母亲基于儿童的价值及其侵入性教养与学前儿童执行功能的关系：儿童性别的调节作用

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2024.02.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用方便取样的方法选取河北省和山东省的319名学前儿童及其母亲为研究对象，考察母亲基于儿童的价值是否通过其侵入性教养影响学前儿童执行功能子成分以及性别特异性。结果发现：(1)母亲基于儿童的价值显著正向预测其侵入性教养；(2)母亲侵入性教养在母亲基于儿童的价值与学前儿童抑制控制、认知灵活性之间起中介作用；(3)儿童性别仅在母亲侵入性教养到学前儿童抑制控制的路径上具有调节作用，且仅在学前女孩的抑制控制上达到显著水平。本研究从母亲基于儿童的价值的角度出发，探讨了母亲侵入性教养的潜在原因，并为促进儿童认知发展提供了养育建议和指导。

关键词: 学前儿童, 基于儿童的价值, 侵入性教养, 执行功能

Abstract:

This study aimed to investigate whether mothers’ child-based worth affects three specific components of preschoolers’ executive function through maternal intrusive parenting, and to examine the moderating effects of the child gender on these relationships. Using a convenience sampling method, 319 preschoolers and their mothers were recruited from kindergartens in Hebei and Shandong provinces. Age-adjusted normalized score was calculated automatically according to reaction time and accuracy. The results showed that: 1) mothers’ child-based worth significantly positively predicted maternal intrusive parenting; 2) maternal intrusive parenting mediated the relationship between child-based worth and preschoolers’ inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility; 3) child gender only moderated the pathway from maternal intrusive parenting to preschoolers’ inhibitory control, and maternal intrusive parenting significantly predicted inhibitory control only in girls. This study explored the potential causes of maternal intrusive parenting from the perspective of mothers’ child-based worth, which provides targeted parenting strategies to promote cognitive development in children.

Key words: preschoolers, child-based worth, intrusive parenting, executive function

唐楚涵, 邢淑芬, 李玉华. 母亲基于儿童的价值及其侵入性教养与学前儿童执行功能的关系：儿童性别的调节作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2024, 22(2): 243-250.

Chuhan TANG, Shufen XING, Yuhua LI. Mothers’ Child-Based Worth and Maternal Intrusive Parenting and Preschool Children’s Executive Function: The Moderating Effect of Child Gender[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2024, 22(2): 243-250.

图/表 10

参考文献 0

	冯博, 宋莉莉. 中国城市家长教育焦虑现状解读. 管理观察, 2018, (23): 141- 143. DOI
	韩晓燕, 迟毓凯. 自发社会比较中的威胁效应及自我平衡策略. 心理学报, 2012, 44 (12): 1628- 1640.
	刘保中, 张月云, 李建新. 社会经济地位、文化观念与家庭教育期望. 青年研究, 2014, (6): 46- 55, 92.
	宋以玲, 朱飞龙, 任园春, 范碧瑶, 杨莉, 王芳, … 姚方远. 6~10岁注意缺陷多动障碍男童的执行功能发展特点. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2024, 32 (3): 339- 345.
	温忠麟, 叶宝娟. 有调节的中介模型检验方法: 竞争还是替补. 心理学报, 2014, 46 (5): 714- 726.
	邢淑芬, 罗悦. “别人家的孩子”: 一种教养的迷思. 教育家, 2020, (45): 34- 35.
	徐鑫锫, 邓赐平, 刘明. 父母学业参与和高中生消极情绪的关系: 亲子关系的中介作用以及父母心理控制的调节作用. 心理科学, 2020, 43 (6): 1341- 1347.
	袁小波, 杜鹏. “养儿防老”还是“传宗接代”?——老年人对子女的角色期待及影响因素研究. 人口与发展, 2023, 29 (6): 100- 110.
	张栋, 郑路, 褚松泽. 养儿防老还是养女防老?——子女规模、性别结构对家庭代际赡养影响的实证分析. 人口与发展, 2021, 27 (3): 96- 109.
	周浩, 龙立荣. 共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法. 心理科学进展, 2004, 12 (6): 942- 950. DOI
	Arnsten, A. F. T., Raskind, M. A., Taylor, F. B., & Connor, D. F. The effects of stress exposure on prefrontal cortex: Translating basic research into successful treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurobiology of Stress, 2015, 1, 89- 99. DOI
	Baptista, J., Osório, A., Martins, E. C., Castiajo, P., Barreto, A. L., Mateus, V., … Martins, C. Maternal and paternal mental-state talk and executive function in preschool children. Social Development, 2017, 26 (1): 129- 145. DOI
	Broomell, A. P. R., Smith, C. L., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. Context of maternal intrusiveness during infancy and associations with preschool executive function. Infant and Child Development, 2020, 29 (1): e2162. DOI
	Buttelmann, F., & Karbach, J. Development and plasticity of cognitive flexibility in early and middle childhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 2017, 8, 1040. DOI
	Ching, B. H. H. Maternal child-based worth predicts children’s academic contingent self-worth via perceived maternal achievement-oriented psychological control. Educational Psychology, 2023, 43 (6): 643- 658. DOI
	Clark, C. A. C., Sheffield, T. D., Chevalier, N., Nelson, J. M., Wiebe, S. A., & Espy, K. A. Charting early trajectories of executive control with the shape school. Developmental Psychology, 2013, 49 (8): 1481- 1493. DOI
	Cowell, J. M., Lee, K., Malcolm-Smith, S., Selcuk, B., Zhou, X. Y., & Decety, J. The development of generosity and moral cognition across five cultures. Developmental Science, 2017, 20 (4): e12403. DOI
	Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 2001, 108 (3): 593- 623. DOI
	Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 1993, 113 (3): 487- 496. DOI
	Eaton, M. M., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2004). Parental Contingent Self-Worth Scale (Unpublished manuscript). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
	Eisenberg, N., Taylor, Z. E., Widaman, K. F., & Spinrad, T. L. Externalizing symptoms, effortful control, and intrusive parenting: A test of bidirectional longitudinal relations during early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 2015, 27 (1): 953- 968.
	Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., & Mesman, J. The gendered family process model: An integrative framework of gender in the family. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2018, 47 (4): 877- 904. DOI
	Fay-Stammbach, T., Hawes, D. J., & Meredith, P. Parenting influences on executive function in early childhood: A review. Child Development Perspectives, 2014, 8 (4): 258- 264. DOI
	Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex, 2017, 86, 186- 204. DOI
	Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Young, S. E., De Fries, J. C., Corley, R. P., & Hewitt, J. K. Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2008, 137 (2): 201- 225. DOI
	Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 2008, 134 (1): 31- 60. DOI
	Gomez, J. A., Carter, A. S., Forbes, D., & Gray, S. A. O. Parental insightfulness and parenting behavior: A two-dimensional analysis of parent contributions to child cognitive outcomes. Attachment & Human Development, 2018, 20 (3): 255- 271.
	Grolnick, W. S., Price, C. E., Beiswenger, K. L., & Sauck, C. C. Evaluative pressure in mothers: Effects of situation, maternal, and child characteristics on autonomy supportive versus controlling behavior. Developmental Psychology, 2007, 43 (4): 991- 1002. DOI
	Gurland, S. T., & Grolnick, W. S. Perceived threat, controlling parenting, and children’s achievement orientations. Motivation and Emotion, 2005, 29 (2): 103- 121. DOI
	Hall, J. A. Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 1978, 85 (4): 845- 857. DOI
	He, Z. H., & Yin, W. G. Family environments and children’s executive function: The mediating role of children’s affective state and stress. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 2016, 177 (5): 143- 155. DOI
	Kho, C., Main, A., Chung, S., & Zhou, Q. Intrusive parenting in Chinese American immigrant families: Relations with cultural orientations and children’s adjustment. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 2019, 10 (4): 341- 350. DOI
	Kim, S. W., & Fong, V. L. A longitudinal study of son and daughter preference among Chinese only-children from adolescence to adulthood. The China Journal, 2014, 71 (1): 1- 24.
	Kyeong, Y. (2022). The role of mother’s child-based self-worth in their parenting behaviors (Unpublished doctorial dissertation). University of California, Riverside.
	Kyeong, Y., Seol, K. O., Park, J. E., & Varghese, A. M. Roles of Korean mothers’ child-based self-worth and psychological control in child outcomes. Family Relations, 2024, 73 (2): 720- 736. DOI
	Lau, S., & Yeung, P. P. (1996). Understanding Chinese child development: The role of culture in socialization. In S. Lau (Ed.), Growing up the Chinese way: Chinese child and adolescent development (pp. 29–44). Hongkong: Chinese University Press.
	Mandara, J., & Murray, C. B. Effects of parental marital status, income, and family functioning on African American adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology, 2000, 14 (3): 475- 490. DOI
	Mandara, J., & Pikes, C. L. Guilt trips and love withdrawal: Does mothers’ use of psychological control predict depressive symptoms among African American adolescents. Family Relations, 2008, 57 (5): 602- 612. DOI
	Mileva-Seitz, V. R., Ghassabian, A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van Den Brink, J. D., Linting, M., Jaddoe, V. W. V., … van IJzendoorn, M. H. Are boys more sensitive to sensitivity? Parenting and executive function in preschoolers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2015, 130, 193- 208. DOI
	Nelson, L. J., Hart, C. H., Wu, B., Yang, C. M., Roper, S. O., & Jin, S. H. Relations between Chinese mothers’ parenting practices and social withdrawal in early childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2006, 30 (3): 261- 271. DOI
	Ng, F. F. Y., Pomerantz, E. M., & Deng, C. P. Why are Chinese mothers more controlling than American mothers? “My child is my report card”. Child Development, 2014, 85 (1): 355- 369. DOI
	Ng, F. F. Y., Pomerantz, E. M., Lam, S. F., & Deng, C. P. The role of mothers’ child-based worth in their affective responses to children’s performance. Child Development, 2019, 90 (1): e165- e181.
	Oldehinkel, A. J., & Bouma, E. M. C. Sensitivity to the depressogenic effect of stress and HPA-axis reactivity in adolescence: A review of gender differences. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2011, 35 (8): 1757- 1770.
	Scharf, M., & Goldner, L. “If you really love me, you will do/be...”: Parental psychological control and its implications for children’s adjustment. Developmental Review, 2018, 49, 16- 30. DOI
	Spruijt, A. M., Dekker, M. C., Ziermans, T. B., & Swaab, H. Attentional control and executive functioning in school-aged children: Linking self-regulation and parenting strategies. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2018, 166, 340- 359. DOI
	Taraban, L., & Shaw, D. S. Parenting in context: Revisiting Belsky’s classic process of parenting model in early childhood. Developmental Review, 2018, 48, 55- 81. DOI
	Taylor, Z. E., Spinrad, T. L., van Schyndel, S. K., Eisenberg, N., Huynh, J., Sulik, M. J., & Granger, D. A. Sociodemographic risk, parenting, and effortful control: Relations to salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol in early childhood. Developmental Psychobiology, 2013, 55 (8): 869- 880. DOI
	Valcan, D. S., Davis, H., & Pino-Pasternak, D. Parental behaviours predicting early childhood executive functions: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 2018, 30 (3): 607- 649. DOI
	Zeytinoglu, S., Calkins, S. D., Swingler, M. M., & Leerkes, E. M. Pathways from maternal effortful control to child self-regulation: The role of maternal emotional support. Journal of Family Psychology, 2017, 31 (2): 170- 180. DOI
	Zhang, H. Y., Song, J., & Hong, X. M. The relation between Chinese parents’ child-based worth and young children’s behavioral problems: A serial multiple mediator model. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 2019, 27 (6): 902- 917. DOI

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1.性别
2.年龄	0.09
3.母亲受教育程度	0.07	–0.01
4.家庭月收入	0.07	0.09	0.33**
5.母亲基于儿童的价值	–0.06	–0.03	–0.03	0.02
6.母亲侵入性教养	–0.14*	0.09	–0.12*	–0.10	0.24**
7.抑制控制	–0.01	0.04	0.01	–0.04	–0.01	–0.13*
8.认知灵活性	0.11	0.02	–0.01	–0.01	–0.08	–0.17**	0.32**
9.工作记忆	0.08	0.05	0.08	0.05	–0.03	–0.05	0.12*	0.06
M		5.48	3.37	3.31	3.72	2.20	105.24	102.37	100.38
SD		0.86	0.97	1.16	0.75	0.50	15.93	13.07	15.62

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1.性别
2.年龄	0.09
3.母亲受教育程度	0.07	–0.01
4.家庭月收入	0.07	0.09	0.33**
5.母亲基于儿童的价值	–0.06	–0.03	–0.03	0.02
6.母亲侵入性教养	–0.14*	0.09	–0.12*	–0.10	0.24**
7.抑制控制	–0.01	0.04	0.01	–0.04	–0.01	–0.13*
8.认知灵活性	0.11	0.02	–0.01	–0.01	–0.08	–0.17**	0.32**
9.工作记忆	0.08	0.05	0.08	0.05	–0.03	–0.05	0.12*	0.06
M		5.48	3.37	3.31	3.72	2.20	105.24	102.37	100.38
SD		0.86	0.97	1.16	0.75	0.50	15.93	13.07	15.62

中介作用	β	95%置信区间
母亲基于儿童的价值→母亲侵入性教养→学前儿童抑制控制	–0.61	[–1.27, –0.06]
母亲基于儿童的价值→母亲侵入性教养→学前儿童认知灵活性	–0.50	[–1.04, –0.09]
母亲基于儿童的价值→母亲侵入性教养→学前儿童工作记忆	–0.09	[–0.67, 0.34]

中介作用	β	95%置信区间
母亲基于儿童的价值→母亲侵入性教养→学前儿童抑制控制	–0.61	[–1.27, –0.06]
母亲基于儿童的价值→母亲侵入性教养→学前儿童认知灵活性	–0.50	[–1.04, –0.09]
母亲基于儿童的价值→母亲侵入性教养→学前儿童工作记忆	–0.09	[–0.67, 0.34]

[1]	邹孟芮, 刘舒野, 程诚, 王友碧. 心理虐待与青少年攻击行为的关系：有调节的中介模型[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2024, 22(2): 282-288.
[2]	赵新宇, 乔晓光, 邢晓沛. 父母自主支持、10～12岁儿童的同伴关系与执行功能的动态互动关系：一个发展级联模型[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2024, 22(1): 55-63.
[3]	李泉, 冯廷勇. 执行功能影响情绪胜任力的发展：一项学前儿童的追踪研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(6): 805-812.
[4]	孙红梅, 孙小越, 郝雨. 挫折情境下自我肯定对执行功能的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(5): 615-621.
[5]	刘芳, 霍瑞, 韩铖铖, 王美沂, 杨海波. 执行功能对个体情绪调节策略使用倾向和调节效果的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(3): 382-389.
[6]	孙云瑞, 韩映虹, 吕勇, 刘芳. 人格对幼儿白谎行为的影响：“冷”“热”执行功能的并行中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(2): 240-247.
[7]	曾思瑶, 王振宏. 中文版父母报告高敏感儿童量表的修订[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(1): 101-107.
[8]	王军利, 文彦茹, 林艺, 侯莉敏. 学前儿童情绪表达规则认知发展特征及其影响因素：一项追踪研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 764-770.
[9]	黄鹤, 王小英, 吕博. 家庭累积风险与流动学前儿童的问题行为：一个有调节的中介模型[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 779-785.
[10]	张莉. 儿童执行功能与早期学业能力的关系：学习品质的中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(1): 52-58.
[11]	黄琪, 辛自强, 安媛媛, 赵悦. 公安民警的创伤后应激症状对执行功能的影响—基于Stroop范式的探究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(2): 281-288.
[12]	刘艳, 朱智, 马谐. 双语经验对执行功能的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2019, 17(4): 452-460.
[13]	李泉, 廖丽莉, 廉彬, 冯廷勇. 执行功能对4岁幼儿情绪胜任力的影响：语言的中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2019, 17(3): 340-347.
[14]	付聪, 韩仁生. 自我损耗对儿童分享行为的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2018, 16(2): 217-224.
[15]	陈友庆. 聋童与正常儿童对假装表征、模仿性假装和欺骗性假装的认识[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2018, 16(1): 66-73.