader Behaviors on Employee Creativity:Variable-Centered and Person-centered Perspectives Ren Feifei, Liu Guirong, Zhang Jinghuan, Wu Linna, Zhang Shun 2014, 12(4):  540-545.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2138KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics To investigate leader behavior and their relevance with employee creativity using the method of variable-centered and person-centered analyses. Methods:Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) were administrated to 305 employees from 10 IT companies. Results:Variable-centered analyses indicated that transformational and transactional leader behavior both significantly predicted employee creativity. Person-centered analyses indicated that leadership that is combination of middle levels of transformational/middle levels of transactional/middle or low levels of passive leader behavior is the most common, accounting for 69.2%;Regardless of levels of passive leader behavior, employees showed the highest creativity under the two kinds of combination of leadership, one combination is high levels of transformational/high levels of transactional/low levels of passive leader behavior, the other combination is high levels of transformational/high levels of transactional/high levels of passive leader behavior. Conclusion: The results indicated that the combination of transformational and transactional leader behavior was most conducive to employee creativity, and the effect of leadership on employee creativity was mainly determined by the degree of these two kinds of leader behavior.

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An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale Zhao Shouying, Shi Yanmei , Guo Hai-hui 2014, 12(4):  546-550.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1617KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics The item discrimination, difficulty and information peak function of the item response theory are used to revise Mindful Attention Awareness Scale developed by Brown &Ryan(2003). Data collected from a sample of Chinese middle school teachers were submitted to analysis with MULTILOG7.03 software and the results suggested that MAAS exhibited promising psychometric properties and the scale satisfied on dimension hypothesis. The is sufficiently accurate to survey the status of mindfulness of Chinese teachers. The conclusions were drawn as as: 1) The item discrimination a, threshold b of the scale were satisfactory. 2) The test information peak function of 6 item shorten scale was quite high and the scale had a reasonable reliability. 3) The indicators of the Confirmative Factor Analysis (CFA) meet the requirements.

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The Optimal Number of Response Alternatives of Rating Scale: The Evidence from Eye-Tracking Experiment Chen Xinxin, Yu Hongyan 2014, 12(4):  551-557.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2587KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics Rating scales are widely used measuring instruments in psychological researches. However, the formats of rating scales are different in a great deal of researches, specifically differences in the number of response alternatives. Previous researches about what is the optimal number of response alternatives for a scale only focused on the analysis of participants final response results, rather than on that of participants information processing. According to the relevant previous literature, we used eye-tracking study to explore the issue by analyzing the information processing in six scales with different response alternatives. We compared the reaction times, net acquiescence response styles, extreme response styles and proportional changes in response alternatives of the six scales. Our results suggested the optimal number is five.

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Temporal Dimension Research of Situation Model in Narrative Text Comprehension Guo Yanbiao, Chen Lin, Xia Tiansheng, Mo Lei 2014, 12(4):  558-565.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3314KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics Temporal information is one of the important dimensions of the situation model in narrative text comprehension, as well as one of the hot topics in current studies. The researchers proved the important role of temporal dimension in the situation model, through different angles, paradigms and technological means, and gained a lot of research results in the domain. This paper reviewed previous researches, and summarized these research results from academic views and empirical researches, meanwhile, made the prospects about future researches and development.

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The Mechanism of Phonological Processing: Evidence from Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Technology Yang Haibo, Zhang Xuejian, Zhou Song, Liu Ying, Bai Xuejun 2014, 12(4):  566-571.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2186KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics As a new technology of functional brain imaging, Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Technology (fNIRS) have been developing for more than ten years. Compared with other imaging research methods, its advantages are obvious: easy-to-move, low cost, relatively non-sensitive to motion artifact. This paper first introduced the principle of fNIRS technology, algorithm type, application and its characteristics, and then summarized the progress in the field of speech processing with fNIRS, including sound length, sequence of phonemes, syllable structure, stress, intonation, etc. Finally, based on previous studies, a few suggestions for the development of Chinese phonological processing with fNIRS were proposed.

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Automatic Process and its Brain Mechanisms in Cognition and Social Cognition Song Juan, Zhang Zhen, Huang Liang, Wang Yiwen 2014, 12(4):  572-580.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1813KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics Cognition and its brain mechanisms are so important in psychological researches. Social cognition is how we know others’ intention and emotion during daily life. And it is the key for interpersonal relationship. The article discuss the automatic process in cognition and social cognition, which conclude recent researches and made the comparison between basic cognition and social cognition, especially from the aspect of their research paradigms. Automatic process widely exists in both basic cognition and social cognition. From the field of brain researches, lots of electrophysiology indexes such as N400 can be applied into the studies for implicit factors in social cognition. Furthermore, the article made the introduction of study methods for social cognition and how to introduce the neuroscience into social cognition researches.