幼儿执行功能的发展对心理理论发展的影响*

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 采用追踪研究设计,探讨儿童3至5岁成长过程中,执行功能与心理理论发展间的预测关系。以155名3岁、4岁儿童为被试,采用经典实验任务对儿童的执行功能和心理理论进行间隔1年的追踪测查,并运用分层回归分析检验了二者间的预测关系。结果发现：儿童执行功能、心理理论在3至5岁期间均有显著的发展,且在此期间执行功能、心理理论的个体差异相对稳定;儿童在3岁、4岁时执行功能与心理理论呈显著正相关,但在5岁时二者间相关不显著;儿童3岁时的执行功能能够显著预测3至4岁期间心理理论的发展,而4岁时的执行功能不能预测4至5岁期间心理理论的发展;3至5岁期间,心理理论对执行功能发展始终不具有预测作用。

关键词: 幼儿, 执行功能, 心理理论。

Abstract: This longitudinal study examined the concurrent and predictive relations between executive functioning(EF) and theory of mind(ToM). Data were obtained from 155 children who were 3 and 4 years of age at Time 1 and one year older at Time 2. The results showed that both the 3 and 4 years of age children had higher EF and ToM scores at Time 2 than at Time 1. Individual differences in EF and ToM were relatively stable. The concurrent relation between EF and ToM was significant at 3 and 4 years of age but no at 5 years of age. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the EF at age 3 significantly predicted ToM at age 4 but EF at age 4 did not predict ToM at age 5, over and above the effects of age, maternal education, verbal ability, and prior performance on ToM tasks. However, a reciprocal relation was nonsignificant with the controls included. The findings provide partial support for the view that EF is a prerequisite for ToM.

Key words: preschoolers, executive functioning, theory of mind.

郭筱琳，任萍，马凤玲，徐芬. 幼儿执行功能的发展对心理理论发展的影响^*[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2016, 14(1): 70-79.

Guo Xiaolin, Ren Ping, Ma Fengling, Xu Fen. The Predictive Relations between Executive Functioning and Theory of Mind from 3 to 5 Years of Age[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2016, 14(1): 70-79.

参考文献

1 丁芳.(2004). 幼儿心理理论与执行功能的关系研究——抑制控制的角度. 博士学位论文, 华东师范大学．
2 方富熹, 方格.(2005). 儿童发展心理学. 北京: 人民教育出版社.
3 刘宝根.(2006). 3~4岁儿童冷执行功能、热执行功能与心理理论三者之间的关系. 硕士学位论文, 西南大学.
4 苏彦捷, 于晶.(2015). 执行功能与心理理论关系的元分析：抑制控制和灵活转换的作用. 心理发展与教育, 31(1), 51-61.
5 徐芬, 王卫星, 高山, Sabbagh, M.(2003). 幼儿心理理论水平及其与抑制控制发展的关系. 心理发展与教育, 19(4), 7-11.
6 王异芳, 苏彦捷. 7~9岁儿童二级错误信念和失言理解的发展. 心理发展与教育, 24(3), 15-20.
7 张婷.(2010). 执行功能和心理理论的关系. 博士学位论文, 西南大学．
8 张文静, 徐芬.(2005). 3~5岁幼儿执行功能的发展. 应用心理学, 11(1), 73-78.
9 Apperly, I. A., Samson, D., & Humphreys, G. W.(2009). Studies of adults can inform accounts of theory of mind development. Developmental Psychology, 45(1), 190-201.
10 Carlson, S. M.(2005). Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 595-616.
11 Carlson, S. M., Mandell, D. J., & Williams, L.(2004). Executive function and theory of mind: Stability and prediction from ages 2 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 1105-1122.
12 Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J.(2001). Individual differences in inhibitory control and children′s theory of mind. Child Development, 72(4), 1032-1053.
13 Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Breton, C.(2002). How specific is the relation between executive functioning and theory of mind? Contribution of inhibitory control and working memory. Infant and Child Development, 11(2), 73-92.
14 Carpendale, J. I., & Lewis, C.(2004). Constructing an understanding of mind: The development of children′s social understanding within social interaction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(1), 79-96.
15 Chen, X., Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G., & Stewart, S. L.(1998). Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 677-686.
16 Devine, R. T., & Hughes, C.(2014). Relations between false belief understanding and executive function in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 85(5), 1777-1794.
17 Flavell, J. H., & Miller, P. H.(1998). Social cognition. In D. Kuhn & R. S. Siegler(Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 2): Cognition, perception, and language(pp. 851-898). New York: Wiley.
18 Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D., & Palfai, T.(1995). Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning. Cognitive Development, 10(4), 483-527.
19 Hala, S., Hug, S., & Henderson, A.(2003). Executive function and false belief understanding in preschool children: Two tasks are harder than one. Journal of Cognition and Development, 4(3), 275-298.
20 Hala, S., & Russell, J.(2001). Executive control within strategic deception: A window on early cognitive development? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 80(2), 112-141.
21 Hughes, C.(1998a). Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(2), 233-253.
22 Hughes, C.(1998b). Finding your marbles: Does preschoolers′ strategic behavior predict later understanding of mind? Developmental Psychology, 34(6), 1326-1339.
23 Hughes, C., Dunn, J., & White, A.(1998). Trick or treat? Uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in“hard-tomanage”preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39(7), 981-994.
24 Hughes, C., & Ensor, R.(2005). Theory of mind and executive function in 2-year-olds: A family affair? Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 645-668.
25 Hughes, C., & Ensor, R.(2007). Executive function and theory of mind: Predictive relations from ages 2 to 4. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1447-1459.
26 Kloo, D., & Perner, J.(2003). Training transfer between card sorting and false belief understanding: Helping children apply conflicting descriptions. Child Development, 74(6), 1823-1839.
27 McAlister, A. R., & Peterson, C. C.(2007). A longitudinal study of child siblings and theory of mind development. Cognitive Development, 22(2), 258-270.
28 McAlister, A. R., & Peterson, C. C.(2013). Siblings, theory of mind, and executive functioning in children aged 3-6 years: New longitudinal evidence. Child Development, 84(4), 1442-1458.
29 McKinnon, M. C., & Moscovitch, M.(2007). Domain-general contributions to social reasoning: Theory of mind and deontic reasoning reexplored. Cognition, 102(2), 179-218.
30 Milligan, K., Astington, J., & Dack, L.(2007). Language and theory of mind: Meta-analysis of the relation between language ability and false belief understanding. Child Development, 78(2), 622-646.
31 Moses, L. J.(2001). Executive accounts of theory-of-mind development. Child Development, 72(3), 688-690.
32 Moses, L., & Carlson, S.(2004). Self-regulation and children′s theories of mind. In C. Lightfoot, C. Lalonde, & M. Chandler(Eds.), Changing conceptions of psychological life(pp. 127-146). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
33 Müller, U., Liebermann-Finestone, D. P., Carpendale, J. I. M., Hammond, S. I., & Bibok, M. B.(2012). Knowing minds, controlling actions: The developmental relations between theory of mind and executive function from 2 to 4 years of age. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111(2), 331-348.
34 Pellicano, E.(2007). Links between theory of mind and executive function in young children with autism: Clues to developmental primacy. Developmental Psychology, 43(4), 974-990.
35 Perner, J., & Lang, B.(1999). Development of theory of mind and executive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(9), 337-344.
36 Premack, D., & Woodruff, G.(1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515-526.
37 Ruffman, T., Slade, L., & Crowe, E.(2002). The relation between children′s and mothers′ mental state language and theory-of-mind understanding. Child development, 73(3), 734-751.
38 Russell, J., Mauthner, N., Sharpe, S., & Tidswell, T.(1991). The windows task as a measure of strategic deception in preschoolers and autistic subjects. Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 331-349.
39 Sabbagh, M., Xu, F., Carlson, S., Moses, L., & Lee, K.(2006). Development of executive functioning and theory of mind: A comparison of Chinese and U. S. preschoolers. Psychological Science, 17(1), 74-81.
40 Schneider, W., Lockl, K., & Fernandez, O.(2005). Interrelationships among theory of mind, executive control, language development, and working memory in young children: A longitudinal analysis. In W. Schneider, R. Schumann-Hengsteler, & B. Sodian(Eds.), Young children′s cognitive development: Interrelationships among executive functioning, working memory, verbal ability, and theory of mind(pp. 259-284). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
41 Sullivan, K., Zaitchik, D., & Tager-Flusberg, H.(1994). Preschoolers can attribute second-order beliefs. Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 395-402.
42 Talwar, V., & Lee, K.(2008). Social and cognitive correlates of children′s lying behavior. Child Development, 79(4), 866-881.
43 Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J.(2001). Meta-analysis of theory of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72(3), 655-684.
44 Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., & Groisser, D. B.(1991). A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7(2), 131-149.

[1]	孙红梅, 孙小越, 郝雨. 挫折情境下自我肯定对执行功能的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(5): 615-621.
[2]	刘芳, 霍瑞, 韩铖铖, 王美沂, 杨海波. 执行功能对个体情绪调节策略使用倾向和调节效果的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(3): 382-389.
[3]	孙云瑞, 韩映虹, 吕勇, 刘芳. 人格对幼儿白谎行为的影响：“冷”“热”执行功能的并行中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2022, 20(2): 240-247.
[4]	李飞飞, 缴润凯, 刘丹, 尹航. 幼儿教师感恩特质与职业使命感的交叉滞后分析[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(6): 824-830.
[5]	贺晓玲, 刘奕晴, 那琳娜. 3～5岁幼儿颜色映射道德和权力概念的认知发展[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 636-641.
[6]	黄明明, 陈丽萍, 郭莉萍, 赵守盈. 工作-家庭冲突与幼儿教师离职意向的关系：职业认同感与职业倦怠的序列中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(5): 679-686.
[7]	龚扬, 姜露, 秦雯雯. 祖辈参与教养与幼儿社会能力的关系：母亲育儿压力和母亲教养效能感的链式中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(3): 348-353.
[8]	张莉. 儿童执行功能与早期学业能力的关系：学习品质的中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(1): 52-58.
[9]	李甜甜, 顾吉有, 徐鹤文. 父亲抑郁对幼儿问题行为的影响：教养效能感和教养方式的中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2021, 19(1): 66-73.
[10]	王嵩, 李甦. 幼儿复述能力的发展及其与言语工作记忆的关系[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(5): 596-602.
[11]	闻明晶, 滕树元, 冯晓杭, 田金来, 张向葵. 祖辈共同养育模式下幼儿母子依恋对问题行为的影响：祖孙依恋的中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(2): 208-213.
[12]	黄琪, 辛自强, 安媛媛, 赵悦. 公安民警的创伤后应激症状对执行功能的影响—基于Stroop范式的探究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2020, 18(2): 281-288.
[13]	臧蓓蕾, 张俊, 顾荣芳. 幼儿心理数线的发展：估计准确率与模式背后的策略[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2019, 17(6): 795-802.
[14]	刘艳, 朱智, 马谐. 双语经验对执行功能的影响[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2019, 17(4): 452-460.
[15]	李泉, 廖丽莉, 廉彬, 冯廷勇. 执行功能对4岁幼儿情绪胜任力的影响：语言的中介作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2019, 17(3): 340-347.

幼儿执行功能的发展对心理理论发展的影响^*

The Predictive Relations between Executive Functioning and Theory of Mind from 3 to 5 Years of Age

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价